UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

LAHORE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

M.Phil. Applied Chemistry (Morning)

Subject:
MPhil CY-609: Nanotechnology

Submitted To:
Prof Dr. Aneela Anwar

Submitted By:
Dibaj Azhar Bhatti 2022-Mphil-App-Chem-26

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Q 01: Ostwald Ripening

Ostwald ripening is the phenomena in which smaller particles in solution dissolve and deposit
on larger particles in order to reach a more thermodynamically stable state wherein the surface
to area ratio is minimized. Ostwald ripening is a major source of deactivation of functional
nanomaterials. It consists in the growth of large nanoparticles at the expense of smaller ones via
the formation and decomposition of intermediate chemical species.

Q 02: Plasma

Plasma is one of four fundamental states of matter, characterized by the presence of a

significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons. It is the most
abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe, being mostly associated with stars, including
the Sun.

❖ Plasma Synthesis
One of the most commonly used methods of producing metal nanopowders is known as
plasma synthesis. This is a physical method that converts metals from bulk or powdered
forms into nanopowders via evaporation and condensation processes. Nanoparticles are
also synthesized by RF plasma method. This plasma is generated by RF heating coils.
The starting metal is contained in a pestle and this pestle is contained in an evacuated

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 chamber. The metal is heated above its evaporation point by using high voltage RF coils
wrapped around the evacuated chamber.

Q 03: Range for true solutions

True Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in which substance dissolved
(solute) in solvent has the particle size of less than 10-9 m or 1 nm. Simple solution of sugar in water is
an example of true solution.

Range for colloidal solution:

Colloids are homogeneous mixtures having a particle size of 1–1000 nm.

Q 04: Continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis

In continuous hydro thermal flow senses the starting materials are formed in aqueous solution
and secondly the reactants are combined at a mixing point with high temperature and pressure.
Water becomes super critical at this high temperature and pressure as a result this rapid heating
of reactants allows hydro thermal synthesis precipitation and crystallization.

Fig: Schematic diagram of Continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis

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Q 05: Define CPFS?

The continuous plastic flow synthesis system (CPFS) is a simple single step method that was
used for the synthesis of and other purity bio ceramics under near ambient conditions with
affordable and readily available regent.

Q 06: Differentiate between homonucleation and heteronucleation?

Homonucleation Heteronucleation
This is consider as it is the simplest It is the nucleation that occurs in
case of nucleation. Homogeneous liquid surfaces of its container,
nucleation in liquid metal occurs insoluble impurities or other
when metal itself provides atoms to structural material which lower the
form nuclei. critical free energy required to form a
stable nucleus.
It has slow speed It has fast speed

Example: 1) in gas: Creation of Example: a free surface, the wall of a

liquid droplets in saturated vapor; container, embedded particle, an
2) in liquid: formation of gaseous interphase boundary in a liquid or
bubbles, crystals (e.g., ice solid, and a grain or domain boundary
formation from water), or glassy in a solid.
regions;

Q 07: Laser Ablation

Laser ablation or photoablation is the process of removing material from a solid surface by
irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed laser
energy and evaporates or sublimates. At high laser flux, the material is typically converted to a
plasma. Laser ablation provides high production rates, good particle size control, and good
monodispersity. Laser ablation allows control over material properties using process parameters
including laser tuning and multi-target precursors

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Q 08: Plume

Lasers, electrocautery devices, and similar equipment are used for surgery, ablation (removal
of tissues), or cauterization to vaporize, coagulate, and cut tissue. The by-products of these
procedures include vapours, smoke, and particulate debris, which are collectively called plume.
Laser plume particles can range in size from 0.1 to 2.0µm. The term lung-damaging dust refers
to particle size ranging from 0.5 to 5.0µm.

Q 09: Sputtering

Sputtering is a phenomenon in which microscopic particles of a solid material are ejected

from its surface, after the material is itself bombarded by energetic particles of a plasma or gas.
It occurs naturally in outer space, and can be an unwelcome source of wear in precision
components. Sputtering is a technique used to deposit thin films of a material onto a surface
(a.k.a. "substrate"). By first creating a gaseous plasma and then accelerating the ions from this
plasma into some source material (a.k.a. "target"), the source material is eroded by the arriving
ions via energy transfer and is ejected in the form of neutral particles - either individual atoms,
clusters of atoms or molecules.

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Q 10: Thermal evaporation

Thermal evaporation is a common method of physical vapor deposition (PVD). It is one of the
simplest forms of PVD and typically uses a resistive heat source to evaporate a solid material in
a vacuum environment to form a thin film. The material is heated in a high vacuum chamber
until vapor pressure is produced.

Application of nanomaterials in thermal ablation in treatment of cancer