MLA Formatting Handbook

MLA Formatting Handbook
MLA Formatting Handbook (MLA 9th Edition)

This section will provide some information on citing your sources in MLA format and provide practice for these skills.
MLA: Formatting your paper in MLA format

Formatting your paper in MLA format (MLA 9th edition)
MLA format has very specific requirements for margins, spacing, and title information.
MLA: Formatting your references list and annotated bibliography in MLA format
Formatting your references list and annotated bibliography in MLA format (MLA 9th edition)
Works-cited pages employ a hanging indent. This means that the first line of a reference-list entry starts at the left margin, but
subsequent lines of that same entry are indented just as far as the first line of a paragraph would be (often a half-inch). Word
processors make hanging indents easy, so don't be tempted to format each line manually by using the return key and the tab
button.
MLA: Patterns for documenting sources in reference lists

Patterns for documenting sources in reference lists (MLA 9th edition)
So far, you've learned details regarding how to present author, title, and publication information
to create an MLA format reference citation. In this section, you'll find patterns for creating
reference list citations specific to the type of resource you're using. Chances are, you'll find a
pattern in this section for most of the sources you're using. However, you should refer back to the
general information section when information about your source doesn't quite fit a model provided
(for instance, if a date is missing). The general rules in the previous section will help you fill in the
gaps.
Ninth edition updates
In 2021, MLA updated their style guide. This section of the appendix will walk you through the
changes and show you updated examples of source reference citation entries for your Works
Cited page.
Luckily, the most common
The image below shows MLA's nine element system for reference citations. In this system, all source types have clear
sources, regardless of source type, will fit into these nine elements. Note, though, that not all patterns for citation.
sources will require all nine elements. The following pages will walk you through how to plug in
source information into these nine elements.
Copyright © 2022 MindEdge Inc. All rights reserved. Duplication prohibited.

For these nine essential elements, each of the elements is briefly described below. The basic idea behind the nine essential
elements is that these elements cover a broad range of sources, which cuts down on the sometimes-painstaking task of
nuancing reference citations depending on the source type and where it is found.
Author: This is the author's name (or authors' names).

Title of source: This is the source's title, whether it be a book, article, website, or other kind of source.
Title of container: If the source can be found within a larger source (e.g., an article within a journal, or a chapter in a
book), the "container" refers to the larger, whole source.

Contributor: Include this information if there are editors, translators, or other kinds of contributors in addition to the
author(s).
Version: This refers to the specific version of a source, for example, the King James version of The Bible.
Number: This refers to the volume or issue numbers in a periodical source.
Publisher: This is the source's publisher. Note that MLA's 9th edition no longer requires the place where the publisher
resides (e.g., New York or Boston).
Publication date: This tells your reader when the version of the source you are citing was published, updated, or viewed
(e.g., the date a lecture was given).
Location: This information will depend on the source type:
In a print source, "location" refers to the page (p.) or page numbers (pp.) where one can find the source within the
container.
In an online source, the "location" refers to the url web address or DOI where the article can be found.
For a television series on a DVD, "location" refers to the disc number.
One last thing: You don't need to memorize citation formats. Feel free to look back at the course materials when you need to
check your citations.
MLA: General principles

General principles (MLA 9th edition)
This section reviews some general principles for documentation, focusing on authors' names, titles, location information, dates,
sources with missing information, and rules for alphabetization.
MLA: General principles: Authors' names

General principles: Authors' names (MLA 9th edition)
Every source will have an author, whether that author is an individual, several individuals, a corporation, an editor as well, or
whether the author is unknown. As you write your reference list, you'll need to know how to deal with author names. The
patterns below show you how to cite most of the author situations you will encounter.
A book with one author has a very basic format in MLA style:
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. When Giants Learn to Dance. Simon and Schuster, 1989.
The author's last name is followed by a comma and then her first and middle names. If she did not include her middle name
when she published the source you are using, the first name would suffice.
The general pattern for citing authors will change depending on the number of authors of the source you are citing.
When a book has two authors, you should list both of the authors, but only the name of the first author is listed in
reverse order. This aids alphabetization but keeps the other name in its natural order.
Marshall, Catherine, and Gretchen B. Rossman. Designing Qualitative Research, 3rd ed., Sage, 1999.
Notice in the example above that a comma is placed after the first name, even if there are only two authors' names.

When a source is written by three or more authors, MLA requires that you replace all but the first withet al., which
means and the rest in Latin.
Curry, Constance, Joan C. Browning, Dorothy Dawson Burlage, Penny Patch, Theresa Del Pozzo, Sue
Thrasher, Elaine DeLott Baker, Emmie Schrader Adams, and Casey Hayden. Deep in Our Hearts: Nine
White Women in the Freedom Movement. U of Georgia P, 2000.
Curry, Constance, et al. Deep in Our Hearts: Nine White Women in the Freedom Movement. U of Georgia
P, 2000.
Sometimes sources have editors. Whether you're using a source written by an author other than the editor, or whether you're
using an article or chapter written by the editor, you will need to list the editor in your citation.
Sources that list only editors. If a source only lists editors instead of authors, you will need to note the editor's name.
Bern-Klug, Mercedes, editor. Transformative Palliative Care in Nursing Homes: The Social Work Role.
Columbia UP, 2010.
Advancing Nursing Practice in Pain Management, edited by Eloise Carr et al., Blackwell, 2010.
Source with an editor in addition to an author. If you are using an article or chapter from an edited volume, you'll
need to list the author and the editor.
Aretz, Isabel. "Music and Dance in Continental Latin America, With the Exception of Brazil." Africa in Latin
America, edited by Manuel Moreno Fraginals, translated by Leonor Blum, Holmes and Meier Publishers,
1984, pp. 189–226.
Isabel Aretz is the author's name, while Manuel Moreno Fraginals is the editor's name, and Lenor Blum is the

translator's name.
Source by an author in a larger source that the author also edited.If you are using an article or chapter that the
editor wrote from a volume that they also edited, you'll still need to list the author and the editor.
Fraginals, Manuel Moreno. "Cultural Contributions and Deculturation." Africa in Latin America, edited by
Manuel Moreno Fraginals, translated by Leonor Blum, Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1984, pp. 12–24.
Fraginals is cited in both the author and editor position in the citation above.
Source with organizational author. Some books are written by organizations, rather than individuals.
Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century. Rising Above the Gathering Storm:
Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future. National Academies Press, 2007.
You do not need to invert any elements of the name in these cases, and they are alphabetized according to first major
word in the name.
Source with governmental author. Sources written by governmental organizations are treated similarly.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Recommended Immunization Schedule for Persons Aged 0
through 6 Years." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6105a5.htm.
Source with corporate author. Sources written by corporate authors follow the same pattern for citing the author.
Toyota USA Newsroom. "Toyota Offers Preliminary Findings from Technical Field Examination of Alleged

'Runaway Prius' in San Diego." Toyota, 15 Mar. 2010, priuschat.com/threads/toyota-offers-preliminary-
findings-from-technical-field-examination-of-alleged-runaway-prius-in-sd.77854/.
Source with no author. Sometimes sources, such as articles in newspapers, have no named author. In such a case,
simply begin the reference-list entry with the title of the article, and alphabetize according to the title:
"Venue's Loss Brings Back Many Memories." Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 20 Jun. 2009, p. 8A.
Editorial with no named author. One of the most time-honored sections of the newspaper is the editorial page.
Opinion pieces usually have identified authors; editorials, on the other hand, are often unsigned. An unusual format
results:
"The NLRB vs. Boeing." Los Angeles Times. 15 Jun. 2011, articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/15/opinion/la-ed-
boeing-20110615. Editorial.
Website with no named author. If you cannot find the author's name and you still want to use the source, you can
leave out an author's name and alphabetize by the title of the source.
How to Enjoy Hummingbirds. 24 Mar. 2010, www.howtoenjoyhummingbirds.com/.
If you can't find an author's name or institutional author's name anywhere, chances are, you should move on and find
more authoritative information.
Multiple works by the same author. If your works cited page includes multiple works by the same author or author
group, you only need to list the author once in the works cited page.

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. 1925. Collier, 1992.
---. Tender is the Night. 1934. Scribner, 1995.
Include three dashes, followed by a period or whatever punctuation is needed in the standard citation for that format.
MLA: General principles: Titles

General principles: Titles (MLA 9th edition)
All titles should be set in headline-style capitalization, whether in the works cited page or in the body of the paper. Longer works
should be placed in italics, while shorter works should be placed in quotation marks.
Any ampersand in a title should be replaced by the word "and."
All titles—including book, periodical (including scholarly journals and newspapers), article, chapter, and
website titles—should be set in headline-style capitalization.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health
Each noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, and subordinating conjunction ("after," "although," "unless," "if," "while") is
capitalized. Do not capitalize articles ("a," "an," "the"), coordinating conjunctions ("and," "but," "or"), prepositions ("in,"
"of," "about"), or the "to" in infinitives.
Do capitalize the first word of the subtitle and all words in a hyphenated term, unless the dictionary shows the term
combined without a hyphen.
A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of
Reasoning into Moral Subjects
Through the Looking-Glass (And What Alice Found There)
Theodore Dwight Weld and the American Anti-slavery Society

Titles for books, websites, and journals need to be set in headline-style capitalization and italicized. Here is an
example of a book title:
Talking about Leaving: Why Undergraduates Leave the Sciences
Note that prepositions (like about) and articles (like the) aren't capitalized unless they come at the beginning of a title
or subtitle.
Notice the formatting of the title in running text and in the works-cited page is the same.
Despite the reluctance of some parents, 90 percent of children in the United States do receive
vaccines at the age for which they are prescribed, reports The New York Times ("Public Health
Risk").
Works Cited
Steinhauer, Jennifer. "Public Health Risk Seen As Parents Reject Vaccines." The New York
Times, 21 Mar. 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/03/21/us/21vaccine.html.
Titles for items such as articles, chapters, or other smaller parts of larger works should also be set in
headline-style capitalization. However, unlike book or periodical titles, titles of these shorter works should not be
italicized; instead, they are placed within quotation marks.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's website "Some Common Misconceptions
about Vaccination and How to Respond to Them" offers a good overview of why parents are
hesitant to give their children vaccines.
Works Cited
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Some Common Misconceptions about Vaccination

and How to Respond to Them," 8 Feb. 2012, www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/tools/parents-
guide/parents-guide-part4.html.
In the example below, both the chapter title and book title are set in headline-style capitalization, in the works cited
page, but only the book title is italicized.
Cosmides, Leda, and John Tooby. "Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange." The Adapted
Mind, edited by Jerome H. Barkow et al., Oxford UP, 1992, pp. 163–228.
MLA: General principles: Location information

General principles: Location information (MLA 9th edition)
When citing online articles or websites, be sure to include all of the required information:
Online article (scholarly, newspaper, magazine): "Location" refers to both the page or pages where the
cited material can be found AND the URL address or DOI.
Websites: "Location" refers to the URL address.
For online articles, you will need to provide information about the page or pages where the cited
material can be found. If it is one page, use p. If it is a span of pages, use pp. If no page number is available, do not
use any page information.
Sharma, Umesh, et al. "Impact of Training on Pre-Service Teachers' Attitudes and Concerns about
Inclusive Education and Sentiments about Persons with Disabilities." Disability, vol. 23, no. 7, 2008, pp.
773–85.
When you cite a website, the location refers to the URL address. Note that you can usually omit the http or https portion
of the URL address in MLA formatting.
Schultz-Stout, Katie. "Special Education Inclusion." Weac.org. Wisconsin Education Association Council,

2016, weac.org/articles/specialedinc.
Special online formats. The citation format for digital editions on proprietary platforms should be included right after
the title and before the publisher's name.
Plant, Robert, and Stephen Murrell. An Executive's Guide to Information Technology: Principles, Business
Models, and Terminology. Kindle ed., Cambridge UP, 2003.
For ease of citing quotations, for which you will need to provide a page number, it is suggested that you use a
paginated version of the text if possible.
MLA: General principles: Dates

General principles: Dates (MLA 9th edition)
When citing a work, cite as much of the publication date as you can. If you are citing an edition or revision other than the first,
you will need to indicate that as well.
Books should generally have the year of publication listed.
Cosmides, Leda, and John Tooby. "Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange." Edited by
Jerome H. Barkow et al. The Adapted Mind. Oxford UP, 1992, pp. 163–228.
Periodical articles will usually have a year, and may even have a month or day listed. If there is more than one date,
use the more specific one.
Hayward, Mathew L. A., et al. "Believing One's Own Press: The Causes and Consequences of CEO
Celebrity." Strategic Management Journal, vol. 25, no. 7, 2004, pp. 637–53.

Giroux, Henry A. "Politics, War, and the Disappearance of Children." JAC, vol. 23, no. 1, 2005, pp. 55–76.
Many older books have new publications or editions. That information must be noted as well.
Darwin, Charles. The Origin of Species. 1869. Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2008.
Cohen, Marlene. "Nursing Assessment." Encyclopedia of Nursing Research, edited by Joyce J. Fitzpatrick and
Meredith Wallace Kazer. 2nd ed., Springer, 2008, pp. 87–9.
Offit, Paul A., and Louis M. Bell. Vaccines: What You Should Know. 3rd ed., J.W. Wiley and Sons, 2009.
MLA: General principles: Sources with missing information

General principles: Sources with missing information (MLA 9th edition)
Sometimes sources we use lack a discernible publication date; others have no signed
authorship. The first thing to do is only natural in our connected age: Search for the
information online. Perhaps someone else has cited the paper and actually found the
publication date; maybe the online version of the article includes the author's name.
Whatever you find through online searching, be sure to do the further work of corroborating
the evidence: you don't want to replicate errors that others made.
No Publication Date. If a source has no clear publication date, then simply omit the publication date from the Works
Cited citation and the in-text citation.
An access date for an online source should generally be provided if the source lacks a publication date.
Beaton, Kate. "The Secret Garden." Hark! A Vagrant, www.harkavagrant.com/index.php?id=350.

Accessed 17 Jan. 2017.
(Beaton)

No pagination. If pagination information is missing, simply omit it from the Works Cited citation. This is common with articles
found on web sources and with information found on websites.
Carlyle, Erin. "12 Tricked-Out Tiny Houses, and Why They Cost So Much." Forbes, 28 Apr. 2014,
www.forbes.com/sites/erincarlyle/2014/04/28.
(Carlye)
MLA: General principles: Alphabetization

General principles: Alphabetization (MLA 9th edition)
Reference-list entries are organized alphabetically and then chronologically. First, arrange your entries by last name of
the first author:
Johnson, Angela C. "Unintended Consequences: How Science Professors Discourage Women of Color."
Science Education, vol. 91, no. 5, 2007, pp. 805–21.
Mahoney, Thomas Arthur. Compensation and Reward Perspectives. Richard D. Irwin, 1979.
If two authors share a last name, then alphabetize by first initials. If a first author is identical to that of another entry,
look at the next element in the list—a second author or a year—and organize according to that element—remember
that numbers come before letters alphabetically. If that element is the same, go on to the next element, often a title,
and organize by that element—always alphabetically and chronologically.
Au, Kathryn Hu-pei. "Participation Structures in a Reading Lesson with Hawaiian Children." Anthropology
and Education Quarterly, vol. 11, 1980, pp. 91–115.
Au, Kathryn Hu-pei, and Cathie Jordan. "Teaching Reading to Hawaiian Children: Finding a Culturally
Appropriate Solution." Culture and the Bilingual Classroom: Studies in Classroom Ethnography,edited by
Henry T. Trueba et al., Newbury House, 1982, pp. 139–52.

If two studies have the same primary author but different secondary authors, alphabetize them according to the second
author's name, then the third author, and so on:
Dutton, Jane E., and Susan J. Ashford. "Selling Issues to Top Management." Academy of Management
Review,, vol. 18, no. 3, 1993, pp. 397–428.
Dutton, Jane E., et al. "Red Light, Green Light: Making Sense of the Organizational Context for Issue
Selling." Organization Science, vol. 13, no. 4, 2002, pp. 355–69.
Always present authors' names in the order in which they appear on the publication itself. Do not alter the order.
Oftentimes, reference lists include multiple entries by the same author. When one author (or exact set of authors,
presented in the same order) has written more than one entry, you should only write the author's name once and list
the sources in alphabetical order.
Mintzberg, Henry. "Crafting Strategy." Harvard Business Review, vol. 87, no. 4, 1987, pp. 66–75.
---. Managing. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2009.
---. "Patterns in Strategy Formation." Management Science, vol. 24, no. 9, 1978, pp. 934–48.
When you refer to these sources in the text, you should use a shortened version of the title along with the author's
name:
One notable management expert has argued that argues that strategy formation follows organizational
patterns (Mintzberg, "Patterns" 934), an idea he pursues further in later works(Mintzberg, Managing 45).
Use quotation marks or italics as appropriate for the source type. The first highlighted item in the example above refers
to an article, so the first word of the title is placed in quotation marks. The second refers to a book, so the first word is
italicized.
MLA: Documenting specific types of sources

MLA: Documenting specific types of sources
Documenting specific types of sources (MLA 9th edition)
This section reviews the rules for documenting books, scholarly articles, periodicals, online government publications, research
reports, white papers, issue briefs, films, music recordings, television and radio broadcasts, and personal interviews.
MLA: Patterns for citing books (9th Edition)

Patterns for citing books (MLA 9th edition)
Below you will see a basic book citation. A basic book citation includes the author's name, title of source, publisher, and
publication date. Click through the slideshow to see additional elements needed, depending on the "container" type (MLA uses
"container" to refer to any larger whole that contains the source), edition, other contributors, etc.
Book with one author
A book with one author has a very basic format in MLA style:
Kanter, Rosabeth M. When Giants Learn to Dance. Simon and Schuster, 1989.
Since a book is a whole "container," there is no need to add additional information to the "Title of container" element.
Note that the 9th edition no longer requires the publication place (e.g., New York).
Book with an editor instead of an author.
Bern-Klug, Mercedes E., editor. Transformative Palliative Care in Nursing Homes: The Social Work Role.
Columbia UP, 2010.
Note that a period appears after "editor."
Chapter in an edited book. The authors Cosmides and Tooby contributed an essay to a collection published as a
book. To create the reference-list entry, you must include publication information about the whole book, too. The whole
book is considered the "container" in the MLA nine elements:
Cosmides, Leda, and John Tooby. "Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange." The Adapted Mind, edited
by Jerome H. Barkow et al., Oxford UP, 1992, pp. 163–228.

The chapter and book titles both use headline-style capitalization. The numeral range (pp. 163–228) indicates the
pages on which Cosmides and Tooby's article appears.
The names of book's editors aren't inverted: First names come before surnames.
Book with an organizational or corporate author. Some books aren't written by individuals but by organizations.
Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century. Rising Above the Gathering Storm:
Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future. National Academies Press, 2007.
You do not need to invert any elements of the name in these cases, and they are alphabetized according to first major
word in the name.
Entry in an encyclopedia or other reference work. Citing an entry from an encyclopedia is similar to citing a chapter
in an edited work, though page numbers may be omitted if the work is arranged alphabetically.
Korn, Monika. "Immunization, Active." Encyclopedia of Public Health, vol. 2, Springer, 2008.
Varma, Roli, and Vanessa Galindo-Sanchez. "Native American Women in Computing." Encyclopedia of
Gender and Information Technology, Idea Group, 2006, pp. 914–9.
The first entry above shows an encyclopedia with a volume number. The second item suggests that the encyclopedia
is organized by content area rather than alphabetically, so it includes page numbers.
Online encyclopedia or dictionary. Many dictionaries and encyclopedias are available online and through your
university library:
"Inflation, N." Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2021, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inflation.
"Papinian." Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., 2010, www.britannica.com/biography/Papinian.
Alphabetize your entry by the word you looked up. Then include the title of the dictionary or encyclopedia, edition (if
there is one, as in the second example above), and the publication date.

Sperling, Cass Warner, et al. Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story. UP of Kentucky, 2008.
Google Books, books.google.com/books?id=xTzOB_MbMvgC.
"University Press of Kentucky" is abbreviated "UP of Kentucky." Since the book was found and read via Google Books,
a truncated URL is provided.
When citing an e-book (such as a Kindle) version, the e-book type is considered a version, so include the e-book
information after the title of the book.
Plant, Robert, and Stephen Murrell. An Executive's Guide to Information Technology: Principles, Business
Models, and Terminology. Kindle ed., Cambridge UP, 2003.
MLA: Patterns for citing scholarly articles (9th edition)

Patterns for citing scholarly articles (MLA 9th edition)
Like books, scholarly articles follow a basic reference-list-entry format that can become complicated as publication details
change. The essentials for the scholarly-article entry are: author, title of source, title of container, number, publication date, and
location. For scholarly articles, "title of container" means the journal title where the article can be found. "Location" means the
page number or page numbers where the article can be found.
Cejda, Brent D. "An Examination of Transfer Shock in Academic Disciplines." Community College Journal
of Research and Practice, vol. 21, no. 3, 1997, pp. 279–88.
If the same scholarly article was found using a database, such as JSTOR, you will consider JSTOR to be the second

"container." Be sure to also include the URL link where the article can be located in JSTOR. MLA 9th edition no longer
requires you to include an access date and leaves the decision up to instructors, so be sure to check with your
instructor to see what is preferred.
Cejda, Brent D. "An Examination of Transfer Shock in Academic Disciplines." Community College Journal
of Research and Practice, vol. 21, no. 3, 1997, pp. 279–88. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40409233.
Titles of journal articles placed in quotation marks and they use headline-style capitalization. Journal names use
headline-style capitalization and are italicized.
If no issue number is available, simply omit that information:
Milkovich, George T. "A Strategic Perspective on Compensation Management." Research in Personnel

and Human Resources Management, vol. 6, pp. 263–88.
Generally, use Arabic numerals instead of Roman numerals. Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4 . . . ) are always used for
journal volumes. Roman numerals are only allowed when part of the title itself (such as "Title IX and Physical
Education: A Compliance Overview") or to indicate pages in front matter, such as a preface, which often uses
lowercase Roman numerals (pp. ix–xii).
MLA format requires you to abbreviate page numbers as pp.
Hayward, Mathew L. A., et al. "Believing One's Own Press: The Causes and Consequences of CEO
Celebrity." Strategic Management Journal, vol. 25, no. 7, 2004, pp. 637–53.
The article in the example above was printed on pages 637–653. MLA allows you to leave out the "6" in the second
number.
Article you find online. If you find the article online, be sure to use the url web address. MLA 9th edition no longer
requires you to include an access date and leaves the decision up to instructors, so be sure to check with your
instructor to see what is preferred.

Ong, Maria. "Playing with In/visibility: How Minority Women Gain Power from the Margins of Science
Culture." Women in Higher Education, vol. 10, no. 11, 2001, pp. 42–4. www.wihe.com/.
MLA: Periodicals other than scholarly journals (9th edition)

Periodicals other than scholarly journals (MLA 9th edition)
Academic journals are periodicals, as are magazines and newspapers. The format for these other periodicals is very similar to
that of journal articles, with some differences.
Magazine article. Scientific American is a monthly magazine, so the date includes both month and year. It is also
considered the "container" (one of the nine essential elements in MLA formatting). Note that the month is abbreviated.
Nadeau, Robert. "The Economist Has No Clothes." Scientific American, Apr. 2008, p. 42.
Online magazine article. The online counterpart to the magazine article's format is very similar, except that you would
use the url web address at the end of the citation.
Newsweek is a weekly magazine, so the date includes not just month and year but also an exact date. It is also
considered the "container" (one of the nine essential elements in MLA formatting). MLA 9th edition no longer requires
you to include an access date and leaves the decision up to instructors, so be sure to check with your instructor to see
what is preferred.
Hamblin, James. "Body Weight, Clash of Ideologies." The Atlantic, 16 Jan. 2015,
www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/body-weight-clash-of-minds/384514.
The above pattern suggests that you saw this article on The Atlantic website. If you found the article through a
database, the citation should appear as below:
Hamblin, James. "Body Weight, Clash of Ideologies." The Atlantic, 16 Jan. 2015, EBSCO Host,
www.ebscohost.com/academic/academic-search-complete.

Note that the url web address is provided without the http or https part of the address.
Newspaper article. Follow the same basic format for hard-copy newspaper articles:
Meier, Barry. "In Medicine, New Isn't Always Improved." The New York Times, 26 Jun. 2011, pp. 1–2.
Online newspaper article. To include in a reference list the online version of the same New York Times article,
replace the page numbers with electronic-access information as either a url web address or a permalink to the article.
Meier, Barry. "In Medicine, New Isn't Always Improved." The New York Times, 26 Jun. 2011,
www.nytimes.com/2011/06/26/health/26innovate.html.
Unsigned newspaper article. Sometimes, articles in newspapers do not list authors. In such a case, simply begin the
reference-list entry with the title of the article, and alphabetize according to the title:
"Venue's Loss Brings Back Many Memories." Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 20 Jun. 2009, p. 8A.
Unsigned editorial. One of the most time-honored sections of the newspaper is the editorial page. Opinion pieces
usually have identified authors; editorials, on the other hand, are often unsigned. An unusual format results:
"The NLRB vs. Boeing." Los Angeles Times, 15 Jun. 2011. Editorial.

MLA: Online government publications, research reports, and white papers (9th
Edition)
Online government publications, research reports, and white papers (MLA 9th edition)
Official reports and organizational publications are often available online, and they are easily cited. Titles are italicized because
the documents are standalone and not part of a periodical.
Government publication or research report.
If there are named authors, they can be placed first; otherwise, use the governing department as the organizational
author.
Hoachlander, Gary, et al. Community College Students: Goals, Academic Preparation, and Outcomes.
U.S. Department of Education, Government Printing Office, 2003.
If you found the article on the web, you would cite it this way:
Hoachlander, Gary, et al. Community College Students: Goals, Academic Preparation, and Outcomes.
U.S. Department of Education, Government Printing Office, 2003, eric.ed.gov/?id=ED479827.
Organizational author who is also the publisher. Government reports are often authored by a group instead of by
named authors.
United States, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Comorbidity: Addiction and Other Mental Illnesses, 2008.
www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/comorbidity-addiction-other-mental-illnesses/letter-
director.
Court Case. Citing a court case requires a special format as well.

United States, Supreme Court. New York v. Quarles. 12 Jun. 1984. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law
School, www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/467/649.
If you are using a court case, chances are you can find the citation for that court case within the document in which you
are reading about the case.
Court cases should be italicized in running text.
White paper. A white paper is a problem-solving guide or focused research for public dissemination and can be
written by a government, a profit or nonprofit organization, or an individual.
McAfee Foundstone Professional Services and McAfee Labs. "Global Energy Cyberattacks: 'Night
Dragon.'" 2011, www.mcafee.com/us/resources/white-papers/wp-global-energy-cyberattacks-night-
dragon.pdf. White paper.
MLA works cited practice

This assignment does not contain any printable content.
MLA: In-text references: Patterns for in-text references (MLA 9th edition)
In-text references: Patterns for in-text references (MLA 9th edition)
The reference list is helpful on its own, but it is only the corresponding in-text citations that really connect sources to the content
of a paper itself. In-text citations, known collectively as parenthetical documentation, are used within one's research paper to
signify that the ideas and information presented have been taken from an outside source, either through paraphrase or
quotation.
For sources with one or two authors, include the last name of each author in the citation.
In-text citations of one-author works. Citing a work with one author is the simplest of all in-text citation formats:
Some alternative methods for tracking scholarship's influence have been suggested (Aguillo 36).

The citation above consists of the author's last name and the page number that the information comes from contained
within a set of parentheses.
You might also include the author's name in the sentence, in which case you would not need to include the author's
name in a parenthetical citation. The sentence below exemplifies this method of citing an author.
Aguillo suggested some alternative methods for tracking scholarship's influence (36).
Sometimes, you may need to cite a website with an organizational author.
"Besides prescribing these legal limits, EPA rules set water-testing schedules and methods that water
systems must follow" (United States Environmental Protection Agency).
Since the website doesn't have page numbers, you don't need to provide them.
In-text citations of works by authors with the same last name. When sources are written by authors with the same
last name—even if the years of publication differ—include one or two initials to distinguish them:
(A. Smith 67)
(F. Smith 753)
A. Smith and F. W. Smith independently studied . . .
In-text citations of works with two authors. When two authors have written a source, mention both names in either
running text or parenthetical citations:

A recent study dissected the architecture of Google (Brin and Page 83).
Brin and Page wrote that Google manages hypertext more efficiently than other search engines (83).
For sources with three or more authors, do not list all authors. Instead, use "First Author et al.," even on first reference.
In-text citations of works with three or more authors.When citing a work that has three or more authors, you do
not need to list all authors. Instead, use "First Author et al."
Mediators turn out to have serious effect on independent and independent variables (MacKinnon et al. 182).
Research by MacKinnon et al. found that the other approach is much less effective than previously thought
(182).
In both of these examples, only the first author is named, and the page number that the conclusion can be found on in
the source is listed.
Never use "et al." when a source has only two authors: you must use both names in those cases.
In some cases, two different studies will reduce down to the same "et al." citation. For example, "Training Future
Scientists" by Hurtado, Eagan, Cabrera, Lin, Park, and Lopez and "Student-Initiated Study Groups for STEM Classes
in Community College Settings" by Hurtado, Han, Saenz, Espinosa, Cabrera, and Cerna would both shorten to
(Hurtado et al.)
To avoid that confusion, you should add an abbreviation of the source title to the parenthetical citation.
Instead, (Hurtado, Eagan, Cabrera, Lin, Park, and Lopez, 2007) would shorten to (Hurtado et al., "Training" 15).
(Hurtado, Han, Sáenz, Espinosa, Cabrera, and Cerna, 2007) would shorten to (Hurtado et al., "Student" 29).
This way, there is no confusion as to which source is meant. Note that "et al." is not preceded by a comma.
More than one work within one set of parentheses.It is possible to cite more than one work at a time. Follow the

rules above as they pertain to the specific sources that you are citing, and then present the list of sources,
alphabetically and separated by semicolons:
Many studies have confirmed this (Brin and Page 35; Garfield 104–8; Kousha and Thelwall 200).
Always list the sources alphabetically, according to their arrangement in the reference list.
Sources with the author not named. Remember that the principle underlying in-text citations is that they facilitate the
easy location of full references. So when a source does not have an author, the in-text citation should reflect the
composition of the reference-list entry, which will then usually begin with the title:
The University of Arizona Fact Book 2001–2002. Tucson: The Office of Institutional Research and
Planning Support, 2001. Print.
The in-text citation for that source would refer to the title, but a shortened version of it:
More students study social and behavioral sciences than business and public administration (University
57).
The fact book above is a standalone resource (it's not part of a larger resource as a chapter is to a source), so it is
italicized and capitalized.
In general, when using shortened titles in your in-text citations, you should include the first noun phrase (the first noun
and any preceding adjectives, except "a," "an," or "the"). If the title does not begin with a noun phrase, cite the first
word of the title.
Title: A Meeting of the Minds
Citation: ( Meeting 23)
Title: "Under Pressure: Making Ends Meet"
Citation: ("Under" 14)

Title: The Sleeping Gorillas
Citation: ( Sleeping Gorillas 59)
MLA: Quotations, paraphrases, summary, and common knowledge (MLA 9th

edition)
Quotations, paraphrases, summary, and common knowledge (MLA 9th edition)
In-text citations are needed when you quote or paraphrase source material, and you will
need to format quotations, block quotations, and paraphrases differently.
Quotations
If the name of the author is not mentioned in the sentence, the author's last name and the page number on which the
quotation can be found will be placed after the closing quotation mark and before the closing punctuation of the
sentence.
One study found that "developing social networks on campus counteracted isolation and invisibility"(Reyes
257).
Note that for the basic in-text citation, there is no punctuation inside the parenthetical citation. This is the general
pattern that you will use for almost all in-text citations.
If the author is mentioned in the sentence, the page number comes after the closing quotation mark.
According to Reyes, "developing social networks on campus counteracted isolation and invisibility"(257).

If multiple pages were cited, list the page range. Do not use "p." or "pp."
According to Beheiry et al., "Corporations that are more aware of the three pillars of sustainability and more
vocal about them tend to incorporate that consciousness into their large and mega-project planning" (390–
1).
Remember that you should eliminate any repeated numbers in the page spread. "390–391" becomes "390–1" because
neither the 3 nor the 9 changes between the numbers.
If a source has neither page numbers nor visible paragraph numbers, just include the author. This is a common pattern
for web sources.
For instance, the article begins with this advice to health care providers: "A provider has a responsibility to
listen to and to try to understand a patient's or parent's concerns, fears, and beliefs about vaccination and to
take them into consideration when offering vaccines" (CDC).
Block quotations
Block quotations should be used to include direct quotations of that run more than four lines when placed within the
running text. Because they can make your writing seem choppy or disjointed, block quotations should be used
sparingly or not at all.
Beheiry et al. report that, as a result of the low response rate, the study's findings were not as conclusive as
they had hoped:
Due to the low number of data points in this research, it would be meaningless to
analyze exact relationships between the factors. Thus, the analysis is only aimed at
providing a framework for examining relationships so that future research can more
specifically improve on the current research findings. Thus, despite the small sample

size, all the common statistical analysis steps were followed. (389)
Despite all of these caveats, the authors do suggest that a relationship does appear to exist—that
companies that scored higher on the CSCI, indicating stronger commitment to a balanced understanding of
sustainability at the executive level, tended to perform more closely to expectations for project schedule
and cost (Beheiry et al. 35).
Block quotations should be indented as a block, and the first sentence of the first paragraph is not indented further. The
first sentence of any additional paragraphs in the block quotation, however, should be indented. Also, please notice
that block quotations are the one type of quotation in which the ending sentence punctuation precedes the
parenthetical citation. There is no punctuation after the ending parenthetical citation.
Paraphrases
Whether you are paraphrasing or quoting, you should provide a page number citation if you're working with a source in
which page numbers are provided. You should not use quotation marks to limit a paraphrase, however.
Students may feel unconnected and inconsequential on campus; social networks alleviate such feelings
(Reyes 72).
Research on decision making has recently taken a turn toward new models (Gonzalez and Dutt 79).
Gonzalez and Dutt's research on decision making is part of a turn toward new models (79).
As with quoted material, when the author's name (or authors' names, as in the example above) are included in the
sentence leading up to the in-text citation, only the page number needs to be provided.
Indirect quotations. A paraphrase is sometimes called an indirect quotation. You can recognize indirect quotations

because they usually have the word that in the introductory phrase, as in the example below.
The authors' review of research suggests that in every industry, companies need to focus on their image in
order to stay competitive (Beheiry et al. 23).
Indirect quotations are not placed in quotation marks because they are not the original words of the source author.
Because quotation marks aren't necessary, you should not put a comma between that and the phrase that explains
what the author wrote.
However, because you are paraphrasing ideas that aren't your own, you do need to cite the source's author and the
page number on which the information appears.
Summaries
To summarize, you use the same skills as when you paraphrase except you summarize the main idea of the original
work instead of the main idea of a few sentences. Summaries can vary in length, and the length of the summary will
determine the level of detail that your summary should provide.
You don't need quotation marks in your summary because you will not be quoting directly from the author. However,
you do need to create an in-text citation after every distinct idea in your summary so that your reader can tell when you
are summarizing an author's ideas and when you are presenting your own or those of a different author.
Common knowledge
There is one exception to the "cite everything" principle: information that is common knowledge does not need to be
cited. But very little of what you write in your research paper will be common knowledge. If you were to write your
research paper with mostly common knowledge, you'd have little reason to write your paper. Common knowledge is
knowledge that is incontestable—or fact. A few examples of common knowledge are listed below:
Barack Obama is the 44th president of the United States.

Christopher Columbus first landed in the Americas in 1492.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made the segregation of schools illegal.
E. e. cummings was a poet.
Human gestation averages nine months.
As you can see, your research paper would not be very interesting if it only included facts of common knowledge, but
you can rely on uncontroversial facts such as these when using your sources to support your arguments. You don't
need to cite common knowledge, but some knowledge that seems uncontroversial is not as clear-cut as it seems. For
instance, in the recent decades, Pluto has gained and lost its status as a planet, and the arguments that surround this
debate are compelling. Cite your sources if you are at all uncertain about the extent to which your assertion is accepted
by a general audience as an uncontested fact.
MLA: Best practices for quoting and paraphrasing (MLA 9th edition)
Best practices for quoting or paraphrasing (MLA 9th edition)
There are some rules you can follow to make sure that you integrate sources into your writing in a way that helps your audience

understand how each source supports your point.
Citing often. Every sentence in a paper need not have a citation. It is only necessary to cite often enough to make
clear beyond doubt where information is coming from. If the first sentence of a paragraph cites Gonzalez and Dutt, you
wouldn't need to cite the very next sentence; citations should be placed regularly throughout paragraphs, however. In
addition, you would need a citation near the end of the paragraph and at the beginning of the next paragraph.
Gonzalez and Dutt's research on decision making is part of a turn toward new models. In that research,
they found that old models are insufficient for real progress in the field (72). It was also made clear that . . .
If, however, another source is cited between two references to Gonzalez and Dunn, it is important to clarify which
source is being cited in each sentence.
Since the statement below represents a summary of the ideas of the authors, page numbers do not need to be cited. It
is expected that the writer has read the entire source and is referring to the ideas in it as a whole.
Gonzalez and Dutt's research on decision making is part of a turn toward new models. Clark, however,
takes a different tack. Gonzalez and Dutt argue that . . .
In that example, the Clark study intervenes between the two mentions of Gonzalez and Dunn's work, so the reader
needs to be reminded which study is being discussed.
MLA format and good style requires four parts to a citation:1) an introductory phrase, 2) the paraphrase or quotation used
as evidence, 3) an in-text citation, and 4) a reference page citation.
In the examples below, the introduction is yellow, the paraphrase or quotation used as evidence is pink, and the in-text citation is
blue. The reference citation follows.
According to Allen, thimerosal is a preservative that helped keep vaccines aseptic and contains mercury—
49.5% by weight (252).
Works Cited

Allen, Arthur. Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine's Greatest Lifesaver. W. W. Norton and
Company, 2007.
Galanti asserts, "In some cultures, part of the 'job' of the family is to make sure that the nurses are
spending enough time caring for their loved one" (87).
Works Cited
Galante, Geri-Ann. Caring for Patients from Different Cultures. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
The list of introductory words below will help you integrate your quotations and paraphrases into your sentences.
Introductory words
acknowledges concludes elucidates offers
admits contends expresses presents
advises criticizes illustrates refutes
agrees demonstrates implies rejects
argues describes insists replies
asserts disagrees lists reports
believes discusses maintains responds
claims disputes notes suggests
concedes emphasizes objects writes
Providing context. Creating in-text citations isn't just a matter of formatting your parenthetical citations correctly—
though that's certainly a concern. When inserting an in-text citation, you need to give your readers enough context so
that they understand whether you are quoting or paraphrasing words or ideas. Readers also need to understand why
you are citing another author: Are you giving voice to a counterargument? Or are you providing evidence for a major
point?
Signal to your reader why you are citing by using introductory phrases such as the one highlighted in the excerpt
below:
Though some believe that sustainability is the domain of industries such as farming, education,
or the automotive industry, the authors' review of research addresses the current thoughts

about sustainability in many industries and suggests that in every industry, companies need to
focus on their image in order to stay competitive (Beheiry et al. 35).
The highlighted sentence explains why the citation is important—the writer of this paper wanted his readers to know
that sustainability isn't just for particular industries, and he has support for this claim. He follows up that introductory
sentence with supporting information from the source. The paraphrased information is introduced with a statement that
suggests that another author wrote the idea originally.
Avoiding Dropped Quotations. To avoid plagiarism, you'll want to make sure that you are using the four parts of a
citation described in the "Four parts" tab. But you'll need a fifth part, placed in bold below, to avoid dropped quotations
and to keep your writing fluid.
When writers don't provide an introductory or concluding statement to indicate why a source is brought into the
conversation, we call this a dropped quotation because the quotation is seemingly dropped into the paragraph from
nowhere. When citing the work of others, you need to give your readers enough context so that they understand
whether you are quoting or paraphrasing words or ideas. Readers also need to understand why you are citing another
author: Are you giving voice to a counterargument? Or are you providing evidence for a major point?
Be sure that every time you include a quotation in your paper, you have all of the following parts:
1. An introductory phrase that includes an introductory word, the name of the author, and perhaps the title of the
resource. On subsequent quotations from the same source, however, you can place the author's name and the
page number at the end of the citation. Remember that you will need to place a comma between the introductory
phrase and the quotation.
2. The quotation, surrounded by quotation marks. If the quotation ends in an exclamation point or a question mark,
put that punctuation right before the closing quotation mark.
3. An in-text citation with the author's name (if this information was not included in your introductory phrase) and the
page number. Place a period after the closing parenthesis of the in-text citation.
4. At least one sentence that sums up why that quotation was so important to your thesis statement or the
major point you are supporting in that place in the paper. This usually means that you should not end a
paragraph with a quotation because you would not be providing enough context for why the quotation is
important.
5. A reference page citation.
Every time you cite a source, you should include the author's name and the page number (if you are quoting). That
won't change.
However, the location in which you provide this information will change depending on whether or not you write the
author's name as part of the sentence. A later paraphrase or quotation by the same author in the same paragraph
would not necessarily need to reiterate the author's name to introduce the quoted or paraphrased content, but it would
if you are quoting.
You will notice in the excerpt below that the author uses an introductory statement to explain why the quotation is
important to his major point. After reading the first sentence, we know the quotation is going to tell us more about why
the authors are interested in researching multinational corporations rather than governments or smaller businesses.
Beheiry et al. explain their interest in finding a business case for sustainability in specifically multinational
corporations: "Unlike many governments, multinationals have interests and influence that go beyond
national borders. Many multinational corporations already have environmental management systems

(EMSs), pollution reduction, and energy saving practices in place" (385). Though the authors admit that
corporations have not solved sustainability issues yet, they suggest that corporations will eventually find the
need to compete on a balanced sustainability more compelling than the need for the short-term savings
represented by the status quo—wasteful use of resources (Beheiry et al. 370).
The conclusion sentence further explains why the quotation and paraphrased content are important to the research
paper as a whole.
Grammatically correct sentences. Remember that when you use a quotation, you must still write complete
sentences. Every sentence of your writing must be grammatically correct. When you use quotations, you need to
incorporate them into your own sentences. Even if you use only part of a sentence from your original source, it is your
responsibility to use the correct grammar so that it fits comfortably into your own writing. Break quotations into smaller
pieces if you need to and combine paraphrases with quotations, but ensure that you don't change the meaning of the
quotation by eliminating important words when you trim quotations down.
The sentence below contains a quotation in the middle of a sentence. Pay special attention to the way in which this
quotation is cited.
Beheiry et al. explain that their experiment suggested that companies that were more committed
to all three pillars of sustainable business practices—social development, environmental
sustainability, and economic development—were more likely to see projects coming in under
budget and on schedule. This is important, the authors claim, because "the historical tendency
to focus on environmental sustainability overaligned SD [sustainable development] with the
green movement and alienated the business executives" (Beheiry et al. 384). The authors argue
that the reason many companies are slow to embrace sustainable practices is that there is no
relevant business case to persuade those in charge that sustainability will increase value to
shareholders. The results of this experiment may be used to support the idea that sustainability
can reduce costs, which might encourage business owners to adopt sustainable management
practices.
Remember that, regardless of the punctuation that the in-text citation precedes, the closing parenthesis of the citation
falls before the closing punctuation. Never place the closing punctuation of the sentence inside the parenthetical
citation.
Making changes to quotations. This may be surprising, but in order to keep your writing grammatically correct and
concise, you can actually make changes to quoted material.
For example, you can change the first word of a quotation to an uppercase or lowercase letter so that the quotation
better fits into the grammar of your own sentence. In the example below, Reyes actually began her sentence with

"Developing," so the first letter was capitalized in the original. But that didn't fit in the grammar of the new sentence, so
the letter was made lowercase and placed within square brackets.
One study found that "[d]eveloping social networks on campus counteracted isolation and invisibility"
(Reyes 257).
You can also change the punctuation mark at the end of a quotation so that it fits the grammar of your own sentence:
for example, a comma can become a period. Don't change the punctuation marks, however, in any way that would
change the quotation's meaning. You wouldn't want to insert a question mark where an author was making a factual
statement, for instance.
If you remove anything from the middle of a quotation, use three spaced ellipsis points ( . . . ) to indicate the omission:
"For small firms . . . fixed costs are of special concern" (Gerhard and Milkovich 667).
Never remove a citation from the middle of a quotation. For example, if you want to quote this sentence from Shu-Fen
Kao and B. Lusk's article "Attitudes Towards Death and Dying," you may not remove the citation of Benoliel, even if
you are removing material around the citation:
"This behavior might be explained by Benoliel (1987–1988), in her review of the research literature
concerning health care providers and dying patients, that there is some evidence that avoidance of dying
patients is a preferred coping strategy for nurses."
You might alter the quotation in this way:
"This behavior might be explained by Benoliel (1987–1988) . . . that there is some evidence that avoidance
of dying patients is a preferred coping strategy for nurses."
But you may not alter the quotation by removing the citation and anything around it:

"This behavior might be explained by . . . some evidence that avoidance of dying patients is a preferred
coping strategy for nurses."
You do not need to add sources cited within quotations from sources you are using to your own reference list.
Deciding whether to quote or paraphrase. In general, paraphrasing sources will keep your own writing from
becoming choppy and seemingly thrown together. However, you might quote content directly if you feel that the
author's original phrasing offers a tone or a concision that you would not want to disrupt. The paragraph below uses a
quotation that imparts a tone that uniquely and powerfully describes the type of projects that citizens may object to, so
the writer of this paper chose to keep the quotation intact because it offers more concision than he could replicate.
Beheiry et al. suggest that "[n]ew roads in a picturesque countryside, refineries in coastal
wetlands, and dams on scarce river resources are typical projects that attract fierce debate"
(385), but then acknowledge that market forces generally are an important determining factor for
which projects are built where.

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MLA Formatting Handbook

MLA Formatting Handbook (MLA 9th Edition)

MLA: Formatting your paper in MLA format

MLA: Patterns for documenting sources in reference lists

Ninth edition updates

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Author: This is the author's name (or authors' names).

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MLA: General principles

MLA: General principles: Authors' names

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White Women in the Freedom Movement. U of Georgia P, 2000.

1984, pp. 189–226.

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How to Enjoy Hummingbirds. 24 Mar. 2010, www.howtoenjoyhummingbirds.com/.

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---. Tender is the Night. 1934. Scribner, 1995.

MLA: General principles: Titles

Any ampersand in a title should be replaced by the word "and."

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health

A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of

Reasoning into Moral Subjects

Through the Looking-Glass (And What Alice Found There)

Theodore Dwight Weld and the American Anti-slavery Society

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Talking about Leaving: Why Undergraduates Leave the Sciences

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MLA: General principles: Location information

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MLA: General principles: Dates

Books should generally have the year of publication listed.

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MLA: General principles: Sources with missing information

Beaton, Kate. "The Secret Garden." Hark! A Vagrant, www.harkavagrant.com/index.php?id=350.

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MLA: General principles: Alphabetization

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---. Managing. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2009.

MLA: Documenting specific types of sources

MLA: Patterns for citing books (9th Edition)

Book with one author

Book with an editor instead of an author.

Columbia UP, 2010.

Note that a period appears after "editor."

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"Inflation, N." Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2021, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inflation.

"Papinian." Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., 2010, www.britannica.com/biography/Papinian.

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Google Books, books.google.com/books?id=xTzOB_MbMvgC.

MLA: Patterns for citing scholarly articles (9th edition)

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If no issue number is available, simply omit that information:

Milkovich, George T. "A Strategic Perspective on Compensation Management." Research in Personnel

MLA format requires you to abbreviate page numbers as pp.

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MLA: Periodicals other than scholarly journals (9th edition)

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