Basic Concepts and Conduction Heat Transfer

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UNIT 01- BASIC CONCEPTS AND CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

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Fig. 2.15 Critical radius of insulation for electric wire
 When
 It is clear from the figure 2.14b that increase in insulation thickness always decrease
the heat loss from the pipe.
 This condition is used to decrease the heat loss from steam and refrigeration pipes.
 Critical radius of insulation for the sphere can be obtain in the similar way:
[ ]
[ [ ] ]
2.13 Solved
SOLVED Numerical
PROBLEMS
Ex 2.1.
A 30 cm thick wall of size is made of red brick ⁄ .
It is covered on both sides by layers of plaster, 2 cm thick ⁄ .
The wall has a window size of . The window door is made of 12 mm
thick glass ⁄ . If the inner and outer surface temperatures
are 15 and 40 , make calculation for the rate of heat flow through the wall.
Solution:
Given data:
Plaster: ⁄ ,
Red brick: ⁄ ,
Glass: ⁄ ,
, Total Area A = ,
Area of glass Window
 Total heat transfer from the given configuration is sum of the heat transfer
from composite wall and glass window. So,
 Heat transfer from the composite wall
Area of the wall,
Resistance of inner and outer plaster layers,
Resistance of brick work,
 Heat transfer from glass window

Resistance of glass,
⁄
So total heat transfer is given by
Ex 2.2.
A cold storage room has walls made of 200 mm of brick on the outside, 80 mm of
plastic foam, and finally 20 mm of wood on the inside. The outside and inside air
temperatures are and respectively. If the outside and inside
convective heat transfer coefficients are respectively 10 and 30 ⁄ , and the
thermal conductivities of brick, foam and wood are 1.0, 0.02 and 0.17 ⁄
respectively. Determine:
(i) Overall heat transfer coefficient
(ii) The rate of heat removed by refrigeration if the total wall area is 100
(iii) Outside and inside surface temperatures and mid-plane temperatures of
composite wall.
Solution:
Given data:
Brick: ⁄ ,
Plastic foam: ⁄ ,
Wood: ⁄ ,
, ⁄ , ⁄ ,
i. Over all heat transfer co-efficient U
 Convection resistance of outer surface
⁄
 Resistance of brick,
⁄
 Resistance of plastic foam,
 Resistance of wood,
 Convection resistance of inner surface

⁄
ii. The rate of heat removed by refrigeration if the total wall area is A = 100
( )
iii. Outside and inside surface temperatures and mid-plane temperatures of
composite wall
 Temperature of outer surface
 Temperature of middle plane
 Temperature of inner surface

Ex 2.3.
A furnace wall is made up of three layer of thickness 250 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm
with thermal conductivity of 1.65, k and 9.2 ⁄ respectively. The inside is
exposed to gases at with a convection coefficient of ⁄ and the
inside surface is at , the outside surface is exposed to air at with
convection coefficient of ⁄ . Determine:
(i) The unknown thermal conductivity k
(ii) The overall heat transfer coefficient
(iii) All surface temperatures
Solution:
Given data:
Layer 1: ⁄ ,
Layer 2: ⁄ ,
Layer 3: ⁄ ,
, ⁄ , ⁄ , Take A = 1 m2
i. Unknown thermal conductivity k

 Convection resistance of inner surface
⁄
 Resistance of layer 1,
⁄
⁄ ⁄
⁄
 Convection resistance of outer surface

⁄
Heat transfer by convection is given by
Heat transfer through composite wall is given by
⁄
⁄ ⁄
ii. Overall heat transfer co-efficient U
⁄
iii. All surface temperature
 Temperature of inner surface
 Temperature of outer surface

Ex 2.4.
A heater of 150 mm X 150 mm size and 800 W rating is placed between two slabs A
and B. Slab A is 18 mm thick with ⁄ . Slab B is 10 mm thick with
⁄ . Convective heat transfer coefficients on outside surface of slab A
and B are ⁄ and ⁄ respectively. If ambient temperature is
, calculate maximum temperature of the system and outside surface
temperature of both slabs.
Solution:
Given data:
,
Slab A: ⁄ , , ⁄
Slab B: ⁄ , , ⁄
i. Maximum temperature of the system

 Maximum temperature exist at the inner surfaces of both slab A and slab B
So, maximum temperature
 Under the steady state condition heat generated by the heater is equal to the
heat transfer through the slab A and slab B.
 Heat transfer through the slab A,
 Resistance of slab A,
 Convection resistance of outer surface of slab A

⁄
 Resistance of slab B,
 Convection resistance of outer surface of slab B

⁄
( ) { }
ii. Outside surface temperature of both slabs

 Heat transfer through slab A
 Outside surface temperature of slab A,
 Heat transfer through slab B
 Outside surface temperature of both slab B,
Ex 2.5.
A 240 mm dia. steam pipe, 200 m long is covered with 50 mm of high temperature
insulation of thermal conductivity ⁄ and 50 mm low temperature
insulation of thermal conductivity ⁄ . The inner and outer surface
temperatures are maintained at and respectively. Calculate:
(i) The total heat loss per hour
(ii) The heat loss per of pipe surface
(iii) The heat loss per of outer surface
(iv) The temperature between interfaces of two layers of insulation.
Neglect heat conduction through pipe material.
Solution:
Given data:
⁄ ⁄
i. Total heat loss per hour

 Resistance of high temperature insulation
⁄ ( ⁄ )
⁄
 Resistance of low temperature insulation

⁄ ( ⁄ )
⁄
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
ii. The heat loss per of pipe surface
Heat Transfer (2151909) 2. Steady State Heat Conduction
iii. The heat loss per of outer surface

⁄
iv. The temperature between interfaces of two layers of insulation
Ex 2.6.
A hot fluid is being conveyed through a long pipe of 4 cm outer dia. And covered
with 2 cm thick insulation. It is proposed to reduce the conduction heat loss to the
surroundings to one-third of the present rate by further covering with some
insulation. Calculate the additional thickness of insulation.
Solution:
Given data:
i. Heat loss with existing insulation

 Resistance of existing insulation
⁄
ii. Heat loss with additional insulation

 Resistance of existing insulation
⁄
But, ⁄
⁄ ⁄
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
Ex 2.7.
A hot gas at with convection coefficient ⁄ is flowing through a
steel tube of outside diameter 8 cm and thickness 1.3 cm. It is covered with an
insulating material of thickness 2 cm, having conductivity of ⁄ . The outer
surface of insulation is exposed to ambient air at with convection coefficient of
⁄ .
Calculate: (1) Heat loss to air from 5 m long tube. (2) The temperature drop due to
thermal resistance of the hot gases, steel tube, the insulation layer and the outside
air. Take conductivity of steel ⁄ .
Solution:
Given data:
⁄ ⁄ , ⁄ , ⁄
i. Total heat loss to air from 5 m long tube, Q
 Convection resistance of hot gases
⁄
 Resistance of steel
⁄ ( ⁄ )
⁄
 Resistance of insulation
⁄ ( ⁄ )
⁄
 Convection resistance of outside air

⁄
ii. Temperature drop

 Temperature drop due to thermal resistance of hot gases
 Temperature drop due to thermal resistance of steel tube
 Temperature drop due to thermal resistance of insulation
 Temperature drop due to thermal resistance of outside air
Ex 2.8.
A pipe carrying the liquid at is 10 mm in outer diameter and is exposed to
ambient at with convective heat transfer coefficient of ⁄ . It is
proposed to apply the insulation of material having thermal conductivity of
⁄ . Determine the thickness of insulation beyond which the heat gain will be
reduced. Also calculate the heat loss for 2.5 mm, 7.5 mm and 15 mm thickness of
insulation over 1m length. Which one is more effective thickness of insulation?
Solution:
Given data:
⁄ , ⁄
i. Thickness of insulation beyond which heat gain will be reduced
 Critical radius of insulation
⁄ ⁄
ii. Heat loss for 2.5 mm thickness of insulation,

⁄ ( ⁄ )
⁄
⁄
iii. Heat loss for 7.5 mm thickness of insulation,

⁄ ( ⁄ )
⁄
⁄
iv. Heat loss for 15 mm thickness of insulation,
⁄ ( ⁄ )
⁄
⁄
Hence the insulation thickness of 15 mm is more effective
2.14 References:
[1] Heat and Mass Transfer by D. S. Kumar, S K Kataria and Sons Publications.
[2] Heat Transfer – A Practical Approach by Yunus Cengel & Boles, McGraw-Hill
Publication.
[3] Principles of Heat Transfer by Frank Kreith, Cengage Learining.

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1

UNIT 01- BASIC CONCEPTS AND CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Aravinda D, Assistant Professor, MED, Dr AIT

Resistance of brick work,

 Heat transfer from glass window

 Resistance of plastic foam,

 Convection resistance of inner surface

 Temperature of middle plane

 Temperature of middle plane

 Temperature of inner surface

i. Unknown thermal conductivity k

 Convection resistance of outer surface

Heat transfer by convection is given by

Heat transfer through composite wall is given by