Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

Name: _____________________________ ( ) Class: S2 ___

1.1 Rate 率
A rate is a comparison of two quantities of different kinds by division.

A rate can be seen as a relation of one quantity per unit of another quantity. For example, if Julie spends
$60 in a day, we say that she spends money at a rate of $60/day. ‘/’ is used to denote ‘per’ when we
write rate. 4

Example
分⼦ 分⺟ $6 。
perdg 、

紫
-
1. ll
Express the following rates with the units given in brackets.
些
(a) 8 oranges are sold at a price $40. ($/orange)
。

$5 /
_________________
oranse
,

4
(b) Charlie writes 500 words in two hours. (words/hour) 250
mrdslhonr
_________________
28 days 80 mlmin
,

(c) John runs 120 m in 1.5 minutes. (m/min) _________________

-
>
(d) A factory produces 8400 watches in four weeks. (watches/day)
-
。
=
了
_________________
。

tusldag
.cl N$
25
(e) 500 pcs of paper is sold at $20. (pc/$) _________________
☆

o.ci/pe.stispeed
(f) 500 pcs of paper is sold at $20. ($/pc) $
_________________

2. A car has travelled for 42 km in 45 minutes. Express the average speed of the car in
(a) km/h, (b) m/s.

⼆点 鼍 5
075 h 2 和 "
SM
⼆

exact
⼆
56km/h ,
三

毕 (m /
s )

5 6 ( m / s) 1
是
.
=

( cor.to 3 sig.fig) ,

3. A motorcycle travels 162 km in 3 hours. Express the average speed of the motorcycle in
(a) km/h, (b) m/s.

器
'
sped ⼀号 speed
=

化。

54km/h 15
/
=
m s
.

Prepared by KC Chu
1
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

4. Complete the following table. Distanui Time ⼆

Speed ,

Distance Time Speed

(a) 200 km 4h 50 (km/h)

(b) 500 m 2
5 (s) 20 m/s

(c) 1 (km) 20 min ⼆号 h _ 3 km/h

*(d) 10km = Ioooo (m) 6 min =

th ,
100 km/h

(e) 8000 km 4 。
miu = 2 4 00
.
(s) 200 km/min
⼩

8 ooofzoo 。

5. A factory can produce 1000 clothes in 4 days.

(a) Express the production rate of the factory in clothes/day.
(b) (i) In how many days can the factory produce 2500 clothes?
(ii) How many clothes can the factory produce after 30 days?
rde (b) (i) wf deys
(a).
pmhhn = 2
50 0 : Ti
毕
days.zz.jo
-

= 10

dteslday f ii) w ,
dtes
=
2J ox 30 ,

= 75 00 dtes ,

6. Suppose 25 pounds are equivalent to 54 Australian dollars.

(a) Find the exchange rate between pounds and Australian dollars in Australian
dollars/pound. → 1 pomd ? Aus
=
,

(b) How many Australian dollars can 275 pounds change to?
(c) How many pounds can 1134 Australian dollars change to?
(b) te amounf
(a)
exchenge 比
⼆
275 ✗ 216
-

等 ⼆ 594 Aus ,

1 Aus = 7 pmnds ,

the awnut
b
(C).
⼆ 2 -16
Atdiandokrslpmnd
⼆
1134 x
⼆
54
525
pounds
⼆ ,

Prepared by KC Chu
2
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

7. In a bank, 100 USD (US dollars) can be exchanged for 775 HKD (Hong Kong dollars).
(a) Find the exchange rate in HKD/USD.
(b) Find the exchange rate in USD/HKD correct to 3 significant figures.
(c) How much HKD can be exchanged for 400 USD? CO

夑/ 0
(d) How much USD can be exchanged for 2000 HKD? (Give the answer correct to the nearest
integer.) cstamount
rate
(a) exchange _
go.tt75 = 4oox 775
775 1
⼈
叫
0 0
= .

= o .
.

= 3 loo HKD ,

-775 CHKDMSD ) sig.fi g)

theamouutezoooxo.GE
( cont 3 (d).

258 USD ,

MC
1

0
8. 10 persons can paint a wall of area 40 m2 in 5 hours. How many persons are needed to build a
wall of area 120 m2 in 6 hours? ↳ ⼯作 效率
。

4 8 myhr ( pasms )
÷5
w.fpen.ms
0 → 10 。

o.gr/hr(ipersm)_=fgmi6-)rguirezom2/nr
8 上
,
10 →

-25
「

MC
o
9. Student A and B can finish a piece of work in 12 minutes and 4 minutes respectively. If they
finish the same piece of work together, keeping their finishing rates unchanged, how long do
they need? ⼩
minutes

t ewvkinlmin.Bsf⾔
fthwrkinlmiu.hu
六
,

A :

regind 3
=
:
min

交
,

Prepared by KC Chu
3
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions 先計 t.me ,

Secondary 2

10. A lorry travels from terminal A to terminal B at an average speed of 48 km/h and then travels
from terminal B to terminal C at an average speed of 60 km/h. It is given that the lorry travels
177 km in 195 minutes for the whole journey. How far does the lorry travel from terminal A to
terminal B?
48km/h bokmlh ,

✗ ✗ x
xhr 3.2

5-x.ch#i-ITueil9Tmiuutes.I7tkm
A B

⼀⼀

edttmel
letxhrbethetimerqr.ir T.hr
195 s

fon A t B ,

⼆
3 -25 hrs
48 xt 6 。
-

(3 5
.
2 -

x) = 1 77 .

48 x t 1 95 -
6 0 x = 1 77 : distauee reqind
48
=

8 x 1 .

5
-
12 x =
-

=
72 ( Km )
x 1 5
,

Suggested Exercise: Ex.1.1(P.1.10 – 1.13) Q9, 11, 13 – 17, 21 – 27

1.2 Ratios 比例 ,

ity.tt
A. Ratio and their Properties
A ratio is a comparison of two quantities of the same kind by division.

x
The ratio of a non-zero quantity x to another non-zero quantity y can be written as x : y / .
y
The ratio of a non-zero quantity x to a non-zero quantity y to another non-zero quantity z is
written as x : y : z .

Properties of ratios:

auswersshnldbesimpkfid.tn
(a) x : y = kx : ky and x : y : z = kx : ky : kz , where k is a non-zero constant.
x y x y z
(b) x: y = : and x : y : z = : : , where k is a non-zero constant.
k k k k k

男女 比例 ,

Prepared by KC Chu 22 :
1 1 = 2 :
1 4
0 ✓
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

Example
11. The ages of A, B and C are 10, 15 and 20 respectively.
(a) Write down the ratio of the age of A to the age of B.
(b) Write down the ratio of the age of B to the age of A.
(c) Write down the ratio of the age of A to the age of B to the age of C.

(a). 10:15 (b) 15:10 (c) 10:15:20

⼆ 2 :
3 =
3 : 2
-
2
:
3 :
4 .

Remarks: In general, a : b b : a unlessa-b.iifa-b.ae b =

1 : 1

12. The heights of a doll and that of a child are 20 cm and 1 m. Find the ratio of the doll
to the child in height. 2 M 10

cnn.theratioio.sn:1
0 - 0

= w
:
1 0 0 = 1 :
5

Remarks: Ratio has no units. To obtain a ratio, the quantities involved of different units should be

same.L.CM
changed into quantities of the ___________ unit.

13. Simplify the following ratios.

H.C.FI
'

1 2
(a) 84 : 63 (b) : t (c) 1.8 : 2.4

踏造
5 7
喊叫 ⼀ 哭 哭 :
各④ 年 ④ :
:

= 4 :
3 =
3 :
4
=
t.io
(d) 42 min : 1 h (e) 50 cm : 1 m (f) 200 g : 3 kg

4 minibomin Efocm 3
g
2 0 0 0

loocm g
= = 0 ,
2 :

=
4 2 :
6 。 ⼆
fo.io 。
=
zoos 3 0 0 0

E
7 : 1 0
=
1 : z
=
1 : 1
5 ,

Prepared by KC Chu
5
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

x
* To determine the ratio x : y from a given equation, express the left hand side of the equation as .
y

Example
>
条予 yix
:
3 :
5

瑜
,

14. In each of the following, find x : y .

(a) 3x = 5 y (b) x = 6y

号 ⼆号 。 哥 : 6 :
卡
x 6 1
y
: :
= :

✗: = 5 3
y
i. :
.

9 .

幾年 。
9
。
x y
(c) ⑤= (d) 6x − y = 2x + 3 y
9 7
xig ⼀ .

f f.
=
6 ✗-2 ✗ -3 yty

奇哥
4x.yxiy.at
xy
,

鸮 i.
xsyelel
3 1
(e) x− y =0 (f) 2(2x + 3 y) = 3(3x − 2 y)
2 6

Ei。 ←
4✗
+6g : 9 ✗ -6
g.
找
-12g
:

李 亡语
將
,

不 去
1 9
了 ⼆号
ixiy
: :

i. 12 5
xiy
-

:
=

Prepared by KC Chu
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 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

15. If (a +1) : 2a = 5:8 , find a.

dungerati.si nf fnhns ,

毀 i.
f. 8 Gtl )
8 at 8
⼆

=
52a.
1 0 a .

8 = a

a =
4
O 哥
.

?
16. If ( x + 2 y) : 5 y = 1: 2 , find x : y .
=

( x + 2 y) : 5 y = 1: 2 does NOT imply

營- x + 2 y = 1 and 5 y = 2

5y.la/t4y=5yzx=yT=tix:y=li2.
2 ( xtzy ) =

forgi.eu/kw nsikostex:2k0y+x=5kt-k-7ky-5k.
* [k-method]
If x : y = a : b , then x = ak and y = bk , where k is a non-zero constant.

Example
17. If x : y = 2: 5 , find the ratio ( y + x) : (2 y − 3x) .

sg-3x-lok-6k-4k.k-metd.i
egiud
r rati 。 = 7k :
4K

7 4
= :

Prepared by KC Chu
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 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

18. If (a + 2b) : (a − b) = 4: 3 , find

(a) a : b , (b) (a − 2b) : (a + 2b) .

0 点共 告 ⼈
elok.b-ki.kz
4
b) : ( atz b)

4a-4b.in kskfktzk
3 atbb =

)
10b = a

=
8 K 以
,
:

共 = 10 ⼆

=
2 :
3

i a : b = 1 0 :
1

19. If (2x + y) : (3x − y) = 2:1 , find

(a) x : y , (b) ( x + 2 y) : (3x + y) .

李 ⼆年
2
utx ⼆
3kg : 4k
3mg ix)
⼆
3 :
4 (3 )
any ) :
xty
6✗
zxty -27 ( 9kt 4k )
=

=
(⽔ +8k ) :

3 4✗
k K
=
y -

-11 : 13

¥ ⼆年
3-hefx-k.gg
…

20. If ( x − 2 y) : (2x + y) = 1: 3 , find

(a) x : y , (b) (3x − 5 y) : (2x + 4 y) .
k
對 ⾼
。

(3 X 5 )
:
( 2 ✗ +4 g)
y
-

( 14k +4k )
3 ✗-6 2

y 州 itk 外 )
⼆
: .
_

xity =
1 6 K : 1 外

班 =
8 :
9 -

✗:
y.tl
Suggested Exercise: Ex.1.2(P.1.34 – 1.35) Q7 – 8, 23 – 25

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 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

B. Continued Ratios
For example, if a : b = 2 : 3 and b : c = 4 : 5 , find a : b : c .

Method 1
Make the common term b in each ratio has the same value. Step 1: Find the LCM of 3 and 4.
12
The LCM of 3 and 4 is _____.
a : b = 2: 3 = __________
8:12 Step 2: 4 ,
Multiply a : b by _____
3. ,
Multiply b : c by _____
b : c = 4: 5 = __________
12:15 So we have same value of b in both ratios.

a : b : c = ___________________
8:12:15
⼀

Method 2
Method 1 can be simplified as follows:

Example
⼤ z
y
:
21. If x : y = 7 : 9 and y : z = 6: 5 , find x : y : z .
:

✗ 14:18:15
2✗ 7 :
9 ×2
:
Z ⼆

y
:

5x
f
3x 6 : 3

3
-

M : 1 8 i 1 5
22. In each of the following, find x : y : z .
(a) x : y = 3:1 and y : z = 2: 7 (b) x : z = 2 : 5 and y : z = 1: 3

x : : t
y
0
2 : 5

xa.tt 6:15
-
= 2 :
5 ← 6 i
5:15
Prepared by KC Chu
515
yit =
9
-

-
1 s
了 ,
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

(c) x : y = 2: 3 and x : z = 1: 5 (d) y : x = 2: 3 and z : x = 3:1

✗ Z
y
, :

3 : 2

1 :
3
考冷 ,

3 i 2 9
皓
:

"
1 1
ooe
.

(e) x : y = : 2 and y : z = :1 (f) 2 x = 5 y and 3x = 4 z

3 2
5 Z 4 :
3
xy
=
= :
2 x :

1:
1 6 y t
: =
x 2
y
: = :

: z
x :

y
x 2
y
: :
-

5 -
2

1 : 6

無1 :
⽽
点 。
23. If x : y = 2: 3 and y : z = 1: 2 , then find the ratio ( x + z) : ( y + z) .

letxizk.pk/t- 6K2:3(xrt):(yt )=8k-9kt:36-8:9a-.b:c

x Z
y
: :

24. If a : c = 4 : 5 and b : c = 1: 4 , find (a + c) : (4b + c)

hefa-lbk.bz 5k ,
cizok

4 : 5 ( atc ) :
( Ybtc )
1 4

ltok.lt:5202
比
:
=
3 :

9:10 - -

Prepared by KC Chu
10
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

1 1 1
25. If : : = 2 : 3 : 4 , find x : y : z .
x y z
x Z
⽅ 洋 4
:
= 3 :
:

y
⽅ ⽅ 3
:
= 2
: .

非 主 ⼆年 3.2

我⽅ ⼆号
無⾔ i. ⼀号 ⼆年 6 3
iy
:
→
.

E
y 3 4
- :

x 2 :
3
y
: =

Suggested Exercise: Ex.1.2(P.1.34 – 1.36) Q9, 26 – 28

C. Dividing a Quantity in a Given Ratio

If a given quantity P is divided into three parts in the ratio a : b : c , then the three parts can be

calculated as
a b c
P , P , P
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c

Example
26. Mary and Susan share a box of marbles in the ratio 1: 4 . If there are 20 marbles in the
box now, find the number of marbles each person gets.
0 .

Maggets nx
前 =
④

susangefszoxfy-16.ONafb.gs
27. There are 40 students in S2B. The number of boys and the number of girls are in the
ratio 3: 5 . How many boys and girls are there in the class?

⼆ 40 ✗
5
= 1 5

4
mifgirls =
0 ✗
靠 =
2
5 .

Prepared by KC Chu
11
𡥄
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

28. On a shelf, there are altogether 64 books, including novels, comic books and dictionaries. Given
that the numbers of novels, comic books and dictionaries are in the ratio 5 : 7 : 4 . Find the number
of each kind of books.

Novels : 6 4 x
品 , 4
= 2

Gmie 28
:
64 ✗
春州 ⼆

Dictimavies :
6 4 x
岩 +4
= 1 6 -

29. Mr. Ng divides a sum of money to his two sons Peter and Andy in the ratio of 3: 2 . If Peter receives
$3600, find the amount of money.

T 忘

hefslxbetetklammntfmnegx.cz e 3 600 .

x = 3 60 0
六号 = 6 ooo
,

30. The number of pictures owned by A and B is in the ratio 3: 4 respectively. If B owns 24 pictures
more than A, find the number of pictures they have owned respectively.

Aats 年 ttkl u.fpit.es

= 2
4 (⽺ 年)÷ ⼀

Bgetsfftfal
Diference jttld
-4 ←

Prepared by KC Chu
12
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

31. There are two kinds of soft drinks on sale in a shop: in plastic bottle for $7 and in glass bottle for
$5. The number of soft drinks in plastic bottles and the number of soft drinks in glass bottles are
in the ratio 5 : 6 . If the total amount obtained after selling all soft drinks is $455, how many soft
drinks in the shop?

hefxbethettdnnmhufffd.inks ,

弄 x.tt 卡⼤ 1
5 =
45 5 ,

算 xt 兵 x = 45 5

算 x = 455

✗ ⼆⽉

Suggested Exercise: Ex.1.2(P.1.34 – 1.36) Q15 – 17, 30 – 34

D. Scale Drawing

The scale of a map / drawing represents the ratio between the length on map / drawing to the actual
length.

When the scale of a scale drawing is in the form 1: n , where n 1 , then it is a reduced drawing.
When the scale of a scale drawing is in the form n :1 , where n 1 , then it is an enlarged drawing.

Example unit
32. The figure shows a scale drawing of a keyboard. The length of the keyboard in the figure is
3.5 cm and the real keyboard is 0.49 m long. Find the scale of the drawing.
(Give the answer in the form of 1 : n.)

n =
0.49 xlooemt.cm .

3
5
= 14

i. te sde is 1:14

Prepared by KC Chu
13
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

33. The figure shows a scale drawing of a pyramid. Its scale is 1 : 2 300. If the height of
the pyramid in the drawing is 3 cm, find its actual height in m.

actdheight-3Y-m.ES ✗ 23 oo cm

e 6900
- M -

⼆
69 m

34. The figure shows a scale drawing of a boy. Its scale is 1 : 80. If the actual height of
the boy is 1.2 m, find the height (in cm) of the boy in the drawing.

heightin the
dnwiy
锉
⼆

= 1 -5 (a).

35. Find the scale of the map in each of the following situations.
(Give the answer in the form of 1 : n.)
(a) 1 cm represents an actual distance of 20 m.
(b) 1 mm represents an actual distance of 3 km.
(c) 3.5 cm represents an actual distance of 2.1 m.

n-EY00_cbni.3xloooxl.co
✗10
(a)
I

ooooooi.su/e=li
:
= 2 0 0 0

2000 i. sale : 1 :
3 oooooo

"
(c) n
等 -60
=

t.se/e=l:6o
Prepared by KC Chu
14
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

36. The scale of a map is 1 : 10 000. If the length of a road on the map is 5 cm, find the actual length
in m of the road.

actd bngth ⼆

千
器
=
50 0
(m !

37. The scale of a map is 1 : 300 000. If the actual length of a highway is 7.5 km, find the length of
the highway on the map in cm.

打 Xloooxloo
bngthmth.mg =

3 ooooo

⼆
2
-5 ccmj

38. The distance between a park and a school on a map is 5 cm and the actual distance between them
is 30 km.
(a) Find the scale of the map. (Give the answer in the form of 1 : n.)
(b) If a road is 3.8 cm long on this map, find its actual length in km.

1
(a) 3 100 (b). attbgth
0 ㄨ 0 0 0 ✗
n =

5 =
3 -8 ✗ 6 oooootloot 1 0 00

6 ooooo
-8 ckm
=

= 22 ) 、

i. scde =
1 : 6 ooooo

Prepared by KC Chu
15
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

39. The scale of a map is 1 : 20000.

(a) If the actual length of a river is 2.5 km, find the length of the river on the map in cm.
(b) If the distance between two bus stops on the map is 8 cm, find the actual distance between
the two bus stops in km.

(a) hgthfriwmthmapcbjactddit.nu
=
2
5 ✗ looo ✗ 1 0 0
=
8 xzoooo

2000 0
looo ✗ 1 0 0

lkmj.in
2
1 25 《以 ⼆ 1.6

40. A and B are two points on a map of scale 1: 4000 with AB = 12 cm . A car goes straight from
A to B in 16 seconds. Kn
(a) Find the actual distance between A and B.
(b) Express the average speed of the car in km/h -

(a) Actd distauce

4oootlootloooio.cl
= 1 2✗

8km
(b) 16 seand aurage sped

器
⼆ 16 5 6 oi 6 。 ⼆

⼆年 h
= 10 8 km/h

Suggested Exercise: Ex.1.2(P.1.34 – 1.36) Q18 – 22, 37 – 38

Prepared by KC Chu
16
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2
正比 反比 。

1.3 Direct Proportion and Inverse Proportion

A. Direct Proportion
Complete the following table.

Number of apples (N) Money paid (M)

1 3
2 6
3 9
4 12

M = 3N 是
Relationship between M and N: ____________________ ,
: 3 .

directpwprtim
We call M and N are in ____________________.

If two quantities x and y are in direct proportion, for any two pair of values of x and y,

Quantity x x1 x2
Quantity y y1 y2
x1 y1
We have x1 : x2 = y1 : y2 or =
x2 y2

奇 北
The relation can also be written as __________________. 常數

qutieut.f3@cnh.fik
if two quantities x and y are in direct proportion, their __________________ is always a constant.

Example
41. In the following tables, x is directly proportional to y. Find the values of p, q and r.
(a) (b)
x 1 2 5 4 x –6 –3 q 9
y 3 p q r y 2 p 5 r
,

3 ⼆
千 ⼆点 季 ⼆点 -.- ⼆号 涼 冷
p
:
6 1
p
=

15 15
8 :

g
-

r =
12 r =
-3

Prepared by KC Chu
17
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

42. It is given that the monthly income of Brian is directly proportional to the number of hours that
he works in a month. If Brian works 120 hours in a month, his income in that month is $16200.
What is his monthly salary if he works 150 hours in a month?

let $ ✗ be his mmthly sahy 。

1 ⼯
器 :

1 50 -

"
x =
器 x 1 50

=
22
50 .

43. It is given that the rent of a shop in a shopping centre is directly proportional to its area. If the
rent of a shop of area 8 m2 is $5600 per month, find the rent per month of a shop of area 13 m2.

htslxbether nf-wtxkmbethrgid ist.nu

44. It is given that a car travels at a constant speed. If the car travels 200 km in 4 hours, how far does
the car travel in 7 hours?

李深
.

x -

竿 。

Prepared by KC Chu
18
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

B. Inverse Proportion
100 sweets are shared between x students. qudly ,

Number of students (x) Number of sweets got (y)

1 1 0 0

2 50
5 20

10 10 -

x.y-loo-xT.ytxt.ly
Relationship between x and y: ____________________
T

nwsepwortim.Tnwse-xykpdnctxy-loeanst .ae
We call x and y are in ____________________.
T

If two quantities x and y are in direct proportion, for any two pair of values of x and y,

Quantity x x1 x2
Quantity y y1 y2
x1 y2
We have x1 : x2 = y2 : y1 or =
x2 y1

The relation can also be written as __________________.

if two quantities x and y are in inverse proportion, their ________________ is always a constant.

Example
45. It is given that x and y are in inverse proportion. Complete the table below.

x 3 4 5 6
y 240 1 8 0
b = 14 4 c = m

3 X 2
4 0 =
4 -
a =
5 b
. = 6 .
c .

4a :
7 2 5b -

九 6c =
T
a = 1 8 0 b -144 c.lu ,

Prepared by KC Chu
19
 Chapter 1 Rates, Ratios and Proportions Secondary 2

46. It is given that the number of hours required to print a batch of books is inversely proportional to
the number of printers available. If it takes 5 hours to finish the job with 20 printers, how many
printers are required to finish the job in 2 hours?

letxbetuw.fprintrsrgid.z.mx =
5 2

x =
5
0

47. It is given that the number of astronauts in the space station is inversely proportional to the number
of days that the same amount of food last for. If there are 3 astronauts in the space station, the
food in the station can last for 20 days. How many days can the same amount of food last for if
there are 5 astronauts?

hetxbathemo.fd.gs
20,3 =
5x

✗ -12 ,

48. It is given that the number of pumps is inversely proportional to the time required for emptying a
tank filled up with water. If 6 identical pumps can empty a tank filled up with water in 50 minutes,
how many identical pumps are needed to empty a tank filled up with water in 20 minutes?

hetxbatemo.fpumpsneda.6.JO ⼆
✗ zo ,

✗ -15

Suggested Exercise: Ex.1.3(P.1.44 – 1.45) Q3 – 6, 11 – 14

Prepared by KC Chu
20