INTRODUCTION TO CRUISE LINE purchased insurance from your travel agent)
MIDTERM REVIEWER 9. An itinerary
I. CRUISE EXPERIENCE
Source of Cruise Information:
- Ads
- Commercials
- Friends (Who have experience
cruising)
- Internet
- Travel Agent (The one who can give
you accurate information about the
cruise)
A Few Weeks before Departure
1. An invoice, confirmation, ticket, or voucher
that verifies you are on the trip, probably also
listing such information as embarkation date
and hours, pier location, cabin number, which
dining room seating you have, your booking ID
number, and the terms and conditions of your
voyage.
2. A list of the documents you will need (e.g.,
VISA, passport)
3. An identification button.
 It has the logo of the company so that
the company staff will know where you
going
4. A document on tuxedo rentals.
5. A gift order form (e.g., for champagne
available in your cabin upon arrival)
6. Color-coded luggage tags (usually two for
each person)
7. Immigration and customs forms, if needed
8. An explanation/sign-up form for travel
insurance (not necessary if you have already
10. Air tickets and hotel information (if
arranged through the cruise line)
- Free Cruise- (Stay in a Hotel)
- Direct to the Terminal
11. Embarkation port information (the cruise
line or your travel agent may also have given
you a map of your embarkation port)
12. A leaflet on how ship-to-shore
communication works, which may also list
important telephone and fax numbers (make a
copy of this document for friends or family in
case there is an emergency back home)
13. A list of shore excursions and how to sign up
for them.
14. A card that will serve as your identification
throughout the trip to change things, to get on
the ship, etc. (you might not get this card until
you get to the ship)
On the Way to Your Cruise
1. If the flight was booked through the cruise
line, a company representative meets you at
the airline terminal, along with others bound
for the same ship
2. Luggage is placed in the bus, too, or on
another vehicle. You probably will not see it
again until you get to your stateroom. The
cruise line will take care of everything. It is the
first of many hassle-saving benefits of a cruise.
3. Your bus arrives at the port terminal.
Embarkation began at 2 P.M. and it is now 3:30
P.M.
4. Cruise line representative, who reviews your
documents
5. They will take your credit card imprint to
cover onboard charges and gives you any
materials you need. (This is the equivalent of
checking in at a hotel front desk.)
 Cruise in cashless
 If you don’t have a credit card. You
can’t buy anything onboard the ship
 But Deposit on the account is being
done at the purser’s office
6. Usually you pass through some sort of
security procedure and carry-on luggage
screening, like those at airports.
7. There will be a picture taken before boarding
the ship taken by the photographer
 It is available and it is on us if we will
buy it
8. You make your way up the gangway--the
walkway that connects the ship with the dock.
9. As you enter the ship, you pass through
another security screening checkpoint. As you
enter, several smiling ship staff members greet
you.
10. A trio of musicians may be playing, too. You
are finally finding out what others have told
you: Once you are on a cruise ship, boredom is
left behind on the dock.
Onboard the Ship
1. You now find your way to your stateroom,
escorted by a crew member/dining staff. The
stateroom door is open.
- Cabin Steward can’t escort you to
your room since they are assigned
to your luggage
2. You also may go to the purser's desk to
register your credit card, since you did not do so
at the port. Most ships today operate on a
"cashless" basis.
 all onboard expenses are not included
in the cruise price.
 On the last day, they will be charged to
your credit card.
3. Upon return to your stateroom, you find that
your luggage has arrived. Currently, your cabin
steward--the person who maintains your
stateroom--introduces himself or herself to you.
4. Checking shipboard activities
5. On every ship, a lifeboat drill must take place
within 24 hours of departure. It often happens
before you even set sail.
 A public address announcement
reminds you it is about to occur.
 You put on the orange life vest you
found in your stateroom--fumble with
are better words.
Departure
1. A ship's departure is one of the most
energetic moments on a cruise.
- In 30 minutes the gangway will rise
- 1st day all staff are busy
- There is always send away party
2. The sense of fun and excitement is
everywhere. After enjoying some activities, you
return to your stateroom.
3. When you booked your cruise, your travel
agent asked you which "seating" you wanted
for the voyage.
A. Fixed Seating
 The first seating
- have assigned table
- located at the lower deck
- earlier two meals
- 5:30 PM – 7:00 PM
 The Second seating
- main seating
- later of 2 meals
 - 8:00 PM – 9:30 PM

B. Open Seating A Day in Port

- Passengers can seat where they 1. Go shore excursion trip

wish
2. Will go on a shore
- Have a reservation
- Located at the Upper Level 3. Stay onboard the ship
- Breakfast and Lunch are open
seating

4. Guest can proceed to the dining room if
he/she has no reservation
5. Dinner on most ships is followed by
entertainment in the main showroom.
- It has no reservation
- Video and photos are prohibited
- Performance is being done two
times
- Guest drink first in the lounge
before going to the dining room
The Last Night and the Following Day
1. You will pack your things
- You place the suitcasoutsideee your
stateroom door. A staff member
will pick it up and store it for the
night.
- You will see your luggage in the
terminal with a color code
2. Last dinner onboard the ship
3. Tipping Guidelines

A. Traditional Tipping- Good service to guest

A Day at Sea
B. Automatic Tipping- Charged daily
1. Basically, cruise days come in two varieties:
days at in port. C. Included in Fare- Ultra-luxury lines tend to
include tips in the cruise fare.
2. Sea Day most of the time you can’t do
anything

3. Shipboard newspaper and breakfast Cruiseline Company

4. Shipboard Activities: Traditional Automatic Include in Fare

Celebrity Carnival Regent Seven Seas
- Deck games Crystal Costa Seabourn
- Exercise RCCL Cunard Silver Sea
- Bingo HAL
- Theatre
- Port lecture
- Shore excursion sign-up
- Dining
- Entertainment (Sports facilities are
located on the upper deck)
- Recreation
ADDITIONAL CRUISE INFO:

1. Zodiac Boat- Use for adventure Cruises

2. You can eat 3x a day

3. Theme Cruises:

A.Olvia Cruises (Lesbian)

B. RSB Cruises (Gay)

4. Ship officers occasionally join passengers in

formal evening

5. Some room service has a modest charge

6. Once the passenger leaves the ship, the crew

rapidly prepares the vessel for the next batch

7. Tipping customary or required

CAN A CRUISE BE CANCELED?

1. Mechanical Problem- if it is one only

engine
2. Dangerous Weather Report- One port
but not the entire cruise
3. Political on rest in the port of call- One
port but not the entire cruise
4. Health Concerns- It depends
5. Terrorism- One port but not the entire
cruise
6. Failure of a new facility to deliver a
new ship on time- Yes, the WHOLE
cruise canceled

PASSENGER QUESTIONS:

- How will I know which photos are

mine?
- Does the crew sleep onboard?
- What do you do to ice carving after
they melt?
- Will I get wet l, If I do snorkeling
- What time is the midnight buffet

II. JOB OPPORTUNITIES IN THE CRUISE
INDUSTRY:
3 occupational areas:
1. Sea-Base Operation
2. Land-Based Operation
3. Travel Agency Community
A. SEA-BASED OPERATION
3 Major Departments in Sea-Based:
1. Hotel Department
2. Nautical/Deck Department
3. Medical Department
1. Captain
 Master/Commander of the vessel
 EPAULETTE- Ornamental shoulder piece
 4 Stripes and have logos
 Under The Nautical/Deck Department
 Nautical/Deck Department - Control
Navigation of the vessel
2. The Staff Captain/Deputy Captain/Chief
Officer
 Second in rank
 supervised team of a junior and senior
officer
 4 Stripes but a different logo
 Under the Nautical/Deck Department
3. The Chief Engineer
 Overseas all mechanical operation
 He dresses in formal attire when he is
on the upper deck
 Under the Technical Department
4. Chief Medical Officer/Doctor
 He attends to the health of both
passengers and crew
 Under Medical Department
 Cruise only has a medical officer
5. Chief Radio Officer/Communication Officer
 Overseas in-room satellite to
programming
 Under the Nautical/Deck Department
HOTEL DEPARTMENT OPERATION
1. Hotel Manager/Chief Purser
 Guest Satisfaction is their responsibility
 Guest Comfort
 Managed Expenditure and Revenues
 4 Stripes and No Logo
 Crew Purser (Crew)- In charge of all
crew on board
 Hotel Purser (Passengers)- Tends to
passengers’ matters
2. Food and Beverage Manager/Director
 Overseas Restaurant and Bar
 He managed the entire F and B
Operation (Kitchen Production, Bar,
Lounge, and Dining Area)
3. Executive Chef
 Under Galley Department
 The Highest rank in the kitchen
 He controls the preparation and Serving
of all food
 CORPORATE CHEF- The one who makes
the menu and food
4. Head Housekeeper/Chief Steward/Chief C. Entertainment Department
Housekeeper/Executive Housekeeper
 Cruise Director
 He managed all the stateroom  Assistant Cruise Director
 Head of Housekeeping  Musical Director
 In charge of all public Areas  Youth Staff
 All Linen is under the Housekeeping  Musician
Department  Stage Manager
 Stage Staff
5. Shore Excursion Manager
 Party Planner
 Under the Shore Excursion Department  Librarian
 Head of Shore excursions
 Booking of Port based on
D. Food and Beverage Department
package/tours
1. Maitre D/Restaurant Manager
6. The Cruise Director
Supervised the staff, welcomed the guest, and
 Under the Entertainment Department
assigned tables/Reservation
 Coordinates all entertainment and
informational activities onboard
 The one who speaks public address
E. BAR DEPARTMENT
 Qualifications: Good Voice and Good in
English Speaking 1. Bar Manager

 Manage shipboard beverage operation

 Supervisor will be the one who will face
ADDITIONAL DEPARTMENT:
in case of any problem
B. Front Office Department
2. Bartender
 Guest Relation Department
 Prepare all alcoholic beverages (mix or
 Chief Purser
cocktail)
 Guest Relation Manager (Head)
 Maintain inventory of liquors, mixers,
 Guest Relation Supervisor (help the
and other bar items
head)
 Telephone Concierge- Helps guest that 3. Bar Steward/Stewardess
occupies a higher category
 The one who serves drinks in the Bar
 Guest Relation Attendant - All around
 Nerve the center of the Hotel operation 4. Sommelier
is the Front Desk
 The Wine Steward
 Qualifications: Good voice and good
English Speaking  Overseas the inventory of all wine list
 He can't be seen in the dining room
5. Bar Boy/Bar Utility

 Lowest Rank in the Bar SALON/SPA/FITNESS DEPT

 They assist the bartender
 Fitness Instructor
 Massage Attendant
 Hair Dresser
F. RESTAURANT DEPARTMENT
 Spa Attendant
1. Dining Room Waiter/Waitress

 Maitre D is their Head

CASINO DEPARTMENT
 Provides guests with courteous and
professional service  Casino Manager
 CROUPIER- In charge of the gaming
table
Wet Goods- Kitchen  Cage Attendant (Machinery)

Dry Goods- Office

OTHERS:

G. Sanitation Department  Dance Instructor

 Port Lecturer
- In charge of the cleaning galley and restaurant
 Photographer
Note: Always remember that the Housekeeping  OS (Ordinary Seas)
Department cleans all the public area

B. LAND-BASED OPERATION STRUCTURE

Chef De Partie- Meat chef
1. Chairman/CEO (Chief Executive Officer)
Entremetier- Vegies Chef
-Principal or Owner of Cruise

2. VP of Marketing
H. Housekeeping Department
- Promotes cruise line products to clients
 Housekeeping Executive
3. VP of Sales
 Housekeeping Supervisor
 Room Attendant/Steward - In charge of selling cruises
 Assistant Room Attendant
4. VP of Finance
H.1 LAUNDRY DEPARTMENT
- Handles the money for cruise/Financial Issues
 Line Keeper
5. VP of Operation
 Laundry Man
- In charge of creating passenger activities
H.2 LINEN DEPARTMENT

H.3 ROOM SERVICE DEPARTMENT

6. VP of National Account

- Passenger Supplier Relationship/agency chain 3. Consortion/Affiliated Agencies (Group)

7. VP of Group Incentives -Combination of an organization that has a

common purpose
- coordinates with the group (theme cruises)
that sails

HOW DO TRAVEL AGENCIES MAKE MONEY?

C. TRAVEL AGENCIES  when travel Agent sells cruises, they

Importance:
 Cruise is not a commodity but a lifestyle
 There are no 2 individual cruises that
are the same
 It is always different
 Cruises are not aligning
received a commission for their effort
 OVERRIDE COMMISSION- gives
agencies a commission over and above
the base commission
BENEFITS OF WORKING ON CRUISE SHIP

 The opportunity to see the world and

get paid for it (Ex. Cruise and Airlines)
PROVIDES DIFFERENT OPTIONS:
 Gratuity
 Air  The op6 to meet interesting
 Rail guests/passengers from around the
 Car world
 Lodging  Day to Day expenses are take-off
 Tours expenses and accommodations are free
 Cruises on cruise
 Other Travel Products

DISADVANTAGE OF WORKING ON A CRUISE

KINDS OF TRAVEL AGENCIES  Working on a cruise is not a job but a
1. Independent Agencies lifestyle
 Most ships are registered in foreign
-Privately owned countries- PH Labor Laws don't apply
-Limited Economic Leverage (Connection)  Daily Working hours are long and often
with split shift
Ex: Yun Mga agency sa recto
*6-10 Months Contract
2. Agency Chain
*10-14 Hours of work
- Large groups of regionally or nationally
branded agency  Salaries are relatively high for officers
and senior officers and other are paid
- May mga branch kada region ganern well below minimum wage
Ex: PAL
  There are very little job security and
few workers right
 Accommodations are tight and simple

TWO PATHS ON HOW TO GET A JOB ON A

CRUISE SHIP

1. CONTRACT CONCESSIONER OR APPLY IN

MANUALLY BY AGENCY

2. CONTACT THE CRUISE LINE ITSELF - THESE

SYSTEMS ARE GENERALLY WEB OR PHONE-
BASED

III. BASIC SEAFERER’S DOCUMENT AND
CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
How to get a Seaman's Book?
1. Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
 Was passed (IMO- International
Maritime Organization) in response to
the Titanic disaster in 1912.
 An International agreement for all
vessels (cargo, tanker, passenger, etc.)
that sets standards for safety,
emergency procedures, and other such
protocols.
 Requires flag States to ensure that their
ships comply with minimum safety
standards in construction, equipment,
How to get a Seaman's Book?
and operation.
2. BT CERTIFICATE-BASIC SAFETY TRAINING
(BST) OR STCW 95
 Standards of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers (or STCW)
 Requires that seafarers be provided
with "familiarization training" and
"basic safety training" which includes
basic firefighting, elementary first aid,
personal survival techniques, and
personal safety and social responsibility.
 To be renewed every 5 years
3. SIRB (Seaman's International Record Book)
 A Seaman's Book is a record of a
seaman's career certifications and
experiences. It does not take the place
of a passport or visa
 Must set an appointment thru MARINA
online
 You must secure all the requirements
needed, then file them at the Maritime
Industry Authority (MARINA)
1. Visit
http://marinaappointment.com/ma
2. You will be directed to the MARINA
website then click SET AN
APPOINTMENT.
3. Select document SIRB, DATE and TIME
then click NEXT (The next available date
is 7 days, and better to select time after
3 pm).
1. For New Applicant Birth Certificate NSO
Valid NBI Clearance
-Basic Training Certificate
-Transcript of Records 8) Additional
documents to prepare: Photocopies of
NBI, BST, BT COP, All pages of SIRB, Sea
Service Certificate and License -White
Long Folder / Documentary Stamp
2. On your appointment date and time,
proceed to 5th Level SM City Manila,
Concepcion St. corner Arroceros Street,
Manila.
3. Pay for Documentary Stamp (P25) and if
you forget to bring a white long folder,
it is also available (P10) inside. 11) Go to
EVALUATION in counter 4 or 5 to
submit documents and photocopies for
online appointments.
4. Go to CASHIER for payment -Regular
(P800) for next-day release
5. Expedite (P1,500) within 4 hours
release
6. Go to the IMAGE CAPTURING area and
receive the official receipt and proceed
to the RELEASING area of EXPEDITE
 processing. But if REGULAR, go back the
next day around 1 pm.
6. C1/D VISA-(SEAMAN VISA)
7. If you want to apply for a Walk-In
application of SIRB, be there at SM  Also known as Transit Visa - a non-
MANILA before 8 am since they can immigrant visa for crewmen serving
only accept 400 applicants per day. aboard a vessel in any capacity that will
land in the US to enter the US. A person
with this VISA would be admitted into
4. SIRB (Seaman's International Record Book) the US for up to 29 days.
 Validity: 1 year or 5 years
REQUIREMENTS:
 Requirements:
 Transcript of Record (High School TOR -Personal appearance is required
for High School Graduates) (College TOR Passport with a minimum validity of six
for College Graduates) School Diploma (6) months.
(High School Diploma for High School
Graduates) (College Diploma for College
Graduates) Certificate of Authentication 7. CROWD MANAGEMENT & CRISIS
and Verification (CAV) - get MANAGEMENT
 this at CHED depending on where your
school is located Certified True Copy of  TRAINING WITH A CERTIFICATE
Birth Certificate -also known as crowd control,
controlling a crowd, to prevent the
 NBI Clearance- visa seaman
outbreak of disorder and prevention of
possible riots. Ex: Disease outbreak,
bioterror attacks
5. PASSPORT
 OTHER VISA REQUIREMENTS
 passport is a document, issued by a (Schengen, Canadian, etc) is needed
national government, which certifies, depending on the port of entry
for the purpose of international travel,
the identity and nationality of its
holder. The elements of identity are 8. SRC (Seafarers Registration Certificate)
name, date of birth, sex, and place of
birth.  Also known as Seaman Identification
Card Once hired, you need to register at
 Personal Appearance is required.
POEA to become an official and
 Duly accomplished application form.
registered Filipino Seaman. You may
 Birth Certificate (BC) issued by the
need your employment contract and
National Statistics Office (NSO) or
the documents mentioned previously.
Certified True Copy (CTC) of BC issued
They will issue you an SRC (Seafarers
by the Local Civil Registrar duly
Registration Certificate).
authenticated by NSO.
 Proof of identity / Supporting
documents indicating full name, date
and place of birth, and citizenship
 Passport size photo
9. Submission of Curriculum Vitae 9. More training an examination:

 subject for Screening -Alcohol on board policy

 Initial Interview - to be conducted by HR
-Environmental Course
-Filling out information thru the web
-Filling out of company's information
form
 Second interview – HR manager
 Final Interview – Crewing
Manager/Principal

PROCEDURE DOR APPLICATION IN A CRUISE

SHIP

1. INTERVIEW REQUIREMENT

 Must be able to pass screening, initial &

final interview, written examinations,
and refresher course (as required by
the employer) and Principal interview
by a foreign employer

2. Submission of the requirements

3. Trade test/Examination

-Computer literacy

-English test

-Culinary Test

4. Training – depending on the position that the

applicant applied for Some manning agencies
have their own training school

5. YELLOW CARD

6. EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENT: College

degree holder preferablyHRM graduates

7. JOB EXPERIENCE RETIREMENT: At least 1 to 2

years relevent working experience on the
position being applied for.

8. Application for VISA

-PRE-DEPARTURE

-ORIENTATION SEMINAR (PDOS)

IV. THE PRE-, POST-, AND OFF SHIP
EXPERIENCE
Categories of Port Experience
1. Pre-Cruise
2. Intermediary port stops
3. Post-Cruise
A. Pre-Cruise Package
What is Pre-Cruise Package
 The package includes lodging at the
cruise departure port before the cruise
 Air/sea package- a package that
includes airfare, airport-to-dock
transfer, and lodging.
 Obtain either from the cruise line itself
or can be arranged independently
What are the advantages-both to the client
and the agent of purchasing a pre-or post-
cruise package through the cruise line?
 One phone call or computer transaction
can set up the whole package.
 Some or all transfers may be included in
the purchase price.
 Less commission
 Cruise line personnel are ready to help
if a problem occurs.
 Air and lodging rates may be lower.
Advantages of booking with the non- cruise
suppliers:
 The selection of airlines and flights may
be better.
 Airfares may be lower
EXPENSES COVERED BY TRAVEL INSURANCE
 Trip cancellation, delay or interruption
 Lost or stolen luggage
 Medical expenses for accident or
sickness incurred onboard or overseas
(including emergency transfer from the
ship)
B. Intermediary Port Stops
PASSENGER OPTIONS WHEN THE SHIP MAKES
INTERMEDIARY PORT STOPS:
 They may purchase a shore excursion
through the cruise line.
 They may buy a tour or activity from
vendors who usually await them at or
near the dock.
 Less expensive
 The quality of the tours is not preasses
 They may simply explore the port and
its environs on their own.
-Stroll around the port & do some
shopping
-Back to the ship for lunch and return to
the port
 They may choose to stay on onboard
 Has visited already the port
TOUR DESK
 It is also known as the SHOREX or shore
excursion desk.
 In charge of selling tours on board.
 It is headed by a shorex manager – who
provides talk of the different tours in
the ports.
HOW TO BOOK TOURS? Additional insights that you should know:

 Guests can book online, up until five
days before sailing. Guest will receive
confirmation as well as their tour
departure time and priority handling.
 Book thru the Drop Box
 Visit the tour desk
CANCELLATION AND REFUND POLICY
 It's often possible to take two shore
excursions in one day
 Shore excursions that include a meal
often represent a good value
 The larger the ship, the more excursion
choices are likely to be available
 Certain cruise lines are very destination
focused.

 All tour cancellations are subject to a

C. Post-Cruise Packages
10% cancellation fee from the time of
booking. POSTCRUISE PACKAGE
 Any changes or cancellations made
 package that includes lodging at the
after the booking deadline are non-
cruise departure port after the cruise
refundable.
 They represent the same components,
 Guests who leave during a tour must
options and experiences
provide their own transportation back
 Which package is preferable?
to the ship at their own expense.
 Some are simplest, some are complex
 Tours involving flights are non-
refundable.

Terminologies
CATEGORIES OF SHORE EXCURSION 1. Guaranteed share- a single passenger
who is willing to share a cabin with a
1. SIGHTSEEING EXCURSIONS - can be done in
stranger.
various ways, and although the most popular
2. High season- the time of the year with
tend to be sightseeing by tour bus or coach,
the highest demand and highest prices.
some companies offer sightseeing walking
3. Single occupancy- one passenger
tours, train, Atlantis submarine, seaplane, etc
booking a stateroom designed to
2. Adventure/SPORTS EXCURSIONS - are accommodate two or more
4. Intangible product- product or service
extremely popular and provide people with an
that has no physical form
exciting way of traveling. Adventure and sports
5. Low season- the time of the year with
fanatics can enjoy tours catered to their
the lowest demand and lowest prices.
individual skills and are led by a tour guide
6. Past passenger rate- discounted rate
highly experienced in that particular sport. Ex:
given to people who have sailed a
golf, tennis, sailing, snorkeling, etc.
cruise line before.
3. MISCELLANEOUS EXCURSIONS - faraway
beaches, world-class museums, overland tours,
etc.
V. CRUISING REGIONS OF THE WORLD
Relevance of geography to the cruise line:
1. To be familiar with as many places of interest
2. AFRICA
around the world.
2. To be able to rely on passengers when
working onboard the international cruise line
3. To identify the different ports of the call of
the international cruise line.
Introduction to Cruise Line Geography:
Geography - the study of the earth and its
inhabitants.
Continents - one of the several land masses on
Earth.
Oceans - a major body of saline water and a
3. The Americas (North and South)
principal component of the hydrosphere.
1. ASIA
 The world's largest continent covers
about 30 percent of the world's land
area.
 It is bordered by Europe and Africa to
the west and by the Pacific Ocean to
the east.
 There are chains of tiny volcanic islands
in the east, an area known as "The Ring
of Fire", because it is so prone to
volcanoes.
Regions of Asia:
 Southeast Asia
 East Asia (China, Korea, Japan
 South Asia (Bangladesh, Nepal, India...
 Southwest Asia (Middle East)
 Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan,
Kyrgyzstan)
 The planet's 2nd largest continent and
the second most- populous continent
includes (54) individual countries, about
20% of the world's land area.
 Africa is surrounded by the
Mediterranean Sea to the north, both
the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along
the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the
Indian Ocean to the east and southeast,
and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
 Some major rivers of Africa are NILE,
CONGO, and NIGER.
 North and South America are to great
continents, lying between the Atlantic
and the Pacific Oceans.
 They are linked by Central America,
which narrows to a strip of land called
the Isthmus of Panama and is cut in two
by the Panama Canal - which links the
two oceans-Pacific and Atlantic Ocean.
 Central America, a part of North
America, is a tropical isthmus that
connects North America to South
America. It includes (7) countries and
many small offshore islands.
4. Europe

 The planet's 6th largest continent

includes 47 countries and assorted
dependencies, islands, and territories.
 The recognized surface area covers
about 2% of the Earth's surface.
 The European continent. bordered by
numerous bodies of water, is separated
from Asia by Russia's Ural Mountains
and by the Caspian and Black Seas. It is
separated from Africa by the
Mediterranean Sea.

5. Australia -Oceania

 A large percentage of geography

experts now consider the long-
established continent of Australia to be
more accurately defined as
Australia/Oceania.
 The continent of Oceania is also known
as "Australasia".
 Oceania island includes all the
Melanesia, Micronesia, and French
Polynesia.

6. Antartica

 The world's fifth-largest continent

 Antarctica is almost entirely covered by
ice over 2000 m (6560 ft.) thick
 The area sustains a varied wildlife,
including seals, whales, and penguins