CST 121- USE OF LIBRARY,

STUDY SKILLS AND

INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY

ASAOLU ADERONKE
LAWAL-SOLARIN,
ESTHER AND
OSINULU, IFEAKACHUKU
 CITATION AND
CITATION FORMATS

Citation
Formats
 INTRODUCTION
• Research is one of the principal functions of
an academic
• Research activities – term papers, final year
projects, dissertations, theses, articles to be
published in reputable journals etc.
• Research activities involve understanding and
building upon the works of others.
• Proper credit should be given to the
intellectual properties of others through
citation.
 MEANING OF CITATION
• A citation is a reference to a published or
unpublished source
• Acknowledgement
• Shows indebtedness to a source
• Giving credit to a person who initiated an idea
• Signpost- shows the location of a source
 COMPONENTS OF
CITATION
• Author(s)
• Date of publication
• Title
• Publication information
• Page number(s) from which information
was drawn
 INFORMATION TO CITE
• All quotes
• All paraphrases of other scholars’ ideas
• All summaries of other authors’ books,
articles & reviews
• All information found in primary source
documents (almanacs, government
reports etc.)
INFORMATION TO CITE
CONT’D
 CITATION LOCATION IN A
PAPER
• Citations are made in the body of the
text - This is referred to as parenthetical
or in-text citation
• Parenthetical or in-text citation – is made
in the text at the point where a material
is used.
 EXAMPLES OF IN-TEXT
CITATION
• In APA style, we include only the year in
parentheses, when author’s name is in the
narrative
• For example Adesina (2000) compared
reaction times…, but if author’s name is not in
the narrative, then both author’s name and
date are put in parentheses. For example, in a
recent study on types of gases (Oghie, 2014)….
 EXAMPLES OF IN-TEXT
CITATION CONT’D
• In-text citations can take different forms
• Use page nos. when quoting directly,
however, page nos. are optional when
paraphrasing. For example, in a research
report by Mason(2004) “…..” (p.20)
(Direct quotation-include page number)
 IMPORTANCE OF
CITATION
• It gives credit to the initiator of an idea
• Helps to keep track of sources used
• It gives readers guide which may be used to
explore further the ideas presented in a work
• Helps to trace the way ideas developed
• It protects one from charges of plagiarism
• Verification
• Location of sources used in your paper
 FORMATS/STYLES OF
CITATION
• American Psychological Association (APA)
• Modern Language Association (MLA)
• Harvard (Author-Data System)
• American Medical Association (AMA)
• American Chemistry Association (ACA)
• Turabian (Chicago)
• Council of Biology Editors (CBE) etc.
 Contd.
• APA- psychology, education, other social
sciences.
• MLA- literature and humanities
• AMA- medicine, health and biological sciences
• Turabian- used in all subjects
• CBE- biologists and related sciences
• ACS- chemistry
 AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA)
• Book (single author)
Olatunde, L.O. (2001). Library and Information
Science Text for Africa. Nigeria: Stirling-
Horden Publishers Ltd.

• Four or more authors

Olatunde, L.O. (list the names of other authors)
(2001) same as above
 Contd.
• Edited book
Olatunde, L.O. (Ed.) (2002). Library and
Information Science Text for Africa. Nigeria:
Stirling-Horden Publishers Ltd.
• Masters or PhD Thesis
• Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to
enhance teaching at the University of
Waikato (Unpublished master's thesis).
University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand.
• N.B. For PhD use: Unpublished doctoral
dissertation after the title or Unpublished
master's thesis for Master's degree
• Database

• Hodges, F. M. (2003). The promised

planet: Alliances and struggles of the
gerontocracy in American television
science fiction of the 1960s.The
Aging Male, 6(3), 175-182. Retrieved
from Academic Search Premier
database.
THANK YOU