Chinese grammar rules: 5 general

rules for Chinese grammar

 1400 words (~ 21 minutes)

Whilst it's important to learn grammar in detail in small chunks, it can be very
useful to get familiar with some general Chinese grammar rules. These aren't
specific grammatical structures, but general facts about the Chinese language that
apply in most cases. They can help you get a feel for Mandarin Chinese and how it
works.

Chinese grammar rule #1: What precedes modifies

what follows
This rule sounds a little bit complicated when you first see it, but it's actually quite
straightforward. It simply means that modifiers come before the thing they
modify. The Chinese language, right through from the written classical
language to the modern spoken vernacular, has always had this rule.

Let's look at some simple examples to demonstrate this rule.

他不喜欢 贵的 东西。
Tā bù xǐhuan guì de dōngxi.
He doesn't like expensive things.

我哥哥 慢慢地 开车。
Wǒ gēgē mànmande kāichē.
My brother drives slowly .

她能喝 很多 啤酒。
Tā néng hē hěnduō píjiǔ.
She can drink a lot of beer.

As you can see in each of the Chinese sentences, the modifier (colored red) comes
before the thing it modifies. 贵的 (expensive) comes before 东西 (things), 慢慢地
(slowly) comes before 开车 (drive) and 很多 (a lot of) comes before 啤酒 (beer).
Notice how the position of the modifier varies in the English sentences.

Knowing about this ‘modifiers first’ rule in Chinese grammar can be very helpful in
the early stages of your Chinese studies. It lets you follow the structure of
sentences more quickly because you can identify modifiers (adjectives and
adverbs) and the things they're modifying (nouns and verbs) more easily.

It also lets you form sentences with more confidence because you know that
adjectives should be placed before the nouns they modify, and adverbs should be
placed before the verbs they modify.

Rule #2: Words do not change

Unlike in European languages, words in Chinese do not change. They have a fixed
form that is the same no matter what they're used for or where the appear in a
sentence. In Chinese, you don't conjugate verbs and you don't make adjectives
agree. According to Chinese grammar rules, a word is a word.

Have a look at these examples that illustrate this point:

她去工作。
Tā qù gōngzuò.
She goes to work.

我去工作。
Wǒ qù gōngzuò.
I go to work.

他们去工作。
Tāmen qù gōngzuò.
They go to work.

我们去工作。
Wǒmen qù gōngzuò.
We go to work.

These simple sentences show that verbs do not change in Chinese, whereas they
do in English. The verb 去 (qù) is the same in every sentence and doesn't change.
These sentences would be even more varied in a language like French, but in
Chinese the verb is the same every time.

It's not just verbs that never change according to Chinese grammar rules.
Adjectives are also fixed in their form and are the same no matter what noun they
modify. Let's see some examples:

这是一辆 黑色的 车。
Zhè shì yī liàng hēisède jū.
This is a black car.

我看到了一些 黑色的 猫。
Wǒ kàn dàole yīxiē hēisède māo.
I saw some black cats.

这是一件 黑色的 衬衫。
Zhè shì yī jiàn hēisède chènshān.
This is a black shirt.

The adjective in these sentences, 黑色的 (hēisède) , is the same for each of the
items. There is no gender or grammatical number in Chinese grammar rules.

Rule #3: Chinese is topic-prominent

This is a rule that English-speakers often find hard to get used to. Chinese is topic
prominent. This means that it puts the thing the sentence is about first. English is
subject prominent, which means that it puts the doer of an action (the subject) in
a sentence first.

If you haven't studied grammar before, you might not be familiar with these
terms. The subject in a sentence is the thing that performs the action of the verb.
The subject of the following sentences is colored red:

He likes cheese.
You are awesome.
New York is exciting.
We eat rice.

English and other European languages usually prefer to put the subject first, as
you can see in the sentences above. But Chinese and other East Asian languages
often prefer to put the topic of the sentence first.

The topic of a sentence isn't as clear as the subject. The topic is not a grammatical
role, but the thing that the sentence is about. It's the main point of the sentence.
It's also called the theme of the sentence for this reason.

I've finished my work .

In this sentence the subject is “I”, but that's not really what the sentence is about.
The sentence is not about the speaker, it's about the work. So the topic of this
sentence is “the work”.

Because Chinese is topic-prominent, it's often possible and very natural to put the
topic first in a sentence rather than the subject. It is also possible in English, but it
sounds much less natural, as you can see in the following examples:

红酒我不太喜欢。
Hóngjiǔ wǒ bù tài xǐhuan.
Red wine, I don't really like.

法国我没去过。
Fàguó wǒ méi qùguò.
France, I haven't been to.

一支笔有吗？
Yī zhī bǐ yǒu ma?
A pen - got one?

The sentences above are perfectly permissible according to Chinese grammar

rules, but quite odd in English. Note that you could also form the Chinese
sentences with the subject first and they would be just as grammatical.

Also notice that the last sentence doesn't include the subject (you) at all. This is
possible because Chinese grammar is primarily interested in the topic (a pen) and
not the subject.

Rule #4: Aspect, not tense

Another big difference between European languages and Chinese is aspect and
tense. European languages usually indicate both of these things in a sentence,
whereas Chinese tends to only indicates aspect.

Again, you might not be aware of what these terms mean. Tense is about when
an action took place relative to now, when we're speaking. Aspect is about the
completeness of an action relative to when it took place. Have a look at these two
sentences in English to see the difference:

I will set off to Beijing.

I will have set off to Beijing.

Both of these sentences are in the future tense. But the aspect is different,
because the completeness of the action (setting off to Beijing) is different in the
time frame of each sentence. The speaker hasn't yet set off to Beijing in either
sentence. In the time frame they're speaking about in the second sentence,
though, they will have. So the aspect is different (the action is complete in that
time frame).
How Chinese marks for aspect is difficult and quite complex. It revolves around a
few particles, most importantly 了 (le), but we won't go into details of that here.
The lesson here is to bear in mind that Chinese doesn't mark for tense, but it does
mark for aspect. This will take some getting used to, but you will get there
eventually!

Rule #5: Chinese is logical

Finally, we come to the most general rule about Chinese grammar. One of the
joys of studying Chinese is that on the whole it's a very logical, consistent
language. This is very true in Chinese vocabulary, as you can usually see very
clearly the logic behind most words. It's also true in Chinese grammar rules, which
tend to be consistent and reusable once you've learned them.

One example of this is that Chinese tends to only indicate things once in a
sentence. For example, if the time has already been made clear, it doesn't need to
be indicated again. Similarly, the number of a noun only needs to indicated once
in most cases. More of these examples crop up as you get further into the
language. Try to bear this point in mind and you will often find that you can guess
how to say new things with some accuracy.

That rounds up this short list of Chinese grammar rules, which aims to give a very
generalized feel for how the language works. If you'd like to get into further, have
a browse around this site!

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