GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION
REVIEWER
PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS- a word use to identify any of a
class of people, place or things
Kinds of Nouns
Common Noun- noun that describes a type
of person, things or place, or that’s name a
concept.
 Not capitalized
Proper Noun- noun that as the name for a
specific
 Capitalized
Abstract Noun- intangible ideas
Collective Noun- represent group
 USES OF NOUNS
Subject- noun that performs the action of
the verb in a sentence
Object of the Verb – object that receives
the direct action of the verb
Direct Object- word or phrase that receives
the action of the verb
Indirect object- an optional part of sentence
-Recipient of an action
Object of the Preposition- words with
preposition to form a prepositional phrase
Object Complement- renames the direct
object or states what it has become
Subject Compliment- follows a linking
verb and identifies the subject
Appositive- follows another noun in
opposition to it.
Noun Phrase- group of words that includes
a noun but no verb – independent
Noun Clause- has noun and a verb
-Doesn’t express complete thoughts –
dependent
Predicate Nominative- noun that comes
after a linking verb
ADJECTIVE- modifies noun and the
pronoun
Comparison- used to compare two people
or things- more, less
Gradable- we can have different levels of
that quality- very, extremely
Nongradable- cannot be used in
comparative and superlative
Numeral Adjectives- used to denote the
number of noun
Article- modify non-specific or non
particular
ADVERB- words that modifies (describe) a
verb
-ends in-ly
Adverb of Frequency- how often an action
happens (always, usually, often, sometimes)
Adverb of Manner- describes how you do
action (sadly, happily, seriously, perfectly)
Adverb of Time- tell us when an action
happened (yesterday, last, tomorrow)
Adverb of Degree- employed in a sentence
to depict the intensity
-answers the question “to what extent”
(really, strongly, highly)
Adverb of Place- describes the location
(below, between, above, behind, around)
Conjunctive Adverbs- connect two
independent clauses in one sentence
(however, finally, anyway)
VERB- words that describes what the
subject of a sentence long
-action, being, state of being
Linking Verb- don’t show an action but
rather to describes subject (be, to become,
seem)
-links subject and the predicate
Helping Verb- auxiliary verb
-used in construction with and preciding
certain forms of the verb (is, can, will, have,
are, must, will be, do)
Transitive Verb- verbs that requires a direct
object
-determine if the verb has an object
Intransitive Verb- indicates a complete
action without being accompanied by object
(He walks)
Verb Phrase- 2 and above words or verbs
(had been waiting)
-one or more auxiliaries
Cognate Verb- etymologically related to
the verb (allude, prelude) Latin root
-words share an ancestor
Collective Verb- group of people or things
(flock, bouquet, pair, pack)
Reflexive Verb- verb whose direct object is
the same at its subject
-performs an action to or for him/herself
Simple Present Tense- (she goes) (they eat)
Present Progressive- (is working) is + ing
Present Perfect- has + ed (has lived)
Present Perfect Progressive- had/have
been + ing
Simple Past- ed (I visited, went)
Past Progressive- was + ing (was studying)
Past Perfect- had + ed (had planned)
Past Perfect Progressive – has been + ing
(had been running)
Future Tense- will
Future Progressive- will be + ing (will be
wishing)
Future Perfect- will have + past participle
(will have left)
Future Perfect Progressive- will have been
+ present participle (will have been driving)
SYLLOGISM- a form of reasoning in
which conclusion is drawn
(all mammals are animals. All elephants are
mammals. Therefore, all elephants are
mammals)

Passive Form- noun/ verb (is, are, was,

were) / object

Active Form- object/ verb/ subject

Verbal- a word formed from a verb but

functioning as different part of speech

Gerunds- a form of a verbal that ends in-ing

that used as nouns

Infinitive- essentially the base form of the

verb with the word “to” (to love, to eat)

Participle- used as either an adjective or a

part of another verb tense

IDIOMS- an expression that takes on a

figurative meaning (Break a leg!)

Pluralization of Words- to make plural or

express in the plural form

Preposition- a word use before a word to

show direction, time, place etc.

Preposition of time, place, direction,

location, phrase

CONJUNCTION- words used to connect

words, phrases and clauses

COORDINATING- connect that are equal

to each other

SUBORDINATING- links independent and

dependent clause

CORRELATIVE- relates how two words

or sentence relate to each other