PRODUCTION

What is Production?
2.a Production is the art of converting raw
materials into finished goods with the
application of tools and manufacturing
processes.
Factors of production are inputs used to
produce an output, or goods and services. They
are resources a company requires to attempt to
generate a profit by producing goods and
services. Factors of production are divided into
four categories: land, labor, capital and
entrepreneurship.
 Factors of Production
• Land is the natural resource that an enterprise
uses to produce goods and services to
generate a profit. Land is not just restricted to
the physical property or real estate. It includes
any natural resources the land produces, such
as crude oil, coal, water, gold or natural gas.
The resources are natural materials that are
included in the production of goods and
services.
 Labor
• Labor is the amount of work laborers and workers perform
that contributes to the production process. For example, if
a laborer works and her efforts create a good or service,
she contributes to labor resources.

• Capital is any tool, building or machine used to produce

goods or services. Capital varies throughout each industry.
For example, a computer scientist uses a computer to
create a program; his capital is the computer he uses. On
the other hand, a chef uses pots and pans to deliver a good
and service, so the pots and pans are the chef's capital.

• Entrepreneurship combines these factors of production to

earn a profit. For example, an entrepreneur brings together
gold, labor and machinery to produce jewelry. The
entrepreneur takes on all the risks and rewards that come
with producing a good or service.
 2.b What are the 3 types of
production?
There are three main types of production to
choose from:
• Job production, where items are made
individually and each item is finished before
the next one is started. ...
• Batch production, where groups of items are
made together. ...
• Flow production, where identical,
standardized items are produced on an
assembly line.
 2.c The Related advantages and
disadvantages:
• Advantages of Job production:
• High level of satisfaction.
• Production will sell
• More creativity
• Focus on quality and goodwill
• Unique
• Flexibility
• Disadvantages:
• More time consuming
• Expensive
• Can not be for the mass market.
 Advantages of Batch production:
• The advantages of batch production are that its cheaper to produce a whole batch
instead of single, machines can be used more effectively.
• It's lower cost, fewer workers because going to use machines.
• It would be more accurate and consistent as machines would replicate the exact
same product leaving less faulty products.
• The company that uses it has a variety of products rather than just one type so
therefore it gives customer a larger choice and hence a larger possibility of sales.
• Another advantage is that the company is reducing its risk on simply concentrating
on one product; it produces a variety of different ones of the same type.

Disadvantages:
• The main disadvantage of batch production is that there's a period of time for
which the machinery is being changed and this causes the productivity to stop
completely which the could cause the workers to sit idle; basically the work stops.
• High storage costs
• If the prototype has an error all the rest of the same products will have that fault
as the machine replicates exactly. This would waste valuable time and the loss of
materials would be costly.
 Advantages of Flow production:
• Very low unit costs due to economies of scale.
• Output can be produced very quickly.
• Modern plant and machines can allow some flexibility.
• Production speed can vary according to demand.
• less need for training.

• Disadvantages:
• Products may be too standardised
• Huge set-up costs before production can begin.
• Worker motivation can be very low- repetitive tasks.
• Breaks in production can be very expensive.
 What is manufacturing process?
• The process of producing the desired object from the raw material is
called manufacturing process.
• Classification of Manufacturing Processes are.
• Primary Shaping Processes include:
i. Casting
ii. Forming
iii. Smithy
iv. Drawing
v. Rolling
vi. Bending
vii. Extrusion
viii. Shearing
ix. Stretch Forming
x. Embossing
xi. Staking
xii. Ironing
xiii. Sizing
 Machining Processes include:
i. Shaping
ii. Turning
iii. Milling
iv. Drilling
v. Grinding
vi. Boring
vii. Slotting
viii. Broaching
ix. Sawing
x. Knurling
 Surface Finishing Processes include:
i. Polishing
ii. Buffing
iii. Electroplating
iv. Honing
v. Lapping
vi. Burnishing
vii. Super Finishing
viii. Painting

• Joining Processes include:

i. Welding
ii. Soldering
iii. Brazing
iv. Braze Welding
v. Riveting
 Temporary joining processes are as
follows:
i. Nut and Bolts joints
ii. Screwing
iii. Keys and Cotter joints

• Processes Affecting Change in Properties include:

i. Annealing
ii. Normalizing
iii. Hardening
iv. Tempering
v. Carburising
vi. Nitriding
vii. Induction Hardening
viii. Shot Peening
 Powder Metallurgy
• Modern (Non-Conventional) Manufacturing
Methods include:
i. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
ii. Electro Chemical Machining (ECM)
iii. Ultrasonic Machining (USM)
iv. Electro Beam Machining (EBM)
v. Laser Beam Machining (LBM)
vi. Plasma Arc Machining (PAM)
vii. Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM)
viii. Chemical Machining