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Study of Compounds
Study of Compounds
Study of Compounds
CHAPTER
8
Acid: Sulphuric id
Uses of
Sulphuric
m a n u f a c t u r e
of fertili.
in the plastir.
DEFINITIONS is used pigments,
72 Chemistry-X
Favourable conditions: Nitric acid is prepared in the laboratory
Low temperature450°-500°C by heating NaNO, or KNO, with con.
High pressure-200-900 atm. I , 0 at 2007C
Catalyst-Iron and molybdenum as KNO, 1,50, KIA), HNO,
promoter.
Nitric acid in manufactured by Ostwald's
Ammonia gas is a polar covalent process from ammonia and air as follows:
compound. Dry ammonia or liquid Step 1: A mixture of pure dry ammonia
ammonia is neutral to litmus. However, (1 volume) and air (10 volumes) is passed
aqueous ammonia is basic or alkaline through platinum gauze catalyst at about
in nature. It turns red litmus blue and 800°C.
phenolphthalein pink. The presence of a P
4NH, +50, 4NO 61,0
lone pair of electrons on nitrogen makes
ammonia basic in nature. Step 2: NO Combines with ox ygen to form
nitrogen dioxide.
Ammonia gas is used in the preparation
of fertilizers, washing soda, baking soda, 2NO +O 2NO,
nitric acid, etc. Step 3: NO, reacts with water in presence
Liquid ammonia is used as a refrigerant. of O, to form nitric oxide.
It is also used as a cleansing agent, i.e., it
4NO, + O2 + 2H,0 4HNO,
is a good emulsifier.
Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of
.Nitric Acid (HNO): Traces of nitric acid
are formed in the air during lightning dyes, drugs, perfumes, synthetic fibres,
explosives, plastics, fertilizers, etc. It is
discharge. also used in etching metals, for pickling
In the combined state, nitric acid occurs
of stainless steel, as an oxidiser and as a
in the form of metal nitrates.
laboratory reagent.
Chemistry-X 73
rate of its
dissolution and a vacuum Ans. With anincrease in temperature, th
will be created ne
which will cause back solubility of HCI in water decreasea
suction of water into the
flask. while with the lowering of temperatt
Q.7. How is the
problem of back suction its solubility increases.
Q.9. Why does HCI gas have fume in moist NaOH + HCI > NaCl + H,O
(c)
air? (d)CaCO + 2HCI CaCl2 +
H,o
Ans. Due to its high solubility in water. +CO
(e)Na,SO, + 2HCl 2NaCI+H.0
Q.10. Which conditions are required for the
liquification of hydrogen chloride?
+SO,
( FeS+2HCI FeCh + HS
Ans. It can be liquified at a pressure of Q.16. Distinguish between dil. HCl and dil
40 atmosphere and temperature of 10°C. barium chloride.
H,SO using
Q.11. What is the purpose of Fountain Ans. When dil. H,S0, is added to BaCI,
experiment? solution a white ppt. of BaSO, is
Ans. To demonstrate the extreme solubility formed which is insoluble in acid.
of hydrogen chloride gas in water.
When dil. HCl is added to BaClh, no
Ppt. is formed.
Q.12. What do you observe in the Fountain
Q17. What are the tests for hydrochloric
experiment?
acid?
Ans. The red solution escapes through Ans. () A glass rod dipped in ammonia
the jet in the form of a red fountain solution brought near vapours of
because atmospheric pressure pushes HCl acid forms dense white fumes.
the solution. (i) Addition of silver nitrate solution to
of HCi? dil. HCI forms white ppt. of silver
Q.13. What is the combustibility
chloride does not burn chloride.
Ans. Hydrogen
rather it puts off a burning splint. Q.18. How is Aqua Regia formed using conc.
HC1?
Hence, it is neither combustible nor a
74 Chemistry-X
O.19. Name the gas
produced in each of the Q.21.
following reactions: Manganese (IV) oxide, lead (IV) oxide and
red lead (Pb,O,) react with concentrated
(i) Heating of ammonium
(i) Heating of ammonium nitrate hydrochloric acid liberating chlorine
nitrite. (i) What is the common
property being
(ii) Action of hot water shown by these metal oxides?
on
aluminium
nitride. (i) Write the equation for the reaction of
(iv) Warming ammonium concentrated hydrochloric acid with
phosphate
with potassium hydroxide. Pb,O
Ans. () Nitrous oxide. (iii) What kind of compound can be
added to bleaching powder to obtain
(ii) Nitrogen. chlorine?
(it) Ammonia. Ans. () Oxidising property i.e., oxidation of
(iv) Ammonia. cone, hydrochloric acid.
0.20. What is the difference between the (i) Pb,O, +8HCI , 3PbC1h +4H,O
chemical nature of an aqueous solution
+Cl2
of hydrogen chloride and an (ii) Dilute mineral acids like
aqueous hydrochloric
solution of ammonia? acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid.
Ans. The aqueous
aqueous solution of hydrogen
PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS WITH
chloride ionises to furnish hydronium
ANSWERS
ions (H,O) imparting acidic properties
while an aqueous solution of ammonia Q.1. A solution of hydrogen chloride in water
is prepared. The following substances
furnish hydroxyl ions (OH) imparting
are added to separate portions of the
basis properties.
solution.
1. |Calcium carbonate
Magnesium ribbon
Manganese (IV) oxide with heating
Sodium sulphite
Odour
Ans. S.No. Substances added Gas evolved
Odourless
1. Calcium carbonate CO2
Odourless
2 Magnesium ribbon H
3. Manganese (TV) oxide with heating Ch Suffocating
Smell of
Sodium sulphite SO2
burning sulphur
Chemistry-X 75
Q.2. Write the balanced equations for the
Q.5. (i) State the disadvantage
dissolving TICT gas in water
following reactions: form hydrochlori acid
) Copper oxide and dilute hydrochlo (i) o w does the solubility of a
ric acid.
(i) Manganese (IV) oxide and concen-
8as
hange with
temperature?
ICSE 2006
trated hydrochloric acid. of production of
Ans. (i) The rate
ICSE 2005] dissoluti.
excced the rate of its
) CuO +2HC1»CuCl, + H,0 causing
ack suction of water
Ans. into the hot Hask resulting in an
(i) MnO,+ 4HCI> MnClh +211,0+
explosion.
Cl increase temperature of
illustrated (i) With
Q.3. () Name the experiment of HCI in water
the solubility
below. decreases while with the lowering
of hydrogen of temperature,
its solubility
(i) Which property
demonstrated by this increases.
chloride is
ammonia and
experiment? (i) Of the two gases,
Q.6. which is more
the water that has hydrogen chloride,
(ii) State the colour of dense? Name the method of
flask.
entered the round bottom
collection of this gas.
example of a reaction
(ii) Give one
between the above two gases
Hydrogen which producer a solid compound
chloride
[ICSE 2007]
Water chloride is more dense.
Ans. (i) Hydrogen
Dropper HCI is collected by upward
Water+
blue litmus displacement of air.
76 Chemistry-X
B. SULPHURIC ACID convert into steam and cause
suddenly
How does the acid to splash or spurt.
1.
H,SO, occur in the free
state? Q.8. What are the advantages of diluting
the acid by slowly adding the acid to
Ans, Traces of frece acid are
found in certain
mineral springs and water with constant stirring?
near
ores. sulphide Ans. (a) Water being in bulk, the heat is
Chemistry-X 77
2. Contact toweer
(b) Lead nitrate when added to dil. Q.17. In the absorption tower, why are SO
HSO, forms a white ppt. of PbSO vapours absorbed in conc. H2SO4 and
which is insoluble in dil. HCl or not in water?
Column 1 Column 2
Column 3
Substance reacted Dilute or conc.
with acid
Gas
H,SO
Hydrogen
Carbon dioxide
Only chlorine
78 Chemistry-X Sulphur dioxide
Column 1 Column 3
Ans. Column 2
Substance reacted Dilute or conc Gas
with acid
Zinc
H,SO
Dilute Hydrogen
Calcium carbonate Carbon dioxide
Dilute
NaCl+MnO, Concentrated Only chlorine
Copper Concentrated Sulphur dioxide
Write the equations for
Q.19. the laboratory
preparation of: Q.21. Write the equations for the laboratory
() Sodium preparation of the following salts using
sulphate using dilute sulphuric acid:
sulphuric acid.
(i) Lead () Iron () sulphate from iron.
sulphate using sulphuric acid.
(ii) Copper sulphate using sulphuric (i) Copper sulphate from copper
acid. oxide.
Ans. () 2NaOH + HSO4 > NazSO, » (ii) Lead sulphate from lead nitrate.
2H,O
() Pb(NO3)2 + HSO> PbSO, + iv) Sodium sulphate from sodium
bicarbonate.
2HNO Ans.
(ii) CuO+ HSO, »CuSO + H,O (i) Fe +
HSO, (dil.) >
FeSO + H2
0.20. (i) Whichconcentrated acid will oxidize (i) CuO+ HSO, (dil.) > CuSO, +
sulphur directly to sulphuric acid? HO
Write the equation for the same.
(1in) Pb(NO)h +
H_SO, (dil) >
PbsO,
(i) What is the name of the process
by +2HNO
which sulphuric acid is manufac-
tured? Name the (io) 2NaHCO +HSO, (dil.)->Na,SO
catalyst used in
the process.
+2H,0+ 2CO2
(ii) Complete the followingsentences
PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS WITH
choosing the correct word from the
brackets "Concentrated sulphu ANSWERS
ric acid is used in the Q.1.
laboratory
preparation of nitric acid and
A
hydrochloric acid because it Sulphur Sulphuric acid
is (less volatile/ B
stronger) in comparison to these D
C
two acids." Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide
Ans. 4) Conc. nitric acid F
|Sodium sulphate
S+6HNO>HSO,+6NO, +2H,0
(i) Contact Process () Name the catalyst which helps in
Vanadium pentaoxide (V,O,) the conversion of sulphur dioxide
ii) Less volatile to sulphur trioxide in step C.
Chemistry-x 79
()In the of nitric acid
Contact process for lhe () Preparation
manufacture of ene
of ethene from
from ethy
sulphuric acid, (ir) Preparation
sulphur trioxide is not converted alohol
to sulphatet
sulphuric acid by reacting (ii) Preparation
of copper
Irom
it with
water. lnstead two a blue vitriol
Write the balanced equations for the (o) Na,CO3 + H,SO4 > Naz SO,
Q.2.
following reactions:
HO+CO2 [ICSE 2007
(i) Potassium hydrogen carbonate and () B
dilute sulphuric acid.
Ans.
(i) B
(ii) Sodium nitrate and concentrated
ii) C, A
sulphuric acid. [ICSE 2005]
(iv) A
Ans. ) 2KHCO, +H,SOKSO, +2H,0 (v) A.
+2CO,T
(ii) NaN0, + H,SO,> NaHSO, + C. AMMONIA
80 Chemistry-X
Q.3. What are the general methods of Ans. (u) 2NH, + 6Cl, (excess) 2NCI,
preparation of ammonia? + 6HC
Ans. () By direct synthesis
(b)8NI1, + 3Cl, (little)> N, + 6NH,CI
3H2 + N2= 2NH + A heat
(c) 4NH, + 302 2N2 + 6H,0 +
(ii) By action of hot water on metal
4NO + 611,0 + heat
nitrides () 4NH t 50,
Ca,N2 +6H;O 3Ca(OH), + 2NIH Q.11. Ammonia is a reducing agent. Show
(ii) By the action of alkalies on heated through an equation the reducing
ammonium salts action of NH3 on metallic oxide.
is ammonia collected?
Q.14. How does ammonia react with water? (ii) How
(ii) Why is ammonia not collected over
Ans. NH,+ H,0 NH,OH water?
diReociates (i7)Which compound is normally Used
NH,OH NH+OH as a drying agent for ammonia
Q.15. With reference to Haber's process,
(i) AIN
+ 3H,O AlOH), +
NH.
answer the following: Ans. collected
(ii) Ammonia is by the
State and explain the conditions which downward displacement of air
favour synthesis of NH, from raw
Ammonia is highly soluble in
(iii)
materials for maximum yield. water.
that because it is basic
(iv) Quicklime (Ca0)
is found
Ans. (a) Temperature: It
optimum and does not react with ammonia
for maximum yield, an
is
temperature of
450°C-500°C
which is also basic in nature.
necessary
accelerate the rate PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS WITH
(b) Catalyst: To
a suitable catalyst, ANSWERS
of reaction
divided iron mixed with for the reaction
finely Q.1. (i) Write the equation
molybdenum as promoter is in the Haber process that forms
a mixture of
used (sometimes ammonia.
82 Chemistry-X
(1) A mixture of ammonium combined
chloride Q.3. 1low does INO, o c u r in a
(2) Aluminium nitride and water. Ans. Chile salt petre (NaNO,)
ICSE 2005] Nitre (KNO,)
Ans. (1) 2NHCI + Ca(OH), -> CaCl, +
Calcium nitrate |Ca(NO,),)|
2NH, + 211,0
Q.4. Tow is IINO, preparedin a laboratory?
(2) AIN+ 3H,0 > Al(OH), + NH,
Ans. In the laboratory, it is prepared by
(i) Name the substance used for
Q.3. concentrated 1,O, and
drying ammonia. heating
nitre/chile salt in a glass retort in
(i) Write an equation to illustrate the
temperature of 200'C.
reducing nature of ammonia.
NaNO, +onc. HO, 2090 Na H04
(i) With reference to Haber's process
+ HNO,
for the preparation of ammonia,
write the equation and the condi Q.5. How is nitric acid collected?
tions required. [ICSE 20061 condensed
Ans. Vapours of nitric acid are
cooled receiver,
Ans.
) Calcium oxide (CaO) by cooling in the water
and the acid is collected as a brown
(i) 2NH3+ 3CuO> 3Cu + 3H,0 +N
3H; 2NHs heat liquid.
(ii) Na + +
brownish in colour?
Temperature : 450°C
Ans. This is because of the partial
Pressure :200 1000
decomposition of HNO, into NO2
atmospheres
Catalyst :Finelydivided 4HNO 4NO, + Oz + 2H,O
iron be made
Q.7. How can brownish HN0,
Promoter Molybdenum colourless?
Q.4. Write a balanced equation for a reaction Ans. On a dilution with water, NO, is
in which ammonia is oxidized by:
changed back to HNO
) a metal oxide,
(i) a gas which is not oxygen. Q.8. Write balanced equations for the reaction
of dil. HNO, with: (a) Metal carbonates,
[ICSE 2007]
(6) Metal bicarbonates, (c) Basic oxides,
Ans. ( 3CuO+2NH3Cu +3H,O +N2 () Basic hydroxides, (e) Metal sulphites,
(Gi) 8NH, +3Clh >
N,(excess)+ ) Metal bisulphites.
NH,CI Ans. (a) CaCO +2HNO, > Ca(NO)2
D. NITRIC ACID +HO + CO,T
Q.1. What is the common name for nitric (6) 2NaHC0, + 2HNO, 2NaNO,
acid?
+2H,0+ 2C0,T
Ans.
Aqua fortis which means strong water. (c) CaO+ 2HNO,> Ca(NO3)2 + HO
9:2. How HNO, Occurs in free state!? (d) Cu(OH)2 + 2HNO, Cu(NO)2
Ans. N + O, Lightening 2NO (from atmosphere) +2H,O
2NO +
O2 (e) CaSO +2HNO > Ca(NO)2 + H,O
2NO2
4NO, +2HO (rain) + O, 4HNOg +SO2
Chemistry-x 83
)KHSO, + HNO, KNO, + HO Ans. 1. When concentrated HNO, is heas
ated
with copper turnings, brown thun
+SO, of NO2 are evolved.
e
Q.9. Represent by balanced equations
2. Brown ring formation test.
oxidation of:
0.16. Describe briefly brown ring test
() Non-metals, for
NO ion.
(b) Inorganic compounds and,
Ans. When conc. H,S0, is added the
() Metals by conc. HNO side
of the test tube containing a solutiion
Ans. (a) C+ 4HNO, -> CO, + 4NO + 2H,0 of HNO,/nitrate solution and fresh
prepared FeSOq, a brown ring is forme
(b) HS+2HNO, > 2H,0 +2NO, +S at the junction of Hz504 and a mixtur
(c) Cu + 4HNO, > Cu(NO,)2 + 2NO, of HNO + FeSO.
+2H,0 the brown ring formatin.
Q.17. Explain
Q.10. What are the equation involved in the
in the test of
nitric acid by series o
manufacture of HNO, by Ostwald's
equations.
process? Ans. 6FeSO, + 3H,SO, + 2HNO, -
Ans. HNO, is a strong oxidising agent (2) Why is excess air taken in the
and the nascent oxygen formed on process?
decomposition oxidizes the hydrogen (i) Name three organic compounds
to water.
which burn into flames on addition
Q.15. What are the chemical test for nitric of conc. nitric acid.
acid or nitrate?
84 Chemistry-X
Ans. (i) (1) Platinum gauze,
Ans. (i) Ostwald's process
(2) Because all the
reaction require oxygenstages the
and also to
in
(ii) Platinum gauze
favour the forward reaction. (i) The reaction being exothermic,
(ii) Turpentine, alcohols and Q.3. ()Explain, why only all glass
sawdust.
Q.20. () When nitric acid is apparatus should be used for
prepared by the
action of concentrated the preparation of nitric acid by
acid on potassium sulphuric
nitrate, what is heating concentrated sulphuric
the special feature of the apparatus acid and potassium nitrate.
used?
(i) Write the (i) Write a chemical equation to
equation the for illustrate the acidic nature of nitric
laboratory preparation of nitric
acid from potassium nitrate and acid. ICSE 2006]
concentrated sulphuric acid. Ans. (i) This is because the nitric acid
ii) Sodium nitrate is prepared from vapours formed are corrosive and
sodium hydroxide and nitric acid. destroy materials like cork and
Name the type of this reaction. rubber.
(iv) Which gas is produced when (i) HNO ionizes completely in
sodium nitrate is heated? Write
aqueous solution to produce H
the equation for the reaction.
ions which account for the acidic
Ans.
() A glass retort whose stem enters a
nature.
water cooled receiver.
(i) KNO + H,SO KHSOKHSO HNO H'+ NO
+ HNO Q4. The figure given below illustrates the
(ii) Neutralisation of metal hydroxide apparatus used in the
laboratory
with dilute nitric acid. preparation of nitric acid.
(iv) Oxygen
2NaNOA 2NaNO2 +O2 Glass retort
ANSWERS
Sand tray Heat
86 Chemistry-X
1)What is the
name
of gas B? laboratory after th
What is the name of
the
(I) You enter a
the fountain
of the reaction betweern product class has completed
gas A and f o w will you be able
gas B? xperiment
used in the
() (1) Gas A is ammomia. to tell whether the gas
chloride
(2) 3CuO hydrogen
+
2NH,>3Cu N, +
experiment
or ammonia
was
ICSE 2007|
Ans. ( Pb(NO,)2 +
H,SO » (c) State one difference in their
PbSO+2HNO observation.
(i1) Cu + 2H,SO, CuSO (d) Account for the difference in (c).
(conc.) +2H,0 + SO,T (e) Write down the reaction between the
(iin) 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH,),SO,
gases.
(iv) Na,CO, +
2HC> 2NaCI+HO 2. Write the equation for the preparation of:
+CO2 (i) Nitric acid from potassium nitrate.
Q.2. () HCI, HNO3 and H2SO, are the
(i) Hydrogen chloride from sodium
formulae of three compounds.
chloride.
Which of these compounds has the
highest boiling point and which (iii) Ammonia from magnesium nitride.
has the lowest? (iv) Ammonia from sal ammoniac.
i) Dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute 3. State what is observed when:
sulphuric acid are both colourless (a) Hydrochloric acid is added to silver
solutions. How will the addition nitrate solution.
of barium chloride solution to
each help to distinguish between (b) Nitric acid is kept in a glass bottle for
the two? a long time.
Chemistry-x 87
(c) Rubber and cork fittings are used in (a) Complete the reactions for
A
the and C.
laboratory preparation of HNO,
(d) (b) ldentify the substances X, Y, z
Hydrogen chloride is brought in ,
contact with moist air. and J.
() Dilute HNO, accidentally falls on the 6. Complete the following reactions
skin. + HCI (dil.)
(a) CaCO,
4. (b) Mg (ISO,)> + HCI (dil.)-
Show by balanced equation the action of
strong heat on the following: () PhS+ HCI (dil)
(a) KNO, (d) NH + Cl, (excess)
+
(e) NH, (excess) C,
(b) Zn(NO,) A
+ HNO, (very dil.) -
() Mg
A
Fe + NO, (conc.)
(c) AgNO (g)
(h) PbO + NH3
(d) NH,NOO3
(i) NH,OH + H,SO4
(e) NHNO ) CaOClh + NHJ:
5. The following reactions are carried out:
(k) NH3 + HNO,
A: Aluminium + Compound Y
gas X (l) CuO+ HSO, (dil.)
Ammonia +
B:Y + boiling water 7. Concentrated HNO, and concentrate
compound Z HSO04 can oxidise (a) metals, (b) non
C: Ammonia + metal K+
CuO metals, and (c) inorganic compounds
water +gas J Write two balanced equations each for
both the acids for each of (a), (b) and (c
HABER
CONTACT
OSTWALDD
88 Chemistry-X