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Orca: A 13-Billion Parameter Model that Outperforms Other

LLMs by Learning from GPT-4

Introduction

Artificial intelligence (AI) is constantly evolving and improving, thanks to

the efforts of researchers and developers who are pushing the
boundaries of what machines can do. One of the most challenging and
exciting domains of AI is natural language generation (NLG), which is
the ability to produce coherent and meaningful text from data or prompts.
NLG has many applications, such as chatbots, content creation,
summarization, translation, and more.

However, NLG is also a very complex and difficult task, requiring a lot of
computational resources and data. To address this challenge,
researchers have developed large foundation models (LFMs), such as
GPT-4 and PaLM-2, which are massive neural networks that can
generate text for a wide range of domains and tasks. These models
have billions or trillions of parameters, which are the numerical values

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that determine how the model processes the input and produces the
output.

However, LFMs are not perfect. They are often expensive to train and
run, prone to errors and biases, and limited by the quality and quantity of
the data they are trained on. Moreover, they are not easily accessible or
customizable for specific needs or scenarios. Therefore, researchers
have also explored ways to fine-tune smaller models from outputs of
larger models, creating more efficient and specialized language models
(LLMs) that can imitate the performance of LFMs.

One of the most recent and remarkable examples of this approach is a

new AI model developed by Microsoft Research in collaboration with
University of Washington. This new model is a 13-billion parameter
model that belongs to the LLaMA model family, which stands for Large
Language Models with Meta-learning Approach. It is designed to learn
from rich signals from GPT-4, including explanation traces, step-by-step
thought processes, and other complex instructions, guided by teacher
assistance from ChatGPT. This new model is called 'Orca'.

What is Orca model?

Orca is a progressive learning model that imitates the reasoning process

of GPT-4, a highly advanced language model developed by OpenAI.
Orca learns from rich signals from GPT-4, including explanation traces
and step-by-step thought processes. It also benefits from teacher
assistance from ChatGPT, another language model that specializes in
conversational tasks.

Orca’s development was driven by the need to address several

challenges in the field of AI. These include limited imitation signals from
shallow LFM outputs, small scale homogeneous training data, and a lack
of rigorous evaluation that often results in overestimating the small
model’s capability.

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Orca addresses these issues by learning from complex explanation

traces of GPT-4 using a novel technique called explanation tuning.
Explanation tuning is a meta-learning algorithm that adapts to different
tasks and domains by learning from diverse system instructions that
guide the reasoning process. These instructions include
chain-of-thought, explain like I’m five, be helpful and informative, etc.

Key Features of Orca model

source - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.02707.pdf

Orca has several key features that make it stand out among other LLMs.
By referring graphs in above figure, some of the features are mentioned
below:

● It retains 95% of ChatGPT quality and 85% of GPT-4 quality

aggregated across all datasets as assessed by GPT-4. This is a
10-point improvement over Vicuna, another language model in the
LLaMA family.

● It exhibits strong performance for prompts that span across a wide

range of generation roles. For the Awesome prompts dataset that
spans 164 open-ended generation roles, Orca shows strong
performance by retaining 98% of ChatGPT quality and 89% of
GPT-4 quality.

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● It demonstrates high-quality responses across a wide range of

prompts. It has been trained on data that simulate zero-shot
setting with standard prompts, which means it can generate
responses without having seen similar prompts during training.

● It has been trained with diverse system instructions to elicit

different kinds of responses, which adds to its versatility and
adaptability.

● It uses a Transformer-XL architecture with 48 layers and 2560

hidden units, and a mixture of experts (MoE) technique to improve
its efficiency and scalability.

Use Cases of Orca model

Orca is a versatile and powerful model that can generate high-quality

and diverse content for various domains and tasks. Some of the use
cases of Orca are content creation, such as blogs, articles; chatbots,
such as natural and informative conversations with users; education,
such as explanations; entertainment, such as stories; code generation,
such as code snippets; math generation, such as math expressions; and
diagram generation, such as charts, and graphs.

Architecture of Orca

Orca’s architecture consists of three main components: a student model,

a teacher model, and a data generator. The student model is the Orca
model itself, which is a 13-billion parameter Transformer-based neural
network. The teacher model is GPT-4, which is a 175-billion parameter
language model that can generate text for any prompt. The data
generator is ChatGPT, which is a 2.7-billion parameter language model
that specializes in conversational tasks.

The training process of Orca involves the following steps:

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1. The data generator produces a large and diverse set of prompts

and responses, based on various sources of data, such as Flan-2,
NIV2, Chain-of-Thought, T0, and Dialog.

2. The teacher model generates complex explanation traces for each

prompt-response pair, using different system instructions that
guide the reasoning process, such as chain-of-thought, explain like
I’m five, be helpful and informative, etc.

3. The student model learns from the explanation traces of the

teacher model, using the explanation tuning algorithm that adapts
to different tasks and domains. The student model is evaluated on
various datasets and metrics, such as human ratings, BLEU
scores, ROUGE scores, etc.

Performance evaluation with other Models

Orca’s main competitors are other LLMs that are fine-tuned from LFMs,
such as Vicuna, Alpaca, Dolly, etc. These models have similar goals and
methods as Orca, but differ in their size, data sources, imitation signals,
and evaluation methods.

Orca outperforms these models in terms of quality and diversity of

responses across various datasets and tasks. For example, Orca
achieves a higher BLEU score than Vicuna on the Awesome prompts
dataset (0.42 vs 0.37), a higher ROUGE-L score than Alpaca on the
Flan-2 dataset (0.69 vs 0.64), and a higher ROUGE-L score than Vicuna
on the NIV2 dataset (0.76 vs 0.71).

Orca also compares favorably with its teacher models, ChatGPT and
GPT-4, retaining most of their quality while being much smaller and more
efficient. For example, Orca achieves a human rating of 4.1 out of 5 on
the Awesome prompts dataset, compared to 4.3 for ChatGPT and 4.6 for
GPT-4. It also achieves comparable performance with GPT-4 on the
Chain-of-Thought dataset (0.83 vs 0.84 for GPT-4).

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source - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.02707.pdf

Above Figure shows the performance of Orca and other LLMs on

Big-Bench Hard (BBH), a subset of the Big-Bench dataset, which is a
large-scale benchmark that measures the abilities of AI models across a
broad range of tasks and domains. Orca surpasses conventional
state-of-the-art instruction-tuned models such as Vicuna-13B on this
benchmark. Orca also reaches parity with ChatGPT on this benchmark
and shows comparable performance with GPT-4. This shows that Orca
can generate high-quality responses in a zero-shot setting without any
exemplar or CoT.

How to access and use this model?

Orca is currently not publicly available or open source. However,

Microsoft Research has published a paper describing the details and
results of Orca’s development and evaluation.

If you are interested to learn more about this model, you can find all links
under 'source' section at the end of this article.

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Limitations

Orca is not without limitations or challenges. Some of them are:

● It still suffers from some errors and biases that are inherited from
its teacher models or data sources.
● It still requires a lot of computational resources and data to train
and run.
● It still lacks some generalization abilities or domain adaptation
skills that are needed for some tasks or scenarios.
● It still faces some ethical or social issues that are associated with
AI models in general.

Conclusion

Orca is a new AI model that represents a breakthrough in natural

language generation. It learns from rich signals from GPT-4, including
explanation traces and step-by-step thought processes, guided by
teacher assistance from ChatGPT. Orca has many potential capabilities
and use cases in various domains and tasks. Orca is currently not
publicly available or open source, but Microsoft Research has published
a paper describing its details and results. Orca is a new species rising in
the AI ocean, demonstrating an unprecedented level of sophistication
and capability.

source
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.02707
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.02707.pdf
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/orca-progressive-learning-from-compl
ex-explanation-traces-of-gpt-4/

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