132 Activity No.

A-3

Aim three bulbs, three (on-off) switches

comprising
Toassemble a household circuit
source.
and a power

Apparatus of 10 V with tappings

4 V

source of a

W each), fuse of 0.6

A, power
Three bulbs (5 V, 1
and a main switch.
6 V, 8 V and 10 V

A(a.c.)

a.c. Ammeter

L
M.S
Power
Source Source of Supply
O to 10 V Fuse (0 to 0.75 A)
(b)

Fig. 7.6. (a) Circuit diagram (b) Actual layout

Theory
Household circuit functions on the main supply of 220 V, 50 Hz and current ratings of SA
for domestic supply for normal appliances - bulbs, fluorescent tubes, fans etc.
Power 15 A
Supply: for heavy load appliances refrigerator, air conditioner, geyser, hot
plate etc.

Total power consumption P' at any time,

P Pi + P2 + Ps + .

where P, P2 Pg - are powers drawn by various appliances

At a
potential "V', the current I drawn from the
mains is

P V.ie. I = -P

For P in watts and V in

volts, I will be in
amperes.
Normally, to
protect the
appliances from damage when unduly
fuse of little higher
a
rating, 10 to 20% high currents are awn,
aa
connected in series with the higher than the current normally are
set of
appliances. drawi
Remember that in household
a switch circuits, all appliances are connected in PARALLEL with
connected in series with each
Also for further appliance in LIVE supply line.
safety, a suitable value MAINS
supply source. Note that fuse is a
FUSE is connected in series
the
the one recommended. safety device, never use w
a fuse of higher rating
than
 133
acedure
the
Pxune the items listed under the
heading Apparatus.
the bulbs B,. B, and B, in series with
ach switches S,. S, and S,
set of bultb and switch in respectively, and
parallel with each other, Fig. 7.6
the
Connect the mains switch M.S. and fuse F in series (a).
with the power source which
a ormer (0, 2 V, 4 V, 6 V). One
step-down transfor may
end of the
bult switch assembly connected at one end of the
is parallel combination of
the power source.
power source and other end on the
other end of
Check the circuit once again to ensure that household circuit is complete.
To test the fuse : Bulbs are usually of rating of (5 V, 1.0 W) each. The current drawn
1.0
= 0.2 A. For three bulbs, the total current
drawn should not exceed 0.6 A,

5Increase the current gradually to 0.75 A, the fuse must burn off at about 0.6 A.

Conclusion
The household circuit assembly is complete and installed with the safety fuse of suitable
value
Precautions

1. Step-down transformer with tappings of 4 V, 6 V, 8 V and 10 V should be used.

2. The safety fuse should be selected suitably.
3. Bulbs of only the stated ratings should be used. If these are not available, then the fuse
selected should be of appropriate value. When large current is drawn, a fuse of much
higher rating than the calculated one will damage the whole line before itself blowing off.

Discussion
Main supply for domestic use is marked as MANS 220 volts 50 Hz, SA for light and
15A for power.
In an altermating voltage-current supply the p.d./current keeps varying with the passage
Or time in a sinusoidal manner, then what are these 220, 5 and 15 values? These are root
mean square values of the a.c. supply. If V, is the peak value then the r.m.s. value is

to the a.c. value that brings about the same power

2 . Value of r.m.s. is equivalent
crect in a resistor as that of the direct voltage.
for their operation. Industrial
Owever, in industry, heavy machines require heavy power
Calculations of power
three phase, 50 Hz.
PPy of electrical power is at 440V, circuits. These are
done using star-delta
cons much difficult and are
nption are more

dealt with in electrical

engineering.
2
Wir that the appliances are connected
household circuits is done in such
a way
n
switch. The purpose is that
its own independent
rallel and each appliance having the others
if one appliance goes off,
all
are designed for 220V,
50 Hz a.c. and
ddo not ances
get affected. number of sockets are not connected
More it is advisable that large
as a precaution one point, causing
excessive
vEr,
at the overloading at
same point becuase it will cause
serious accidents or fire.
heatin and fire or : finally resulting in
short circuiting,
 135
Activity No. A-4
AimT oacsemble
ssemble.
the components of a given electrical circ

Apparatus

onents:: resis
Components resistors, inductors, ammeter, voltmeter, battery, key etc.

Flectric Circuit

www

Lo
Fig. 7.7. Electric circuit, using given components

Procedure
with each other shown in
Connect the components (resistors, inductors etc.) in series
as
1.
Fig. 7.7 and also in series with the battery.
in the circuit, connect the ammeter in series with the components.
. To measure the current

the voltmeter in parallel with the circuit element.

connect
3.To measure the potential drop,
in electric circuit is complete.
.
Assembly of the electrical components

Conclusion
circuit is complete.
ASSembly of all the components in electric

Precautions
with each other.
components are
connected in series
Cneck that all
voltmeter is connected in parallel
the
connected in series and
a m m e t e r is
n a t the
with the circuit element.

Discussion advisable to
connect the various equipment

While in a circuit, it is
Dng the components
and ine order.
ruments in the following eliminators.)
battery
1. Sourc accumulator or
of potential difference (a battery
136
A plug key.

Resistors, inductors, bulbs and any electrical load in any form.

metre briage ec.
Measuring instruments ammeter, voltmeter, potentiometer,
The components should be arranged on the able in this order taking care that loads,
resistors, inductors, bulbs are placed end to end. The plug key is by the side of the battery
It
and ammeter in series with its red terminal on positive side of the battery. p.d. across
a component is required, place the voltmeter in parallel to it taking care that its red
terminal is close to the end of load where the current enters the component.

Assembling is done by connecting the components using thick copper connecting wires
with plug of the key taken out. Check the circuit again before switching on the power
source. If everything is right plug in the key.
 142
Activity No. A-6

Aim

To draw the diagram of given open circuit comprising at least a battery, a resi
esistorl
ammeter and voltmeter. Mark
the components that are not connected
rheostat, key, in
correct the circuit and also the
circuit diagram.
proper order and

Apparatus
A given open circuit, comprising at least a cell or a battery, plug key, resistor, rheostar
stat,
voltmeter, connecting wires, sand paper etc.
ammeter,

Theory Functional and open electrical circuits

(a) Functional Electrical Circuit. An electrical circuit is functional only when all the
components of the circuit are connected in proper order, assuming that all circuit
components/devices are in working condition and key is closed.

(b) Open Electrical Circuit. An open circuit means that there is a break in some part of the
circuit. The break may be deliberate such as key is in open position or there is a fault
such as broken wire or burnt out component(s) or loose connection.

Note to Teachers

For this activity, the concerned teachers are required to set up few open circuits with cireuit
diagrams drawn. In these open circuits some of the components are not arranged in proper
order. Students, then should be asked to do this activity with the guidance of the teacher.

Some of the suggested open circuits (i.e., non-functional circuits) are given below in
Fig. 7.10 (a), (6). (©) and )
V
R
wwww

w. w.
Rh Rh

ww

E K
(a)
(b)
R R
wwwM- www

K
www-
Rh
www. K
Rh
E
(c)
(d)
Fig. 7.10. Suggested open circuits (i.e., non-functional circuits)
Procedure 143
circuit diagrams 7.10 (a), (b),
the circuit
1.
Draw (c) and (d) in
your notebook.
Pick up circuit.
one circuit
one Write its various
nonents which are components in the
not connected in observation
proper order. table. Mark those
Drawthe correct Circuit diagram.

ow make the correct connecions

uSing the electrical
in the corrected circuit diagramn. components in the manner given
Now close the plug key and check
up whether the corrected circuit
is now functional.
Observations

For correct connection, mark yes () and for incorrect

put (X) mark.

S.No. Circuit Component Correct Connection Wrong Connection

1. Cellbattery
Key
3. Resistor
4 Rheostat
5. Voltmeter

6. Ammeter

Result
The corrected circuit assembled using components in proper order is found functional on
checking.
Precautions
Ammeter and voltmeter of suitable range should be chosen.
and voltmeter in parallel. It means
neter should be connected in series with the circuit
connected to the positive terminal of
at the positive terminal of the battery should be
the voltmeter and
positive terminal of ammeter
cleaned by
3. Befor connecting wires should be
e making connections, the ends of the
rubbing with sand paper.
when required.
.
The pug key and be closed only
should be kept open normally

Discussion potential
1. A rheostav in the circuit and
also (i) as a
resistance
used (i) as a variable
how it is done.
livider. Aplain with proper circuit
connections

offered in the electrical

2. A change the
resistance

resistance box and

: rheostat both can
how.
circuit, yet their functions are
different. Explain
 ACTIVITY NO. B-1
Aim
To study the effect of intensity of light (by varying the distance ofthe source) on DR
(light dependent resistor).
Apparatuss
An LDR, a multimeter, a source of intense light and a convex lens.
For alternative study
A battery eliminator (0 to 6V), a lamp bulb, (6V, 0.05A) and an LDR.

Theory
A light dependent resistor is made up of cadmium sulphide whose resistance depends on the
intensity of light incident on it. A good quality LDR shows a variation of resistance from
10 M2 in complete darkness to about 0.1 ksQ in
day light. Symbol of an LDR is shown in
Fig. 11.1 (a). With increase of distance of the source, the intensity of light
decreases
inversely as square of distance.

Light
6V (D.C. source)

L.D.R
Electric bulb
To probes of (6V, 0.05AA)
multimeter
set at R

(a)
Light
wwwLDR
(b)
to multimeter set at ohm
Fig. 11.1. (a)
Symbol LDR, 6) LDR
exposed to light from a bulb, incident normally.
It would be an
interesting exercise to study the effect of light
following factors on LDR on account of
u
1.
Adjust the source of light such that
Keeping the source fixed and light falls normally on the LDR Fig. 11.1 b).
varying its
intensity from zero (complete atural
light) and then varying the current darknesd afe
maximum rating value giving through the filament of the bulb from zero sate
maximum intensity.
2.
Exposing LDR to normally intense light for
zero second to 120 s at thevarying time from interval as time varies
intervals of 10 seconds.
 no the source
resistance of LDR
vertically above LDR at
243
a
distance
and measure of 2 cm
the
ry the distance to 4 cm, 6 cm, 8
cm and
emoment, it is advisable to study the effect of10 cm and repeat the step no. 3.
At th
the distance of source from it. intensity of light on the LDR by
varying
Procedure

1. Turn the selector switch and set it on R for the

Plug the metallic ends of measurement of resistance.
black probe in
of red in terminal marked as P
terminal marked common in
(or +). Short the other multimeter and that
adjust' to get full scale deflection metallic ends and adjust the 'R
reading
at
meter. zero ohm in the
3. Now touch the metallic probes to the two
metal ends of the LDR
the value of resistance when: Fig. I1. (a) and read
() The source is kept at a distance of 2
keeping the LDR vetically below it.
cm, fixing the source of light in a stand and
(ii) Moving the source to 4 cm distance from the LDR and
(iii) Moving the source to 6, 8 and 10 cm distances from LDR and
observations three more times. repeating
4. Record your observations in the table given below.

Observations
Table 11.1. Effect of Distance of Source on Resistance of LDR
No. of Obs. Distance of source from L.D.R. Resistance of L.D.R.
(cm) (ohm)
1. 2 ********************

2. 4

3. 6 **************

4 ***************

5. 10 *******"***

Conclusion
showing that
the distance of the source increases, the resistance of LDR also increases,
C ntensity of light decreases with increase of distance.

ACTIVITY NO. B-2

Aim
resistor and
Toidentijy
d transistor, an IC (integrated circuit), a a
a diode, an LED, a
caj items.
An o r from a mixed collection of such
Apparatus
A mixed collection resistor and a capacitor.
diode, transistor, an IC, a
of a a

Theory transistor has three terminals and

A
Resis capacitor and diode are two
terminal devices.
have flat back. One can easily
an I Most of the IC packages
ds minimum of eight legs.
 244 components. AA
transistor being a
mentioned
above
mixture of the
segregate an IC out of a
just by looking the
at the various con
components,
can be identified
three terminal device
the following characteristics af
terminal devices,
For identifying the
may be utilized.
two
components
constant current
d.c. circuit, it shows
a
Resistor : When connected in a

d.c. circuit, a multimeter set at R showe

R shows
Capacitor: When connected in a
initially a full.
decays to zero very quickly.
scale (current) which

1000uF
1234 6V
Wire
0.47F
Paper Electrolytic
Rings (b) CAPACITORS
Mica
(a) CARBON RESISTOR

pnp or npn

LED
T
(c) DIODES
(d) TRANSISTOR

Fig. 11.2. Resistors, capacitors, diodes and transistor

1 2 3 4 5 6 78

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Fig. 11.3. Some of the commonly available integrated circuits (ICs).

Procedure
1. Look at the mixed
components and identify the one with maximum number of legs, e
the onewhich has more than 3 legs. This
component would have a flat face and i1s g
are of flat metal
strip such that the tip of legs is thinner than the top. This
compo
nent

is IC (integrated circuit).
2. The
component with three legs is a transistor.
3. Use a multimeter with selector the
switch turned king
on to position R for
continuity.The probe metal ends are
inserted in terminals marked on tne c e
meter.as

common and P (or +ve) such that the

black one is in common and red n P(o
+ve). On touching the two ends of the pro0
device to the two other metal ends O hes, if
() there is a P
continuity in both the directions reversed), ie
the meter needle shows
a definite
(directly connected
and
ir
(i) there is only a
deflection, the component is a re
istor.

connected such

unidirectional flow of current, i.e., when

that the metal
tip of black probe is connected to the probesorar e c t i o n d e v i c e
marked +ve, and that of terminal d no

red probe to common current flows bu

current flows on terminal, curro diode
reversing the polarity, then the component device is a i tis
(in) the diode
a simple diode.
emit light while conducting emits light, it is an LED.
LED. If T does
IT it
not
 245
the probes of the multimeter shows full
scale deflection
a
decays to zero value with the passage of time (i.e., the initially
device has verydeflection
but the
high or
infinite resistance), it is a capacitor.

your
observations as follows
Recon

Observations

Table 11.2

No. of Obs. Number of legs

Device
1. More than 3 IC
2. Three Transistor
3. Two Capacitor, diode or resistor

No. of Obs. | Possible current flow o Device oloe

Unidirectional emits no light Diode
Unidirectional emits light LED
5. Both directions (steady) Resistor
0. Initially high but decays to zero Capacitor