TSYATAN CSUCC 2021

 Perspective Drawing is a technique used in art

and design to represent three-dimensional
images on a two-dimensional picture plane.

 Perspective drawing is a technique to create

the linear illusion of depth. As objects get
further away from the viewer they appear to
decrease in size at a constant rate. The box in
the sketch below appears solid and three
dimensional due to the use of perspective.
 Perspective is what gives a three-dimensional
feeling to a flat image such as a drawing or a
painting. In art, it is a system of representing the
way that objects appear to get smaller and closer
together the farther away they are from the viewer.

 Perspective is a geometric method of representing

on paper the way that objects appear in real life i.e.
they get smaller and closer together the further
away they are from the eye of an observer
 Perspective Drawing is a pictorial view seen by
the observer’s eyes.If on vertical window glass
pane we draw what we can see through it using
pentel pen.

 The resulting viewing will be a perspective. This

glass plane is considered the picture plane( PP)
therefore defined as imaginary vertical plane
where the perspective view is assumed or
imagined be projected or drawn.The paper
havinga perspective view can also be called the
picture plane.
 Perspective projection is a type of projection where three
dimensional objects are not projected along parallel lines,
but along lines emerging from a single point. This has the
effect that distant objects appearing smaller than nearer
objects. It also means that lines which are parallel in nature
appear to intersect in the projected image, for example if
railways are pictured with perspective projection, they
appear to converge towards a single point,
called vanishing point. Photographic lenses and the
human eye work in the same way, therefore perspective
projection looks most realistic. Perspective projection is
usually categorized into one-point, two-point and three-
point perspective, depending on the orientation of the
projection plane towards the axes of the depicted object.
 In the study of perspective drawing , one must first
know the meaning of other key terms associated
with it. These are horizon ,eye level, vanishing point,
of sight or vision and station point. To a man on
earth horizon (H) is imaginary intersection of the sky
and open sea. Any edge or line of an object
parallel to the horizon is considered horizontal . To
an astronaut or traveler in space , however, the
horizon will not appear as a straight line but a curve
– the curvature on the earth.
1. Ground Plane
 It is a horizontal plane on which the object is stationed. When drawing in
perspective, the ground plane is the horizontal plane representing the
ground on which the viewer is standing. The ground level is usually drawn
to represent the observer's feet.

2. Picture plane
 It is an imaginary plane located between the station point and
the ground plane on which the perspective is projected. The position of
the picture plane is relative to the object which determines the size of the
view. The picture plane (PP) is the plane that is used to record the
'picture' or 'drawing' that the eye sees.
 It is easiest to think of the picture plane as being a sheet of glass, and
the observer having a marking pen that can trace onto the glass
exactly what their eye sees.
3. Eye Level / Horizontal Plane
 This is an imaginary plane at the eye level of the
viewer above the ground plane. In geographical
terms, the horizon is the line at which the sky and
earth appear to meet. It is located at the eyelevel
of the viewer. (Figure – 3)
When drawing in perspective, the horizon line also
known as the "eye level", indicates the horizontal
plane drawn at the level of the viewers eye above
the ground line.
4. Horizon Line ( HL)
 The horizon line is always at eye-level. For example: if you are 5’6’
tall, your horizon line (eye-level) will probably be 5 feet off the
ground (assuming a measurement of 4" from the top of your
head down to your eyes). The true horizon line, is where the lines
drawn from the top and bottom of an object or other objects,
meet and this horizon line is the point where the land and sky
meet, and is always on a level with the eye.

 The level line through the middle is the horizon and this horizon line
and the vanishing point are always on a level with the eye of the
person who looks at the view (The Viewer) Figure. The central line of
this is the horizontal line, and you see that all the lines run to the dot
at the man’s head. This dot is the vanishing point, and if the houses
were built right on to this point, it would be a pretty long street, and if
you should look down it, the house at this point would be out of sight.
5.Vanishing Point
 The point, where an object goes out of sight, is called the
vanishing point. The vanishing point must be on the horizon
line. If one is looking down an object the vanishing point will
be directly in front of the viewer, at a point right between the
eyes. The main difference between perspective and isometric
drawing is that the view of an isometric object does not
depend on the spectator point or how far away from the
observer the object is. Lines in perspective drawing that are
not perpendicular to the observer's viewpoint all appear to
lead towards a vanishing point.
6. Station Point
 The place where the eye of the viewer is when the
object is being viewed. The station point or
spectator point (SP) is the position at which the
observer's eye is located. The station point is of
great importance as on this the general
appearance of the perspective depends. For large
objects the station point is taken as the eye level of
a person of normal height, while for small objects
this may vary depending on the view required. This
distance of SP is taken as double the maximum
measurement of the object to be drawn.
7. Axis of Vision
A line through the station point that is
perpendicula to the picture plane.

 8. Center of Vision
It is the piercing point of the axis with the
picture plane.

9. Ground Line
It is the intersection of the ground plane and
the picture.
Perspective may also use classified as the “artist”
and the mechanical or Geometrical Perspective .
The artist perspective is sometimes called
inaccurate or false perspective because the
horizontal receding lines or edges of the object, if
extended or prolonged, may not vanish in horizon.
But the view is pleasing to most people and hence
its defects is hardy noticeable.
The mechanical or Geometrical perspective is an
accurate or true perspective because it is done
mechanically and systematically but the process
too complicated to be introduced in a beginners
course in drafting or engineering.
 1. The farther the object from our eyes, the
smaller it appear.
 2. The farther the color , the lighter it appears
 3. Theoretically, vertical lines or edges do not
vanish to the horizon.
 4. If extended or prolonged, all the horizontal
receding lines or edges of an object seem to
vanish in the horizon.
 5. Equidistant objects on the ground such as
telegraph or light posts seem to come closer
to each other as they recede from our view
 6.All horizontal lines or edges below the eye
level and receding seem to go up and vanish
the horizon.
 7. All horizontal lines or edges above the eye
level and receding seem to go down and
vanish the horizon.
 8.All horizontal lines or edges which are not
receding remain horizontal in the picture.
 9. Never show hidden lines in perspective.
They spoil the view. To make more pleasing
you may apply proper shading line or
smudging.
1. ARTIST
PERSPECTIVE. It is
sometimes called
inaccurate or false
perspective
because the
horizontal receding
lines or edges of
the object, it
extended or
prolong may not
vanish in the
horizon.
2. PARALLEL OR ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE.
A drawing has one-point perspective when it
contains only one vanishing point on the horizon
line. This type of perspective is typically used for
images of roads, railway tracks, hallways, or
buildings viewed so that the front is directly
facing the viewer.
 ANGULAR OR TWO- POINT PERSPECTIVE.
Linear perspective in which parallel lines along
the width and depth of an object are
represented as meeting
at two separate points on the horizon that are
90 degrees apart as measured from the
common intersection of the lines of projection.
 THREE POINT
PERSPECTIVE. Uses three
sets of orthogonal lines
and three vanishing poi
nts to draw an object.
Three Point
Perspective is the most
complex form
of perspective drawing
. Three point
perspective uses three
sets of orthogonal lines
and three vanishing poi
nts to draw each
object.
1. Determine the scale to be used.( 1:100mts)

2. In the space at the top of the drawing paper,

draw the plan or top view of the object with one of
its principal surfaces parallel to the picture plane.
The top view in the given illustration is not only
parallel to the picture plane but also flush with it .
The picture plane is represented by the horizontal
line (PP)

3.Locate the station point in front of the picture

plane
3.Locate the station point in front of the
picture plane at about twice the scaled length
of the object, either along a vertical center line
passing through the object or a little to the left
or right side of that center line.

4. Draw projection lines from the station point

to some rear points in the top view such as
points 1, 2 and 3. These projection lines will
intersect the picture plane at a,b,c,(piercing
point) respectively.
5. In the space at the bottom of the drawing paper,
draw the elevation of the object on the same scale
as tha.t used to draw its plan view.

6.Draw the ground line and horizon . If the object

is viewed below eye level this horizon (H) must be
above the perspective view.

7.Draw a vertical line from the station point

downward . The intersection of this line and the
horizon determine the location of the vanishing
point.
8. Draw the circular part of the object so that it is
line vertically with that in top view ( plan) and
horizontally with the elevation. This front part of
perspective view will appear as two visible views.

9. Draw a projection line from the center of two

circles to the vanishing point. The intersection of
this projection line and vertical line passing
through point a in the picture plane determines the
center of the hidden circles . The radii of the small
and large hidden circles are equal to the
horizontal distances a-b and a-c (found in the
plan ) respectively.
10. To finish the perspective view , draw
tangent lines connecting front and rear circles
 In this step-by-step lesson we are going to create a simple "2 Point
Perspective" view drawing of our test subject example, working from
both plan (overhead) and elevation view (side view or profile)
reference Fig 1. This type of illustration angle is referred to as a "3/4
Perspective" or an "Angular Perspective" view. The green dots in all of
the following perspective grid diagrams identify the lines to be drawn
as shown in each visual example. This type of perspective grid is best
done using vector drawing software such as Adobe Illustrator, where
you can easily drag a single anchor-point on each line drawn,
rotating it from the other fixed anchor-point to create a "projection
line" from the fixed point.
 The first line to draw will be the horizontal Picture Plane line shown in Fig. 2. By placing the

vertical line (green dot) off-center (to the right) between the two vanishing points we will

ultimately see more of the left side of the subject than the right side. Typically, you want

about the same amount showing on both the left and right side of the object if it is

roughly square (like a laser printer), and a little more showing on the long side of a

rectangular object such as a car or ship. We will place the lower right corner of our Plan

View diagram on the horizontal Picture Plane line and rotate it clockwise Fig. 3 while

keeping it in contact with the picture plane. The choice of a 30 degree angle for our

plan-view diagram is totally arbitrary, but this positioning provides a good final angle for a

typical 3/4 view drawing. The ultimate angle chosen, and the wide-angle or narrow

(telephoto) angle of view should balance factors such as the best aesthetics for the

subject matter being illustrated, and the necessary technical information (highlighted

features) to be conveyed. The subject always dictates the best observing angle chosen.

In
 In Fig. 4 we will locate the Station Point which will be located directly below to leading
edge (lower corner) of the diagonal plan-view. Measure the horizontal width of our Plan
View (X) and double it. Extend a vertical line from the corner that touches the Picture
Plane downward. At two times "X"
 we will locate the Station Point.
 Draw lines for the Horizon and Ground Line Fig. 5. The location
of these lines are infinitely variable, but their location will
ultimately determine how high or low the viewer is in relation
to the subject. The location of the Ground Line in relation to
the Horizon Line will determine how far above or below "eye
level" the object will be viewed. The lower the ground line, the
higher the viewer is in relation to the subject. If the ground line
was located directly on top of the horizon line the viewer (or
camera) would literally be at ground level. The location of the
Horizon Line will depend on whether you want to view the
object from above eye-level or below eye-level.
Draw 2 lines from the Station Point (SP) that are parallel to the
bottom edges of the Plan View Fig 6. The lines should intersect
with the Picture Plane (points a & b). Next draw vertical lines
from points a & b to the Horizon Line. The point where these
vertical lines intersect the Horizon Line is where the left and right
vanishing points (LVP & RVP) will be located. The location of the
vanishing points will determine how sever the perspective is. The
further away they are in relation to the subject, the more
"telephoto" the view will be. If the vanishing points are closer to
the subject the view will be more like a wide-angle lens.
 The last part of our preliminary layout will be to place the Side
Elevation view from Fig. 1 onto the Ground Line, with the
furthest left edge aligning with the left vanishing point. Project
a horizontal line (orange dashed line b) from the top of the
Elevation View to the vertical Line of Sight (LS) Fig. 7, below
 Draw 2 lines from the Station Point (SP) that are parallel to the bottom
edges of the Plan View Fig 6. The lines should intersect with the
Picture Plane (points a & b). Next draw vertical lines from points a & b
to the Horizon Line. The point where these vertical lines intersect the
Horizon Line is where the left and right vanishing points (LVP & RVP)
will be located. The location of the vanishing points will determine
how sever the perspective is. The further away they are in relation to
the subject, the more "telephoto" the view will be. If the vanishing
points are closer to the subject the view will be more like a wide-
angle lens.
 We are now ready to start projecting our blue lines to and from the left and
right (LVP & RVP) vanishing points. Referring to Fig. 8, draw lines from both
vanishing points to the top (uppermost surface) and bottom (lowest, ground
level surface) reference points of our subject (points a & b).
 To locate each of the vertical lines on our subject, draw lines
upward beginning at the Station Point and intersecting with
the left and right corners (a & b) on the plan view diagram
Fig. 9. At the point where these vertical lines intersect the
Picture Plane (c & d), draw vertical lines downward (orange
dashed lines) to intersect with the left and right vanishing
point's blue projection lines (green dots).
 Using the same procedure as shown in Fig. 9, start
constructing all of the smaller features on the subject as
shown in both the Plan View and the Elevation View (a & c) in
Fig. 10. Once located, project these horizontally towards the
left and right vanishing points using our blue projection lines.
Then connect each parallel and/or perpendicular intersecting
point with a vertical line to complete the vertical shape.
Continue repeating this process through Fig. 11 until all vertical
and horizontal surfaces have been completed.
 The last step is to darken the object's
construction lines, remove all of the blue
projection lines, and add weight ("stroke
weight" in Adobe Illustrator) to all of the
exterior and outside edge lines of the object,
to increase the readability and visual appeal
of the drawing Fig. 12.
 https://www.artyfactory.com/perspective_drawing/perspective_index.html
 https://www.google.com/search?q=PERspective+drawing&oq=PERspective+
drawing+&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l4j69i60l3.7937j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=28586
 http://www.ylpss.edu.hk/teams/reading-
team/Recommended%20Reading%20Materials/subjects/D&T/Reading_Mater
ial_(perspective_drawings).pdf