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Module 6
Module 6
CWTS/LTS
San Jose Malilipot, Albay
MODULE6
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DARAGA COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Salvacion, Daraga, Albay
CON
TAGIOU
S MODULE 6
DISEASE
OVERVIEWS
This chapter deals with some common communicable and non-communicable diseases
and their causes, symptoms and prevention.
The triangular model of a disease has three components: agent, host, and environment.
Disease occurs when an external agent meets a susceptible host in an environment that allows the
agent host to interact.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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Learning Experiences and Self-Assessment Activities (LESAA)
DISEASES
What is Disease?
1. SORE EYE
Allergies and eye infections can both cause your eyes to feel sore, red and itchy. Often, itchy or
irritated eyes can become sore after excessive rubbing. The eye infection conjunctivitis is a
particularly common cause of sore, red eyes. Contact lens irritation can also cause sore, red eyes.
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Dull eye pain
If you experience a dull, aching eye pain, or pain that feels deep within your eye, it may simply
be caused by eyestrain or overuse of your eyes. However, if the pain does not subside, it could be
a symptom of a more serious condition or eye disease such as glaucoma.
Treatment
It’s really important to see your eye specialist or doctor if you encounter eye pain, especially if
the pain does not subside. While it’s unlikely your sore eyes will be a symptom of a very serious
condition, it’s still a possibility, and you should get an expert diagnosis.
Treatments obviously depend on the cause, and can be as simple as using eye drops or
compresses for dry eyes and allergies, to medication and surgery for more serious eye conditions.
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2. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Chronic bronchitis is inflammation (swelling) and irritation of the bronchial tubes. These tubes
are the airways that carry air to and from the air sacs in your lungs. The irritation of the tubes
causes mucus to build up.
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3. COMMON COLD
The common cold is caused by over 200 types of viruses. It is easily spread when an infected
person coughs, sneezes or simply through hand-to-hand contact. Protect yourself by practicing
good hand washing etiquette and taking your trusted over the counter medicine.
Causes
The common cold is usually triggered by over 200 types of viruses and according to Mayo
Clinic, the rhinovirus is the usual culprit. This common illness is easily spread through hand-to-
hand contact, just like sore eyes (link to sore eyes article).
The typical signs of the common cold usually manifest one to three days after being exposed.
Symptoms include:
Low-grade fever
Sore throat
Nasal congestion
Runny or stuffy nose with yellowish/greenish discharge
Slight body aches
Mild headache
Sneezing
Coughing
Risk factors
Everyone is at risk of acquiring cough and colds but those who are more prone are children
under six years of age and anyone who has a weak immune system. Other environmental factors
include exposure to crowded areas (especially airplanes) and cold weather. Some studies also
suggest that smokers tend to suffer more severe colds compared to their non-smoking
counterparts.
Prevention, treatment
Usually, you won’t need to schedule a doctor’s appointment for having a cold, but it is
recommended that you stay at home so your body can rest. Take note of these other
precautionary measures so you’re protected:
The simple act of sharing cups/utensils with an infected person can put you at risk—stick to
your own set of cutleries and stay away from people with colds.
Germs can easily be spread by sneezing and coughing, so practicing good hand hygiene is a
must.
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Make a conscious effort of disinfecting your things after you’ve touched them and always
cover your mouth when you cough.
Drinking lots of liquids can also speed up your recovery as well as proper disposal of your
used tissues.
Consider seeking medical attention if you develop a fever (temperature greater than 38.5 C).
Watch out for these other red flags which could indicate that you need to see your GP
immediately:
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4. CHICKENPOX
Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the initial
infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). The disease results in a characteristic skin rash that
forms small, itchy blisters, which eventually scab over. It usually starts on the chest, back, and
face.
Chickenpox is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It causes an itchy rash with
small, fluid-filled blisters. Chickenpox is highly contagious to people who haven't had the
disease or been vaccinated against it. Today, a vaccine is available that protects children against
chickenpox. Routine vaccination is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC)
Symptoms
The itchy blister rash caused by chickenpox infection appears 10 to 21 days after exposure to the
virus and usually lasts about five to 10 days. Other signs and symptoms, which may appear one
to two days before the rash, include:
Fever
Loss of appetite
Headache
Tiredness and a general feeling of being unwell (malaise)
Raised pink or red bumps (papules), which break out over several days
Small fluid-filled blisters (vesicles), which form in about one day and then break and leak
Crusts and scabs, which cover the broken blisters and take several more days to heal
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New bumps continue to appear for several days, so you may have all three stages of the rash
— bumps, blisters and scabbed lesions — at the same time. You can spread the virus to other
people for up to 48 hours before the rash appears, and the virus remains contagious until all
broken blisters have crusted over.
The disease is generally mild in healthy children. In severe cases, the rash can cover the
entire body, and lesions may form in the throat, eyes, and mucous membranes of the urethra,
anus and vagina.
If you think you or your child might have chickenpox, consult your doctor. He or she usually can
diagnose chickenpox by examining the rash and considering other symptoms. Your doctor can
also prescribe medications to lessen the severity of chickenpox and treat complications, if
necessary. To avoid infecting others in the waiting room, call ahead for an appointment and
mention that you think you or your child may have chickenpox.
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5. “EL TOR” OR CHOLERA
Cholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water. Cholera causes severe
diarrhea and dehydration. Left untreated, cholera can be fatal within hours, even in previously
healthy people.
Modern sewage and water treatment have virtually eliminated cholera in industrialized countries.
But cholera still exists in Africa, Southeast Asia and Haiti. The risk of a cholera epidemic is
highest when poverty, war or natural disasters force people to live in crowded conditions without
adequate sanitation.
Cholera is easily treated. Death from severe dehydration can be prevented with a simple and
inexpensive rehydration solution.
Symptoms
Most people exposed to the cholera bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) don't become ill and don't know
they've been infected. But because they shed cholera bacteria in their stool for seven to 14 days,
they can still infect others through contaminated water.
Most cases of cholera that cause symptoms cause mild or moderate diarrhea that's often hard to
tell apart from diarrhea caused by other problems. Others develop more-serious signs and
symptoms of cholera, usually within a few days of infection.
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Diarrhea. Cholera-related diarrhea comes on suddenly and can quickly cause dangerous
fluid loss — as much as a quart (about 1 liter) an hour. Diarrhea due to cholera often has a
pale, milky appearance that resembles water in which rice has been rinsed.
Nausea and vomiting. Vomiting occurs especially in the early stages of cholera and can last
for hours.
Dehydration. Dehydration can develop within hours after cholera symptoms start and range
from mild to severe. A loss of 10% or more of body weight indicates severe dehydration.
6. WHOOPING COUGH
Whooping cough (pertussis)
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is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection. In many people, it's marked by a severe
hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like "whoop." Before the
vaccine was developed, whooping cough was considered a childhood disease.
Symptoms
Once you become infected with whooping cough, it takes about seven to 10 days for signs and
symptoms to appear, though it can sometimes take longer. They're usually mild at first and
resemble those of a common cold:
Runny nose
Nasal congestion
Red, watery eyes
Fever
Cough
After a week or two, signs and symptoms worsen. Thick mucus accumulates inside your airways,
causing uncontrollable coughing. Severe and prolonged coughing attacks may:
Provoke vomiting
Result in a red or blue face
Cause extreme fatigue
End with a high-pitched "whoop" sound during the next breath of air
However, many people don't develop the characteristic whoop. Sometimes, a persistent hacking
cough is the only sign that an adolescent or adult has whooping cough.
Infants may not cough at all. Instead, they may struggle to breathe, or they may even temporarily
stop breathing
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7. MEASLES
Measles is a childhood infection caused by a virus. Once quite common, measles can now almost
always be prevented with a vaccine.
Also called rubella, measles can be serious and even fatal for small children. While death rates
have been falling worldwide as more children receive the measles vaccine, the disease still kills
more than 100,000 people a year, most under the age of 5.
As a result of high vaccination rates in general, measles hasn't been widespread in the United
States for more than a decade. The United States had about 30 cases of measles in 2004 but more
than 600 cases in 2014. Most of these cases originated outside the country and occurred in
people who were unvaccinated or who didn't know whether or not they had been vaccinated.
Symptoms
Measles signs and symptoms appear around 10 to 14 days after exposure to the virus. Signs and
symptoms of measles typically include:
Fever
Dry cough
Runny nose
Sore throat
Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis)
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Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background found inside the mouth on
the inner lining of the cheek — also called Koplik's spots
A skin rash made up of large, flat blotches that often flow into one another
The infection occurs in a sequence of stages during a period of two to three weeks.
Infection and incubation. For the first 10 to 14 days after you're infected, the measles virus
incubates. You have no signs or symptoms of measles during this time.
Nonspecific signs and symptoms. Measles typically begins with a mild to moderate fever,
often accompanied by a persistent cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis) and sore
throat. This relatively mild illness may last two or three days.
Acute illness and rash. The rash consists of small red spots, some of which are slightly
raised. Spots and bumps in tight clusters give the skin a splotchy red appearance. The face
breaks out first. Over the next few days, the rash spreads down the arms and trunk, then over
the thighs, lower legs and feet. At the same time, the fever rises sharply, often as high as 104
to 105.8 F (40 to 41 C).
The measles rash gradually recedes, fading first from the face and last from the thighs and
feet.
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8. PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may
fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and
difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can
cause pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill
with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and
difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause
pneumonia.
Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is most serious for
infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or
weakened immune systems.
Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of pneumonia vary from mild to severe, depending on factors such as
the type of germ causing the infection, and your age and overall health. Mild signs and
symptoms often are similar to those of a cold or flu, but they last longer.
Newborns and infants may not show any sign of the infection. Or they may vomit, have a fever
and cough, appear restless or tired and without energy, or have difficulty breathing and eating.
See your doctor if you have difficulty breathing, chest pain, persistent fever of 102 F (39 C) or
higher than or persistent cough, especially if you're coughing up pus.
It's especially important that people in these high-risk groups see a doctor:
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Children younger than age 2 with signs and symptoms
People with an underlying health condition or weakened immune system
People receiving chemotherapy or taking medication that suppresses the immune system
Causes
Many germs can cause pneumonia. The most common are bacteria and viruses in the air we
breathe. Your body usually prevents these germs from infecting your lungs. But sometimes these
germs can overpower your immune system, even if your health is generally good.
Pneumonia is classified according to the types of germs that cause it and where you got the
infection.
Community-acquired pneumonia
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9. TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects your lungs. The
bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from one person to another through tiny droplets
released into the air via coughs and sneezes.
Once rare in developed countries, tuberculosis infections began increasing in 1985, partly
because of the emergence of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. HIV weakens a person's immune
system so it can't fight the TB germs. In the United States, because of stronger control programs,
tuberculosis began to decrease again in 1993, but remains a concern.
Many strains of tuberculosis resist the drugs most used to treat the disease. People with active
tuberculosis must take several types of medications for many months to eradicate the infection
and prevent development of antibiotic resistance.
TB spreads through the air when a person with TB of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, or
talks. If you have been exposed, you should go to your doctor for tests. You are more likely to
get TB if you have a weak immune system.
Skin tests, blood tests, x-rays, and other tests can tell if you have TB. If not treated properly, TB
can be deadly. You can usually cure active TB by taking several medicines for a long period of
time.
Although your body may harbor the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB), your immune system
usually can prevent you from becoming sick. For this reason, doctors make a distinction
between:
Latent TB. In this condition, you have a TB infection, but the bacteria remain in your body in an
inactive state and cause no symptoms. Latent TB, also called inactive TB or TB infection, isn't
contagious. It can turn into active TB, so treatment is important for the person with latent TB and
to help control the spread of TB. An estimated 2 billion people have latent TB.
Active TB. This condition makes you sick and in most cases can spread to others. It can occur in
the first few weeks after infection with the TB bacteria, or it might occur years later.
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Signs and symptoms of active TB include:
Tuberculosis can also affect other parts of your body, including your kidneys, spine or brain.
When TB occurs outside your lungs, signs and symptoms vary according to the organs involved.
For example, tuberculosis of the spine may give you back pain, and tuberculosis in your kidneys
might cause blood in your urine.
Complications
Without treatment, tuberculosis can be fatal. Untreated active disease typically affects your
lungs, but it can spread to other parts of your body through your bloodstream. Examples of
tuberculosis complications include:
Prevention
If you test positive for latent TB infection, your doctor may advise you to take medications to
reduce your risk of developing active tuberculosis. The only type of tuberculosis that is
contagious is the active variety, when it affects the lungs. So if you can prevent your latent
tuberculosis from becoming active, you won't transmit tuberculosis to anyone else.
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10.DENGUE
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Symptoms
Mild symptoms of dengue can be confused with other illnesses that cause fever, aches and
pains, or a rash.
Nausea, vomiting
Rash
Aches and pains (eye pain, typically behind the eyes, muscle, joint, or bone pain)
Any warning sign
Symptoms of dengue are typically last 2–7 days. Most people will recover after about a week.
Treatment.
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Literacy Training Service 1
Roberto G. De Chavez, DBA, SPBE, FRIEdr
https://education.alberta.ca/literacy-and-numeracy/literacy/everyone/what-is-literacy/
https://www.google.com/search?
q=dengue+prevention&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjA3M_5zpXuAhUyx4sBHRJ0CMkQ2-
cCegQIABAA&
https://www.google.com/search?q=TUBERCULOSIS&sxsrf=ALeKk02QqAzM-
fNG_FW6F6DOpdqRuBm-
iQ:1610426194457&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMqYeKyZXuAhWiH
qYKHYPvBCEQ_AUoAXoECAwQAw&biw=1024&bih=531#imgrc=mZjBuje60wq9kM
https://www.google.com/search?
q=SORE+EYE&oq=sore&aqs=chrome.0.69i59l2j69i57j0i271l3j69i60.3737j0j15&sourceid=
chrome&ie=UTF-8
https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03kbgFRMRuXxQ_qMAXz8hNfIXouWQ
%3A1610428253028&ei=XS_9X9idAZGkmAWIioboBw&q=common+cold+symptoms&oq
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=common+cold&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgAMgQIABBHMgQIABBHMgQIABBHMg
QIABBHMgQIABBHMgQIABBHMgQIABBHMgQIABBHUABYAGDdRmgAcAJ4AIAB
AIgBAJIBAJgBAKoBB2d3cy13aXrIAQjAAQE&sclient=psy-ab
https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk02rAMSeucSKV-VvtD94ogjw843qqA
%3A1610428264816&ei=aC_9X7eyMYeJmAXTrJXYCw&q=pneumonia&oq=pneumonia
&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIHCCMQyQMQJzIHCAAQsQMQQzIHCAAQsQMQQzIH
CAAQFBCHAjIHCAAQsQMQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECA
AQQzoECAAQRzoECCMQJzoFCAAQsQM6CAgAELEDEIMBOgIIAFDvrgFYjcYBYIH
UAWgAcAJ4AYABhAeIAc4fkgENMC4xLjMuMS4xLjEuMpgBAKABAaoBB2d3cy13aXr
IAQjAAQE&sclient=psy-
ab&ved=0ahUKEwi3hqTl0JXuAhWHBKYKHVNWBbsQ4dUDCA0&uact=5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox#:~:text=Chickenpox%2C%20also%20known
%20as%20varicella,chest%2C%20back%2C%20and%20face.
TASK 1
Ask yourself on the things you already Know, what you Want to learn and What you Learned in
this topic. Write your answers on the space provided.
KNOW WANT
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LEARN
TASK 2
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CONCLUSION:
A person can only take proper precautions regarding communicable and non-
communicable diseases if he/she is aware about them.
His/her familiarity with the said diseases will enable him/her to adopt certain lifestyle
modification, like avoidance of alcoholic beverages, to avoid diseases and stay healthy as he/she
performs his/her various functions in life.
Health is wealth and a person’s good health is crucial to his/her being a successful person
who has the opportunity to maximize his/her potentials in order to achieve all his/her goals in
life.
How was your experience? Tell me about it. (draw your response below.)
MODULE EVALUATION
SELF EVALUATION
Module is learner-friendly.
I learned a lot from this module Comprehensive and easy to
understand
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Module is clear but lacks few details
I learned just right
Answer Answer
References:
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IAQjAAQE&sclient=psy-
ab&ved=0ahUKEwi3hqTl0JXuAhWHBKYKHVNWBbsQ4dUDCA0&uact=5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox#:~:text=Chickenpox%2C%20also%20known
%20as%20varicella,chest%2C%20back%2C%20and%20face.
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