Designation: C 1437 – 99

Standard Test Method for flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar1

1. Scope
This test method covers the determination of flow of hydraulic cement mortars.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 This test method is intended to be used to determine the flow of hydraulic
cement mortars, and of mortars containing cementitious materials other than
hydraulic cements.
2.2 While flow is not usually included in hydraulic cement specifications, it is
commonly used in standard tests that require the mortar to have a water content
that provides a specified flow level.
3. Apparatus
3.1 Flow Table, Flow Mold,
3.2 Caliper,
3.3 Tamper,
3.4 Trowel,
3.5 Straightedge, made of steel, shall be at least 200 mm long and not less than 1.5
mm nor more than 3.5 mm in thickness. Its edge shall not depart from a plane
surface by more than 1 mm .
4. Temperature and Humidity
The temperature of the air in the laboratory shall be maintained between 20 and
28°C and its relative humidity shall not be less than 50 %.
5. Materials
Hydraulic Cement Mortar—
6. Procedure
6.1 Determination of Flow:
6.1.1 Carefully wipe the flow table clean and dry, and place the flow mold at the
center. Place a layer of mortar about 25 mm in thickness in the mold and tamp 20
times with the tamper. The tamping pressure shall be just sufficient to ensure
uniform filling of the mold. Then fill the mold with mortar and tamp as specified
for the first layer. Cut off the mortar to a plane surface. Lift the mold away from
the mortar 1 min after completing the mixing operation. Immediately drop the table
through a height of 12.7±0.13 mm 25 times in 15 s, unless otherwise specified.
7. Calculation
7.1 The flow is the resulting increase in average base diameter of the mortar mass,
expressed as a percentage of the original base diameter.
7.2 If using the caliper specified in Specification C 230, add the four readings, and
record the total. This gives the flow in percent. If using some other caliper,
compute the flow in percent by the following equation:

D 1+ D 2+ D3+ D 4
A=
4
A−D °
Flow %= ∗100
D°
A=average of four readings in millimeters minus the original inside base diameter
in millimeters. Report the flow to the nearest 1 %.
Do= 100mm
Designation: C 109/C 109M – 99
Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement
Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)1

1. Scope
This test method covers determination of the compressive strength of hydraulic
cement mortars, using 2-in. or [50-mm] cube specimens.
2. Summary of Test Method
The mortar used consists of 1 part cement and 2.75 parts of sand proportioned by
mass. Portland or air-entraining portland cements are mixed at specified
water/cement ratios. Water content for other cements is that sufficient to obtain a
flow of 110 ± 5 in 25 drops of the flow table. Two-inch or [50-mm] test cubes are
compacted by tamping in two layers. The cubes are cured one day in the molds and
stripped and immersed in lime water until tested.
3. Significance and Use
This test method provides a means of determining the compressive strength of
hydraulic cement and other mortars and the results of this test method used to
predict the strength of concretes.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Weights and Weighing Devices,
4.2 Glass Graduates.
4.3 Specimen Molds, for the 2-in. or [50-mm] cube specimens shall be tight fitting.
4.4 Mixer.
4.5 Flow Table and Flow Mold.
4.6 Tamper, a nonabsorptive, nonabrasive, nonbrittle material seasoned oak wood
shall have a cross section of about [13 by 25 mm] and a convenient length of [120
to 150 mm]. The tamping face shall be flat and at right angles to the length of the
tamper.
4.7 Trowel.
4.8 Moist Cabinet or Room.
4.9 Testing Machine.

5. Materials
5.1 Graded Standard Sand:
The sand used for making test specimens shall be natural silica sand conforming to
the requirements for graded standard sand in Specification C 778.
5.1 Cement.
5.3 Water
6. Temperature and Humidity
6.1 Temperature—The temperature of the air, the dry materials, molds, base plates,
and mixing bowl, shall be maintained between [20 and 27.5°C].
6.2 Humidity—The relative humidity of the laboratory shall be not less than 50 %.
7. Test Specimens
Make two or three specimens from a batch of mortar for each period of test or test
age.
8. Preparation of Specimen Molds
8.1Apply a thin coating of oils and greases to the interior faces of the mold and
non-absorptive base plates.
8.2 Seal the surfaces where the halves of the mold join by applying a coating of
light cup grease such as petrolatum.
8.3 After placing the mold on its base plate carefully remove with a dry cloth any
excess oil or grease from the surface of the mold and the base plate .
9. Procedure
9.1 Composition of Mortars:
9.1.1 The proportions of materials for the standard mortar shall be one part of
cement to 2.75 parts of graded standard sand by weight. Use a water-cement ratio
of 0.485 for all portland cements. and 0.460 for all air-entraining Portland cements.
The amount of mixing water for other than Portland and air-entraining portland
cements shall be such as to produce
a flow of 110 ±5.
9.1.2 The quantities of materials to be mixed at one time in the batch of mortar for
making six and nine test specimens shall be as follows:
Number of Specimens
6 9
cement 500 740
sand 1375 2035
Water, mL
Portland (0.485) 242 359

9.2 Molding Test Specimens:

Start molding the specimens within a total elapsed time of not more than 2 min and
30 s after completion of the original mixing of the mortar batch. Place a layer of
mortar about 1 in. or [25 mm] (approximately one half of the depth of the mold) in
all of the cube compartments. Tamp the mortar in each cube compartment 32 times
in about 10 s in 4 rounds, each round to be at right angles to the other and
consisting of eight adjoining strokes over the surface of the specimen, as illustrated
in Fig. 1.The 4 rounds of tamping (32 strokes) of the mortar shall be completed in
one cube before going to the next. When the tamping of the first layer in all of the
cube compartments is completed, fill the compartments with the remaining mortar
and then tamp as specified for the first layer.

9.3 Storage of Test Specimens— Storage of Test Specimens—Immediately upon

completion of molding, place the test specimens in the moist closet or moist room
from 20 to 72 h. If the specimens are removed from the molds before 24 h, keep
them on the shelves of the moist closet or moist room until they are 24-h old, and
then immerse the specimens, except those for the 24-h test, in storage water tanks
constructed of noncorroding materials. Keep the storage water clean by changing
as required. Keep the storage water clean by changing as required, keep these
specimens in water at a temperature of [23 ± 2°C] and of sufficient depth to
completely immerse each specimen until time of testing.

9.4 Determination of Compressive Strength:

9.4.1 Test the specimens immediately after their removal from the moist closet in
the case of 24-h specimens, and from storage water in the case of all other
specimens , All test specimens for a given test age shall be broken within the
permissible tolerance prescribed as follows:

9.4.2 Wipe each specimen to a surface-dry condition, and remove any loose sand
grains or incrustations from the faces that will be in contact with the bearing blocks
of the testing machine.
9.4.3 Apply the load to specimen faces that were in contact with the true plane
surfaces of the mold. Apply the load rate with the range of [900 to 1800 N/S].
10. Calculation
Record the total maximum load indicated by the testing machine, and calculate the
compressive strength as follows:
fm = P/A (1)
where:
fm = compressive strength in [MPa],
P = total maximum load in [N], and
A=area of loaded surface [mm2].
Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement. C 188

1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers determination of the density of hydraulic cement.
1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the
material.
2. Apparatus
2.1 Le Chatelier flask—The standard flask which is circular in cross section with
shape and dimensions conforming essentially to Fig.1.

Fig. 1 : Le Chatelier Flask for Density Test

The material of construction shall be best quality glass. The glass shall be
chemically resistant.They shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable
resistance to breakage. The neck shall be graduated from 0 to 1 mL and from 18 to
24 mL in 0.1-mL graduations. The error of any indicated capacity shall not be
greater than 0.05 mL.
2.2 Kerosine, free of water, or naphtha, having a density greater than 0.73 g/ mL at
23 ± 2° C .
3. Procedure
3.1 Fill the flask with either of the liquids specified in 2.2 to a point between the 0
and the 1-mL mark then record the first reading .
3.2 Introduce a quantity of cement, weighed to the nearest 0.05 g, (about 64 g for
portland cement).Take care to avoid splashing and see that the cement does not
adhere to the inside of the flask above the liquid .A vibrating apparatus may be
used to accelerate the introduction of the cement into the flask and to prevent the
cement from sticking to the neck. After all the cement has been introduced, place
the stopper in the flask and roll the flask in an inclined position, so as to free the
cement from air until no further air bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid. When
the level of the liquid will be in its final position at some point of the upper series
of graduations, take the final reading.
4. Calculation
The difference between the first and the final readings represents the volume of
liquid displaced by the mass of cement used in the test.

Density= weight of sample of cement/ difference between the first and the final
readings
Designation: C 204
Standard Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air Permeability

1. Scope
This test method covers determination of the fineness of hydraulic cement, using
the Blaine air permeability apparatus, in terms of the specific surface expressed as
total surface area in square centimeters per gram, or square meters per kilogram, of
cement.
2. Apparatus
2.1 Nature of Apparatus—The Blaine air permeability apparatus consists of a
means of drawing a definite quantity of air through a prepared bed of cement. The
number and size of the pores in a prepared bed of definite porosity is a function of
the size of the particles and determines the rate of airflow through the bed.
2.2 Permeability Cell—The permeability cell shall consist of a rigid cylinder 12.70
±0.1 mm in inside diameter, constructed of stainless steel. The interior of the cell
shall have a finish of 0.81 µm (32 µin.). The top of the cell shall be at right angles
to the principal axis of the cell. The lower portion of the cell must be able to form
an airtight fit with the upper end of the manometer, so that there is no air leakage
between the contacting surfaces. A ledge 1⁄2 to 1 mm in width shall be an integral
part of the cell 55 ± 10 mm from the top of the cell for support of the perforated
metal disk. The top of the permeability cell shall be fitted with a protruding collar
to facilitate the removal of the cell from the manometer.
2.3 Disk—The disk shall be constructed of noncorroding metal and shall be 0.9 ±
0.1 mm in thickness, perforated with 30 to 40 holes 1 mm in diameter equally
distributed over its area. The disk shall fit the inside of the cell snugly.
2.4 Plunger—The plunger shall be constructed of stainless steel and shall fit into
the cell with a clearance of not more than 0.1 mm. The bottom of the plunger shall
sharply. An air vent shall be provided by means of a flat 3.0 ± 0.3 mm wide on one
side of the plunger. The top of the plunger shall be provided with a collar such that
when the plunger is placed in the cell, the distance between the bottom of the
plunger and the top of the perforated disk shall be 15 ±1mm.

2.5 Filter Paper— The filter paper disks shall be circular, with smooth edges, and
shall have the same diameter as the inside of the cell.
2.6 Manometer—using nominal 9-mm outside diameter, standard-wall, glass
tubing. The top of one arm of the manometer shall form an airtight connection with
the permeability cell. The manometer arm connected to the permeability cell shall
have a line etched around the tube at 125 to 145 mm below the top side outlet and
also others at distances of 15 ± 1 mm, 70 ± 1 mm, and 110 ± 1 mm above that
line. A side outlet shall be provided at 250 to 305 mm above the bottom of the
manometer for use in the evacuation of the manometer arm connected to the
permeability cell. A positive airtight valve shall be provided on the side outlet not
more than 50 mm from the manometer arm.
2.7 Manometer Liquid—The manometer shall be filled to the midpoint with a
nonvolatile, nonhygroscopic liquid of low viscosity and density, paraffin.
2.8 Timer—The timer shall have a positive starting and stopping mechanism and
shall be capable of being read to the nearest 0.5 s or less.

3. Preparation of Bed of Cement—Seat the perforated disk on the ledge in the

permeability cell, marked face down. Place a filter paper disk on the metal disk and
press the edges down with a rod having a diameter slightly smaller than that of the
cell. Weigh to the nearest 0.001 g the quantity of cement and place in the cell. Tap
the side of the cell lightly in order to level the bed of cement. Place a filter paper
disk on top of the cement and compress the cement with the plunger until the
plunger collar is in contact with the top of the cell.
4.Permeability Test:
4.1 Attach the permeability cell to the manometer tube, making certain that an
airtight connection is obtained and taking care not to disturb the prepared bed of
cement.
4.2 Slowly evacuate the air in the one arm of the manometer U-tube until the liquid
reaches the top mark, and then close the valve tightly. Start the timer when the
bottom of the meniscus of the manometer liquid reaches the second (next to the
top) mark and stop when the bottom of the meniscus of liquid reaches the third
(next to the bottom) mark. Note the time interval measured and record in seconds.
Note the temperature of test and record in degrees Celsius.
 Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Hydraulic C260
Cement Mortars
1. Scope
This test method covers the determination of the tensile strength of hydraulic
cement mortar by using the briquet specimen.
2. Significance and Use
Researchers in the field of hydraulic cement have recognized the need for
improved tensile strength. This test method allows for the determination of tensile
strength of a hydraulic cement mortar by casting and testing briquet specimens.
3. Apparatus
3.1 Weighing Devices
3.2 Sieves:
3.3 Glass Graduates
3.4 Briquet Moldsas shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Briquet Gang Mold

3.5 Trowel
3.6 Testing Machine .
3.7 standard sand.
4. Temperature and Humidity
4.1 Temperature—The temperature of the air in the vicinity of the mixing slab, the
dry materials, molds, base plates, and mixing bowl, shall be maintained between
[20 and 27.5°C].
4.2 Humidity—The relative humidity of the laboratory shall be not less than 50 %.
5. Number of Briquets
Three or more briquets shall be made for each period of test specified.
6. Procedure
6.1 Proportioning, Consistency, and Mixing of Mortars:
6.1.1 The proportions of the standard mortar shall be 1 part cement to 3 parts
standard sand by weight. The percentage of water used in the standard mortar shall
depend upon the percentage of water required to produce a neat cement paste of
normal consistency from the same sample of cement and shall be as indicated in
Table 1.

6.1.2 Weigh the dry materials, place them upon a smooth nonabsorbent surface,
mix dry, and form a crater in the center. Pour the proper percentage of clean water
into the crater, and turn the material on the outer edge into the crater within 30 s by
the aid of a trowel. After an additional interval of 30 s for the absorption of the
water, during which interval lightly trowel the dry mortar around the outside of the
cone over the remaining mortar to reduce the evaporation losses and to promote
absorption, complete the operation by kneading with the hands for 1-1/2 min.
During the operation of mixing, protect the hands with fitting rubber gloves.
6.2 Molding Test Specimens:
Before being filled, thinly cover the molds with a film of mineral oil, then
fill the molds without compacting. Then press the mortar in with the thumbs,
applying the force 12 times to each briquet. Then bring the mortar above the mold
and smooth it off with a trowel. Cover the mold with a plane glass or metal plate
oiled with oil, and turn over the mold and plates rotating the mold about its
longitudinal axis. Remove the top plate and repeat the operation of heaping,
thumbing, and smoothing off.
6.3 Storage of Test Specimens:
Keep all test specimens, immediately after molding, in the molds on the base plates
in the moist closet or moist room for from 20 to 24 h then immerse the specimens
in saturated lime water in storage tanks constructed of noncorroding materials.
6.4 Determination of Tensile Strength:
6.4.1 Test the briquet specimens immediately after their removal from the moist
closet for 24-h specimens, and from storage water for all other specimens. Break
all test specimens for a given test age within the permissible tolerance pre. scribed
in the following table:

6.4.2 Wipe each briquet to a surface-dry condition, and remove any loose sand
grains or incrustations from the surfaces that will be in contact with the clips of the
testing machine.

7. Calculation
Record the total maximum load indicated by the testing machine, and calculate the
compressive strength as follows:
fm = P/A (1)
where:
fm = compressive strength in [MPa],
P = total maximum load in [N], and
A=area of failure surface [mm2].
Designation: C 702 – 98
American Association State Highway and Transportation Officials Standard: T
248
Standard Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size1

1. Significance and Use

This practice provides procedures for reducing the large sample obtained in the
field or produced in the laboratory to a convenient size for conducting a number of
tests to describe the material and measure its quality in a manner that the smaller
test sample portion is most likely to be a representation of the larger sample, and
thus of the total supply.

2. Selection of Method
2.1 Fine Aggregate—Reduce the size of samples of fine aggregate that are drier
than the saturated-surface-dry condition using a mechanical splitter according to
Method A. Reduce the size of samples having free moisture on the particle
surfaces by quartering according to Method B, or by treating as a miniature
stockpile as described in Method C.
2.1.1 If the use of Method B or Method C is desired, and the sample does not have
free moisture on the particle surfaces, moisten the sample to obtain free moisture
on the particle surfaces, mix thoroughly, and then reduce the sample size.
2.1.2 If use of Method A is desired and the sample has free moisture on the particle
surfaces, dry the sample to at least the saturated-surface-dry condition, and then
reduce the sample size.
2.2 Coarse Aggregates and Mixtures of Coarse and Fine Aggregates—Reduce the
sample using a mechanical splitter in accordance with Method A (preferred
method) or by quartering in accordance with Method B. The miniature stockpile
Method C is not permitted for coarse aggregates or mixtures of coarse and fine
aggregates.

Weight of sampling
Size of particles(mm) Size of particles (in) Minimum weight of
sample
≥ 25 ≥ 1.0 50
5< max. agg<25 3/16<Max.agg<1.0 25
<5 <3/16 13
 METHOD A—MECHANICAL SPLITTER

3. Apparatus
3.1 Sample Splitter—Sample splitters shall have an even number of equal width
chutes, but not less than a total of eight for coarse aggregate, or twelve for fine
aggregate, which discharge alternately to each side of the splitter. For coarse
aggregate and mixed aggregate, the minimum width of the individual chutes shall
be approximately 50 % larger than the largest particles in the sample to be split.
For dry fine aggregate in which the sample will pass the 9.5-mm (3⁄8-in.) sieve , a
splitter having chutes 12.5 to 20 mm wide shall be used. The splitter shall be
equipped with two receptacles to hold the two halves of the sample following
splitting. It shall also be equipped with a straight edged pan. The splitter and
accessory equipment shall be so designed that the sample will flow smoothly
without restriction or loss of material (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).

4. Procedure
4.1 Place the original sample in the pan and uniformly distribute it from edge to
edge, so that when it is introduced into the chutes, approximately equal amounts
will flow through each chute. Reintroduce the portion of the sample in one of the
receptacles into the splitter as many times as necessary to reduce the sample to the
size specified for the intended test. Reserve the portion of material collected in the
other receptacle for reduction in size for other tests, when required.
 METHOD B—QUARTERING

5. Apparatus
5.1 Apparatus shall consist of a shovel, or trowel; a broom or brush; and a canvas
blanket approximately 2 by 2.5 m.

6. Procedure
6.1.1 Place the original sample on a hard, clean, level surface where there will be
neither loss of material nor the accidental addition of foreign material. Mix the
material by turning the entire sample over three times. With the last turning, shovel
the entire sample into a conical pile. Carefully flatten the conical pile to a uniform
thickness and diameter by pressing down the apex with a shovel. The diameter
should be approximately four to eight times the thickness. Divide the flattened
mass into four equal quarters with a shovel or trowel and remove two diagonally
opposite quarters, including all fine material, and brush the cleared spaces clean.
Successively mix and quarter the remaining material until the sample is reduced to
the desired size (Fig. 3).
6.1.2 As an alternative to the procedure described in 6.1.1, when the floor surface
is uneven, place the field sample on a canvas blanket and mix with a shovel as
described in 6.1.1, or by alternately lifting each corner of the canvas and pulling it
over the sample toward the diagonally opposite corner causing the material to be
rolled. Flatten the pile as described in 6.1.1. Divide the sample as described in
6.1.1, or if the surface beneath the blanket is uneven, insert a stick or pipe beneath
the blanket and under the center of the pile, then lift both ends of the stick, dividing
the sample into two equal parts. Remove the stick leaving a fold of the blanket
between the divided portions. Insert the stick under the center of the pile at right
angles to the first division and again lift both ends of the stick, dividing the sample
into four equal parts. Remove two diagonally opposite quarters, being careful to
clean the fines from the blanket. Successively mix and quarter the remaining
material until the sample is reduced to the desired size (Fig. 4).
 METHOD C—MINIATURE STOCKPILE SAMPLING
(DAMP FINE AGGREGATE ONLY)

7. Apparatus
7.1 Apparatus shall consist of a straight-edged scoop, shovel, or trowel for mixing
the aggregate, and either a small sampling, small scoop, or spoon for sampling.

8. Procedure
8.1 Place the original sample of damp fine aggregate on a hard clean, level surface
where there will be neither loss of material nor the accidental addition of foreign
material. Mix the material thoroughly by turning the entire sample over three
times. With the last turning, shovel the entire sample into a conical pile. If desired,
flatten the conical pile to a uniform thickness and diameter by pressing down the
apex with a shovel so that each quarter sector of the resulting pile will contain the
material originally in it. Obtain a sample for each test by selecting at least five
increments of material at random locations from the miniature stockpile, using any
of the sampling devices described in 7.1.
Designation: C 127
Standard Test Method for
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate1
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of specific gravity and absorption of
coarse aggregate. The specific gravity may be expressed as bulk specific gravity,
bulk specific gravity (SSD) (saturated-surface-dry), or apparent specific
gravity.
2. Definitions:
2.1 Absorption—the increase in the weight of aggregate due to water in the pores
of the material, but not including water adhering to the outside surface of the
particles, expressed as a percentage of the dry weight. The aggregate is considered
“dry” when it has been maintained at a temperature of 110 ± 5°C for sufficient
time to remove all water.
2.2 Specific gravity—the ratio of the mass (or weight in air) of a unit volume of a
material to the mass of the same volume of water. Values are dimensionless.
2.3 Apparent specific gravity—the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of the
impermeable portion of aggregate at to the weight in air of an equal volume of
distilled water.
2.4 Bulk specific gravity—the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of
aggregate (including the permeable and impermeable voids in the particles, but not
including the voids between particles) to the weight in air of an equal volume
distilled water.
2.5 Bulk specific gravity (SSD)—the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of
aggregate, including the weight of water within the voids filled to the extent
achieved by submerging in water for approximately 24 h (but not including
the voids between particles), compared to the weight in air of an equal volume of
distilled.
3. Summary of Test Method
A sample of aggregate is immersed in water for approximately 24 h to essentially
fill the pores. It is then removed from the water, the water dried from the surface of
the particles, and weighed. Subsequently the sample is weighed while submerged
in water. Finally the sample is oven-dried and weighed it. Using the weights thus
obtained and formulas in this test method, it is possible to calculate three types of
specific gravity and absorption.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Bulk specific gravity is the characteristic generally used for calculation of the
volume occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate, Bulk
specific gravity is also used in the computation of voids in aggregate in Test
Method C 29. Bulk specific gravity (SSD) is used if the aggregate is wet, that is, if
its absorption has been satisfied. Conversely, the bulk specific gravity (oven-dry) is
used for computations when the aggregate is dry or assumed to be dry.
4.2 Apparent specific gravity is the relative density of the solid material making up
the particles not including the pore space within the particles which is accessible to
water.
4.3 Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the weight of an
aggregate due to water absorbed in the pore spaces.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Balance—A weighing device that is sensitive, readable, and accurate to 0.5 g.
The balance shall be equipped with suitable apparatus for suspending the sample
container in water.
5.2 Sample Container—A wire basket of 3.35 mm (No. 6) or finer mesh.
5.3 Water Tank—A watertight tank into which the sample container may be placed
while suspended below the balance.
5.4 Sieves—A 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve

6. Sampling
6.1 Mix the sample of aggregate and reduce it to the approximate quantity needed
using the procedures in Methods C 702. Reject all material passing a 4.75-mm
(No. 4) sieve by dry sieving and washing to remove other coatings from the
surface.
6.2 The minimum weight of test sample to be used is given below.

8. Procedure
7. Procedure
7.1 Immerse the aggregate in water at room temperature for a period of 24 ± 4 h.
7.2 Remove the test sample from the water and roll it in a large absorbent cloth
until all visible of water are removed. Wipe the larger particles individually. Take
care to avoid evaporation of water from aggregate pores during the surface-drying
operation. Weigh and record the test sample in the saturated surface-dry condition.
7.3 After weighing, immediately place the saturated surface- dry test sample in the
sample container and determine its weight in water at 23± 1.7°C , having a density
of 997 ± 2 kg/m3. Take care to remove all entrapped air before weighing by
shaking the container while immersed.
7.4 Dry the test sample to constant weight at a temperature of 110 ± 5°C, cool in
air at room temperature 1 to 3 h, or until the aggregate has cooled to a temperature
that is comfortable to handle (approximately 50°C), weigh and record the dry
sample.
8. Calculations
8.1 Specific Gravity:
8.1.1 Bulk Specific Gravity—Calculate the bulk specific gravity as follows:

A = weight of oven-dry test sample in air, g,

B = weight of saturated-surface-dry test sample in air, g,

C = weight of saturated test sample in water, g.

8.1.2 Bulk Specific Gravity (Saturated-Surface-Dry)

8.1.3 Apparent Specific Gravity

8.2 Absorption
Standard Test Method for
Materials Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by
Washing1
1. Scope
This test method covers determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-
μm (No. 200) sieve in aggregate by washing. Clay particles and other aggregate
particles that are dispersed by the wash water, as well as water-soluble materials,
will be removed from the aggregate during the test.

2. Significance and Use

Plain water is adequate to separate the material finer than 75 μm from the most
aggregates.
3. Apparatus and Materials
3.1 Balance—A balance or scale readable and accurate to 0.1 g.
3.2 Sieves—A nest of two sieves, the lower being a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve and the
upper a 1.18-mm (No. 16) sieve.
3.3 Container—A pan sufficient to contain the sample covered with water.
3.4 Oven—An oven of sufficient size, capable of maintaining a uniform
temperature of 110 ±5°C.
4. Sampling
Thoroughly mix the sample of aggregate to be tested and reduce the quantity to an
amount suitable for testing using the applicable methods described in Practice C
702. The mass of the test sample, after drying, shall conform with the following:

5. Procedure A—Washing with Plain Water

5.1 Dry the test sample to constant mass at a temperature of 110 ± 5°C. Determine
the mass test sample.
5.2 After drying and determining the mass, place the test sample in the container
and add sufficient water to cover it. No detergent, dispersing agent shall be added
to the water. Agitate the sample with sufficient vigor to result in complete
separation of all particles finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve from the coarser
particles, and to bring the fine material into suspension. Immediately pour the wash
water containing the suspended and dissolved solids over the nested sieves,

1
arranged with the coarser sieve on top. Take care to avoid the exiting coarser
particles from the sample.
5.3 Add a second charge of water to the sample in the container, agitate, and
decant as before. Repeat this operation until the wash water is clear.
5.4 Return all material retained on the nested sieves by flushing to the washed
sample. Dry the washed aggregate to constant mass at a temperature of 110 ± 5°C
and determine the mass of the sample.
6. Calculation
6.1 Calculate the amount of material passing a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve by washing
as follows:

where:
A = Percentage of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve by washing.
B = Original dry mass of sample, g.
C = Dry mass of sample after washing, g.

2
Standard Test Method for
Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate1
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk density (“unit weight”) of
aggregate in a compacted or loose condition, and calculated voids between
particles in fine, coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination.
This test method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 5 in.
[125 mm] in nominal maximum size.
3. Terminology
3.1 bulk density of aggregate, the mass of a unit volume of bulk aggregate
material, in which the volume includes the volume of the individual particles and
the volume of the voids between the particles. Expressed in lb/ft3 [kg/m3].
3.2 unit weight, weight (mass) per unit volume.
3.3 voids in unit volume of aggregate, the space between particles in an aggregate
mass not occupied by solid mineral matter.
Voids within particles, either permeable or impermeable, are not included in voids
as determined by this test method.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method is often used to determine bulk density values that are
necessary for use for many methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures.
4.2 The bulk density also may be used for determining mass/volume relationships
for conversions in purchase agreements.
4.3 A procedure is included for computing the percentage of voids between the
aggregate particles based on the bulk density determined by this test method.

5. Apparatus
5.1 Balance
5.2 Tamping Rod—A round, straight steel rod, 5⁄8 in. [16 mm] in diameter and
approximately 24 in. [600 mm] in length.
5.3 Measure—A cylindrical metal measure, preferably provided with handles. It
shall be watertight, with the top and bottom true and even, and sufficiently rigid to
retain its form under rough usage. The measure shall have a height approximately
equal to the diameter, but in no case shall the height be less than 80 % nor more
than 150 % of the diameter The top rim shall be smooth and plane within 0.01 in.
[0.25 mm] and shall be parallel to the bottom within 0.5. The interior wall of
the measure shall be a smooth and continuous surface.

5.4 Shovel or Scoop—A shovel or scoop of convenient size for filling the measure
with aggregate.
5.5 Calibration Equipment—A piece of plate glass, at least 1⁄4 in. [6 mm] thick
and at least 1 in. [25 mm] larger than the diameter of the measure to be calibrated.
6. Sampling
6.1 Obtain the sample in accordance with Practice D 75, and reduce to test sample
size in accordance with Practice C 702.

7. Test Sample
7.1 The size of the sample shall be approximately 125 to 200 % of the quantity
required to fill the measure, and shall be handled in a manner to avoid segregation.
Dry the aggregate sample to essentially constant mass, preferably in an oven at
230 ± 9°F [110 ±6 °C].

8. Calibration of Measure
8.1 Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a piece of plate
glass in such a way as to eliminate bubbles and excess water.
8.2 Determine the mass of the water in the measure using the balance .

8.3 Calculate the volume, V, of the measure by dividing the mass of the water
required to fill the measure by its density.

9. Selection of Procedure
9.1The shoveling procedure for loose bulk density shall be used. Otherwise, the
compact bulk density shall be determined by the rodding procedure for aggregates
having a nominal maximum size of 1.5 in. [37.5 mm] or less, or by the jigging
procedure for aggregates having a nominal maximum size greater than 1.5 in. [37.5
mm] and not exceeding 5 in. [125 mm].
10. Rodding Procedure
10.1 Fill the measure one-third full and level the surface with the fingers. Rod the
layer of aggregate with 25 strokes. Fill the measure two-thirds full and again level
and rod as above. Finally, fill the measure to overflowing and rod again in the
manner previously mentioned. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers
or a straightedge.
10.2 In rodding the first layer, do not allow the rod to strike the bottom of the
measure. In rodding the second and third layers, use vigorous effort, but not more
force than to cause the tamping rod to penetrate to the previous layer of aggregate.
10.3 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the
measure alone, and record the values to the nearest 0.1 lb [0.05 kg].
11. Shoveling Procedure
11.1 Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop, discharging
the aggregate from a height not to exceed 2 in. [50 mm] above the top of the
measure. Exercise care to prevent, so far as possible, segregation of the particle
sizes of which the sample is composed. Level the surface of the aggregate with the
fingers or a straightedge .
11.2 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the
measure alone, and record the values to the nearest 0.1 lb [0.05 kg].

12. Calculation
12.1 Bulk Density—Calculate the bulk density for the rodding, jigging, or
shoveling procedure as follows:
M =(G – T)/V (1)
where:
M = bulk density of the aggregate, lb/ft3 [kg/m3],
G =mass of the aggregate plus the measure, lb [kg],
T = mass of the measure, lb [kg],
V = volume of the measure, ft3 [m3], and

12.1.1 The bulk density determined by this test method is for aggregate in an oven-
dry condition. If the bulk density in terms of saturated-surface-dry (SSD) condition
is desired, use the exact procedure in this test method, and then calculate the
SSD bulk density using the following formula:
Mssd=M[1 +A/100] (2)
where:
MSSD = bulk density in SSD condition, lb/ft3 [kg/m3], and A = % absorption,
determined in accordance with Test Method C 127 or Test Method C 128.

12.2 Void Content—Calculate the void content in the aggregate using the bulk
density determined by either the rodding, jigging, or shoveling procedure, as
follows:
% Voids = 100[(S * W)- M]/(S * W) (3)
where:
M = bulk density of the aggregate, lb/ft3 [ kg/m3],
S = bulk specific gravity (dry basis) as determined in accordance with Test Method
C 127 or Test Method C 128,
W= density of water =1000 kg/m3
 Designation: C 127

Standard Test Method for

Specific Gravity and Absorption
of Fine Aggregate
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the
determination of specific gravity
and absorption of fine aggregate.
The specific gravity may be
expressed as bulk specific gravity,
bulk specific gravity (SSD)
(saturated-surface-dry), or apparent
specific gravity.
2. Definitions:

2.1 Absorption—the increase in the weight of

aggregate due to water in the pores of the
material, but not including water adhering to the
outside surface of the particles, expressed as a
percentage of the dry weight. The aggregate is
considered “dry” when it has been maintained at
a temperature of 110 ± 5°C for sufficient time to
remove all water.
2.2 Specific gravity—the ratio of the mass
(or weight in air) of a unit volume of a
material to the mass of the same volume of
water. Values are dimensionless.
2.3 Apparent specific gravity—the ratio of
the weight in air of a unit volume of the
impermeable portion of aggregate at to the
weight in air of an equal volume of distilled
water.
2.4 Bulk specific gravity—the ratio of the
weight in air of a unit volume of aggregate
(including the permeable and impermeable voids
in the particles, but not including the voids
between particles) to the weight in air of an
equal volume distilled water.
2.5 Bulk specific gravity (SSD)—the ratio of the
weight in air of a unit volume of aggregate,
including the weight of water within the voids
filled to the extent achieved by submerging in
water for approximately 24 h (but not including
the voids between particles), compared to the
weight in air of an equal volume of distilled.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Bulk specific gravity is the characteristic
generally used for calculation of the volume
occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures
containing aggregate, Bulk specific gravity is
also used in the computation of voids in
aggregate in Test Method C 29. Bulk specific
gravity (SSD) is used if the aggregate is wet,
that is, if its absorption has been satisfied.
Conversely, the bulk specific gravity (oven-dry)
isused for computations when the aggregate is
dry or assumed to be dry.
4.2 Absorption values are used to calculate the
change in the weight of an aggregate due to
water absorbed in the pore spaces
.
 5. Apparatus
5.1 Balance—A balance or scale having a capacity of 1
kg or more, sensitive to 0.1 g or less,

5.2 Pycnometer—A flask or other suitable container into

which the fine aggregate test sample can be readily introduced. A
volumetric flask of 500 cm3 capacity is satisfactory for a 500-g
test sample of most fine aggregates. A Le Chatelier flask as
described in Test Method C 188 is satisfactory for an approximately 55-g test
sample.
5.3 Mold—A metal mold in the form of a cone
with dimensions as follows: 40 ± 3 mm inside diameter at the
top, 90 ± 3 mm inside diameter at the bottom, and 75 ± 3 mm
in height, with the metal having a minimum thickness of 0.8
mm.
5.4 Tamper—A metal tamper weighing 340± 15 g and
having a flat circular tamping face 25 ± 3 mm in diameter.
6. Sampling
6.1 Sampling shall be accomplished in general accordance
with Practice D 702.
7. Preparation of Test Specimen
7.1 Obtain approximately 1 kg of the fine aggregate from
the sample using the applicable procedures described in
Practice C 702.
7.2. Cone Test for Surface Moisture—Hold the mold
firmly on a smooth nonabsorbent surface with the large
diameter down. Place a portion of the partially dried
fine aggregate loosely in the mold by filling it to
overflowing. Lightly tamp the fine aggregate into the
mold with 25 light drops of the tamper. Each drop
should start about 5 mm (0.2 in.) above the top surface
of the fine aggregate. Permit the tamper to fall freely Damp fine agg.
under gravitational attraction on each drop. Remove
loose sand from the base and lift the mold vertically. If
surface moisture is still present, the fine aggregate will
retain the molded shape. When the fine aggregate slumps
slightly it indicates that it has
reached a surface-dry condition.

SSD fine agg.

 8. Procedure
8.1 Determine the weight of the pycnometer filled to its
calibration capacity with water at 23 ± 1.7°C (73.4 ± 3°F).
8.2. Partially fill the pycnometer with water. Immediately
introduce into the pycnometer 500 ± 10 g of saturated
surface-dry fine aggregate prepared as described in Section 7.2,
and fill with additional water to calibration mark.

8.3 Remove the fine aggregate from the pycnometer, dry to

constant weight at a temperature of 110 ± 5°C (230 6 9°F),
cool in air at room temperature for 1 ± 1⁄2 h, and weigh.
8. Calculations
8.1 Specific Gravity:
8.1.1 Bulk Specific Gravity—Calculate the bulk
specific gravity as follows:
Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and
Coarse Aggregates C 136
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of
fine and coarse aggregates by sieving.
2. Summary of Test Method
2.1 A sample of dry aggregate of known mass is separated through a series of
sieves of progressively smaller openings for determination of particle size
distribution.
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the grading of materials
proposed for use as aggregates. The results are used to determine commitment of
the particle size distribution with applicable specification requirements and to
provide necessary data for developing relationships concerning porosity and
packing.
3.2 Accurate determination of material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve cannot
be achieved by use of this method alone. Test Method C 117 for material finer than
75-μm sieve by washing should be taken in account.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Balances—Balances or scales used in testing fine and coarse aggregate shall
have readability and accuracy as follows:
4.1.1 For fine aggregate, readable to 0.1 g and accurate to 0.1 g.
4.1.2 For coarse aggregate, or mixtures of fine and coarse aggregate, readable and
accurate to 0.5 g .
4.2 Sieves—The sieve cloth shall be mounted on frames constructed in a manner
that will prevent loss of material during sieving.
4.3 Mechanical Sieve Shaker—A mechanical sieving device, if used, shall create
motion of the sieves to cause the particles to bounce, tumble, or otherwise turn so
as to present different orientations to the sieving surface.
4.4 Oven—An oven of appropriate size capable of maintaining a uniform
temperature of 110 ± 5°C (230± 9°F).
5. Sampling
5.1 Sample the aggregate in accordance with Practice C 702.
5.2 Fine Aggregate—The size of the test sample, after drying, shall be 300 g
minimum.
5.3 Coarse Aggregate—The size of the test sample of coarse aggregate shall
conform with the following:

5.4 Coarse and Fine Aggregate Mixtures—The size of the test sample of coarse
and fine aggregate mixtures shall be the same as for coarse aggregate in 5.3.
6. Procedure
6.1 Dry the sample to constant mass at a temperature of 110 ± 5°C (230 ± 9°F).
6.2 Select sieves with suitable openings present the information required by the
specifications covering the material to be tested. Use additional sieves as desired or
necessary to provide other information, such as fineness modulus, or to regulate the
amount of material on a sieve. Nest the sieves in order of decreasing size of opening
from top to bottom and place the sample on the top sieve. Agitate the sieves by hand
or by mechanical sieve shaker for a sufficient period, established by trial or checked
by measurement on the actual test sample.
6.3 Determine the mass of each size increment on a scale by using balance. The
total mass of the material after sieving should check closely with original mass of
sample placed on the sieves. If the amounts differ by more than 0.3 %, based on the
original dry sample mass, the results should not be used for acceptance purposes.
7. Calculation
7.1 Calculate percentages passing, total percentages retained. If the same test
sample was first tested by Test Method C 117, include the mass of material finer
than the 75-μm (No. 200) size by washing in the sieve analysis calculation; and use
the total dry sample mass prior to washing in Test Method C 117 as the basis for
calculating all the percentages.
7.2 Calculate the fineness modulus, when required, by adding the total percentages
of material in the sample that is coarser than each of the following sieves
(cumulative percentages retained), and dividing the sum by 100: 150-μm (No.
100), 300-μm (No. 50), 600-μm (No. 30), 1.18-mm (No. 16), 2.36-mm (No. 8),
4.75-mm (No. 4), 9.5-mm (3⁄8-in.), 19.0-mm (3⁄4-in.), 37.5-mm (11⁄2-in.), and
larger, increasing in the ratio of 2 to 1.
H.W
Find the cumulative passing percentage by using the following laboratory data

Sieve Weight
mm retained (gm)
37.5 0
25 140
19 740
12.5 820
9.5 300
4.75 0
pan 0