5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR.

TAHA AHMAD 45
 Net forces in x direction
𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
𝜏 =𝜏 = + (𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 )
𝜎 𝜏 𝜏
𝜏 𝜎 𝜏 𝜏 =𝜏
𝐷𝑢 𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜏
𝜏 𝜏 𝑦 𝜎 𝜏 =𝜏 ρ = (𝜌𝑔 + + + )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

∑ 𝐹 = (𝜌𝑔 + + + )∆𝑥∆𝑦∆𝑧 𝐷𝑣 𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜏
ρ = (𝜌𝑔 + + + )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

𝐷𝑤 𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜏
∑ 𝐹 = (𝜌𝑔 + + + )∆𝑥∆𝑦∆𝑧 ρ = (𝜌𝑔 + + + )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

∑ 𝐹 = (𝜌𝑔 + + + )∆𝑥∆𝑦∆𝑧

5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 46

 Net forces in x,y,z direction
μ = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜆 = 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑟 2
Stokes hypothesis 3𝜆 + 2 μ = 0 𝜆=− 𝜇
3
For Newtonian fluid for normal forces

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝜎 = −𝑝 + 𝜆 + + + 2μ 𝜏 =𝜏 = 𝜇( + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
𝜏 =𝜏 = 𝜇( + ) = + (𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 )
𝜕𝜎 = −𝑝 + 𝜆 + + + 2μ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝐷𝑢 𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜏
𝜏 =𝜏 = 𝜇( + ) ρ = (𝜌𝑔 + + + )
𝜕𝜎 = −𝑝 + 𝜆 + + + 2μ 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝐷𝑣 𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜏
ρ = (𝜌𝑔 + + + )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

𝐷𝑤 𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜏
ρ = (𝜌𝑔 + + + )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 47

 Net forces in x,y,z direction
μ = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜆 = 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑟 2
Stokes hypothesis 3𝜆 + 2 μ = 0 𝜆=− 𝜇
3
For Newtonian fluid for normal forces
𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
= + (𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 )
𝜕𝜎 = −𝑝 + 𝜆 + + + 2μ

𝜕𝜎 = −𝑝 + 𝜆 + + + 2μ
𝐷𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 3 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢
ρ = 𝜌𝑔 − + μ(2 − ∇. 𝑽) + μ( − ) + μ( − )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜎 = −𝑝 + 𝜆 + + + 2μ 𝐷𝑣 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 3 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣
ρ = 𝜌𝑔 − + μ(2 − ∇. 𝑽) + μ( − ) + μ( − )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝜏 =𝜏 = 𝜇( + ) 𝐷𝑤 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑤 3 𝜕 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ρ = 𝜌𝑔 − + μ(2 − ∇. 𝑽) + μ( − ) + μ( − )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢
𝜏 =𝜏 = 𝜇( + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣
𝜏 =𝜏 = 𝜇( + )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 48
 Net forces in x,y,z direction
𝐷𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 3 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢
ρ = 𝜌𝑔 − + μ(2 − ∇. 𝑽) + μ( − ) + μ( − )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

𝐷𝑣 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 3 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣
ρ = 𝜌𝑔 − + μ(2 − ∇. 𝑽) + μ( − ) + μ( − )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝐷𝑤 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑤 3 𝜕 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣
ρ = 𝜌𝑔 − + μ(2 − ∇. 𝑽) + μ( − ) + μ( − )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝐷𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢
ρ = 𝜌𝑔 − + μ( + + )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐷𝑣 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝑣 𝜕 𝑣 𝜕 𝑣
ρ = 𝜌𝑔 − + μ( + + )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐷𝑤 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝑤 𝜕 𝑤 𝜕 𝑤
ρ = 𝜌𝑔 − + μ( + + )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 49

 MOMENTUM EQUATION
Newton’s second law is frequently written as
𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
∑ 𝐹 = 𝑑𝑚 𝒂 = 𝜌 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝒂 𝒂= = + (𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 )

𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
∑ 𝐹 = 𝜌 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + (𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤

𝝈 𝝈 𝝈
𝑑𝐹𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥(𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧) + 𝑑𝑦(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧) + 𝑑𝑧(𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦)

𝝈 𝝈 𝝈
𝑑𝐹𝑥 = + + 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕𝑝
+ ∇ · 𝜌𝑢𝑽 = − + 𝜌 𝑓𝑥 + 𝐹𝑥 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 ∇ · 𝜌𝑢𝑽 = −
𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜌𝑣 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
+ ∇ · 𝜌𝒗𝑽 = − + 𝜌 𝑓𝑦 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 ∇ · 𝜌𝒗𝑽 = −
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜌𝑤 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
+ ∇ · 𝜌𝑤𝑽 = − + 𝜌 𝑓𝑧 + 𝐹𝑧 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 ∇ · 𝜌𝒘𝑽 = −
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 50

 AN APPLICATION OF THE MOMENTUM EQUATION: DRAG OF ATWO-DIMENSIONAL BODY
𝜌𝑉 . 𝑑𝑠 𝑉 = − 𝑝 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑅 Consider unit depth 𝜌𝑉 . 𝑑𝑦 𝑉 = − 𝑝 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑅

𝜌𝑉 . 𝑑𝑦 𝑉 = −𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔
B C
Force ,Drag force = change in the momentum
− 𝜌𝑉 . 𝑑𝑦 𝑉 + 𝜌𝑉 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑦 𝑉(𝑦) = −𝑅
𝑉

𝜌𝑉 . 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜌𝑉 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑦 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒊𝒕𝑦

𝜌𝑉 . 𝑑𝑦 𝑉 + 𝜌𝑉 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑦 𝑉(𝑦) = −𝑅
A D
Air with Momentum M1 Compare M1 and M2 Air with Momentum M2 𝜌𝑉 . 𝑑𝑦 𝑉 + 𝜌𝑉 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑦 𝑉(𝑦) = −𝑅
M1 > M2 What that meaning?
𝜌 𝑉 𝑉 − 𝑉(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = −𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔

5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 51

 Energy equation
For an incompressible flow, where ρ is constant, the primary flow-field variables are p and V.

The continuity and momentum equations obtained earlier are two equations in terms of the two unknowns p and V.

Hence, for a study of incompressible flow, the continuity and momentum equations are sufficient tools to do the job.

However, for a compressible flow, ρ is an additional variable, and therefore we need an additional fundamental
equation to complete the system.

This fundamental relation is the energy equation, to be derived in this section.

In the process, two additional flow-field variables arise, namely, the internal energy e and temperature T . Additional
equations must also be introduced for these variables, as will be mentioned later in this section.

5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 52

 Energy can be neither created nor destroyed; it can only change in form.

Let an incremental amount of heat δq be added to the system from the surroundings.

Also, let δw be the work done on the system by the surroundings. Both heat and work are forms of energy, and when added to the
system, they change the amount of internal energy in the system.

Denote this change of internal energy by de.

𝛿𝑞 + 𝛿𝑤 = 𝑑𝑒

Let this

volumetric rate of heat addition per unit mass be denoted by q˙. Typical units for q˙ are J/s · kg

The mass contained within an elemental volume is ρ dV; hence, the rate of heat addition to this mass is q˙(ρ dV).
Summing over the complete control volume, we obtain

Rate of volumetric heating = ∰ 𝑞˙𝜌 𝑑𝑉

5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 53

 CONTINUITY EQUATION

5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 54

5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 55
5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 56
5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 57
5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 58
5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 59
5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 60
5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 61
5/20/2023 DR. MOHAMMED SALEH & DR. TAHA AHMAD 62