2. characteristics and benefits of cloud computing 3. challenges in cloud computing 4. Characteristics of virtualized environment 5. Distributed systems. 6. hypervisor reference architecture 7. With neat diagram explain the security rings along with privileged modes. 8. With a neat diagram, explain the reference model. a)Paas b)Iaas 9. Hardware virtualization techniques 10. Advantages and disadvantages of virtualization. 11. Distributed systems 12. List all computing platforms and technologies and explain 13. Virtualization reference model 14. Write a short note on web 2.0 15. With a neat diagram Explain hardware reference model. 16. Explain Xen architecture and guest OS management 17. Explain Service-oriented computing 18. List and explain any two Hardware virtualization techniques? 19. Explain the Advantages and disadvantages of virtualization.