PWD SPECIFICATIONS Final

CHAPTER NO.
19
CANAL LINING
LIST OF BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD CODES

REFERRED
1
Sr.No. Code No. Name of Code
1 IS 3872:2002 LINING OF CANALS WITH BURNT CLAY TILES – CODE OF
PRACTICE
2 IS 3873:1993 LAYING CEMENT CONCRETE/STONE SLAB LINING ON

CANALS
3 IS 2116:1980 SPECIFICATIONS FOR SAND FOR MASONRY MORTARS
4 IS 2508:1984 SPECIFICATIONS FOR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FILMS
5 IS 456:2000 PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE – CODE OF PRACTICE
6 IS 3384:1986 SPECIFICATION FOR BITUMEN PRIMER FOR USE IN WATER

PROOFING AND DAMP-PROOFING
7 IS 4701:1982 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR EARTHWORK ON CANALS
8 IS 3367:1993 BURNT CLAY TILES FOR USE IN LINING IRRIGATION AND

DRAINAGE WORKS - SPECIFICATION
9 IS 4558:1995 UNDER- DRAINAGE OF LINED CANALS – CODE OF PRACTICE
10 IS 9103:1999 CONCRETE ADMIXTURES – SPECIFICATIONS
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CONTENTS
Clause Page
Brief Description
No. No.
19.1 General
19.1.1 Purpose of Lining and Compaction Necessity
19.1.2 Soil Survey, Preparation of ground surface for Embankment and
Compaction Requirement
19.1.3 Lip Cutting
19.1.4 Alignment and Layout
19.1.5 Preparation of Sub-grade
19.1.6 Salt Treatment
19.1.7 Drains and Pressure Release Valves
19.1.8 Coping
19.1.9 Safety Ladders
19.2 Double Layer Tile Lining for Irrigation Channels

19.2.1 General
19.2.2 Specifications of Tiles
19.2.4 Soaking of Sub-grade
19.2.5 Portable Tanks for Soaking and Mortar
19.2.6 Soaking of Tiles
19.2.7 Laying of Tiles operation for 1st day
19.2.8 Laying of Tiles operation for 2nd day
19.2.9 Laying of Tiles operation for 3rd day
19.2.10 Laying of Tiles operation for 4th day
19.3 Single Layer Tile Lining in Bed for Irrigation Channels

19.3.1 General
19.3.2 Tiles
19.3.3 Cement Mortar
19.3.5 Operation for first, second and third day
19.3.6 Operation for forth day
19.3.7 Curing
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19.3.8 Jointing bed and side slopes
19.4 Single Layer Brick without Polythene Lining for Irrigation

Channels
19.4.1 General
19.4.2 Specification of bricks
19.4.3 Preparation of sub grade
19.4.5 Portable Tanks for Soaking and Mortar
19.4.6 Soaking of Bricks
19.4.7 Thickness of Brick lining
19.4.8 Specification of Sand For Mortar
19.4.9 Specification of Mortar
19.4.10 Moistening of sub-grade
19.4.12 Laying of Brick lining
19.4.13 Operation for first Day
19.4.14 Operation for second Day
19.4.15 Operation for third Day
19.4.16 Operation for forth Day
19.4.17 Operation for fifth Day
19.4.18 Operation for sixth Day
19.4.19 Operation for seventh Day
19.4.20 Operation for eighth Day
19.4.21 Curing
19.5 Single Layer Brick Polythene (LDPE) Lining for Irrigation

Channels
19.5.1 General
19.5.3 Specification For Bricks
19.5.4 Thickness Of Brick Lining
19.5.5 Specification For Sand For Mortar
19.5.6 Specification For Mortar
19.5.7 Specification For Polythene Film
19.5.8 Thickness of LDPE Film To Be Used For Lining
19.5.9 Laying Of Polythene Film For Lining
195.10 Extra Length of Film
19.5.11 Laying of Lining
19.5.12 Testing of Joints of Lining
19.6 Cement Concrete Lining for Irrigation Channels

19.6.1 General
19.6.2 Specifications of Cement Concrete
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19.6.4 Laying of Sleepers
19.6.5 Soaking of Sub-grade and putting 1:3 Cement Slurry
19.6.6 Laying Concrete Lining
19.6.7 Expansion Joint
19.6.8 Construction Joint for Mechanical Concreting (By Pavers)
19.6.9 Contraction Joint for Mechanical Concreting (By Pavers)
19.6.10 Construction/Contraction Joint for Manual Concreting
19.6.11 Reinforcement of Concrete
19.6.12 Curing
19.6.13 Drainage behind lining & PRV’s
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19.1 General
19.1.1 Purpose of Lining and Compaction Necessity:- Earthen Channels
are lined completely or partially with different type of materials such as
tiles or bricks or concrete etc. to perform one or more function such as
reduction in seepage loss, improvement in the co-efficient of rugosity
which permits adoption of high velocity resulting in proportional saving of
x-sectional area of canal, protection of banks from sloughing,
maintenance of X-section etc. From the consideration of economy,
comparatively thin layer of lining is provided and therefore for its
success, it is essential that the banks and/or the bed of the channels on
which lining is to rest shall be properly compacted so as to give a firm
and uniform support to the lining and to prevent unequal settlement of
the sub-grade.
19.1.2 Soil Survey, Preparation of ground surface for Embankment and
Compaction requirement
19.1.2.1 For new channels, after fixing the alignment of the channel, soil survey
along the entire length should be carried out to know the type of soil
available, optimum moisture content and the maximum density that can
be attained at optimum moisture. On the basis of this survey the dry bulk
density which is to be attained in the field and the thickness of layers in
which the soil is to be placed in the banks shall be fixed & banks be
compacted accordingly. Where the embankment is constructed by
taking material from borrow pits care shall be exercised that all large
clods are broken and no clod bigger than human fist, say 8 to 10 cm,
roots, grass and other rubbish are buried in the banks. Before procuring
materials from borrow pits all perishable material shall be stripped off
from the top surface. Before beginning the construction of embankments
the surface area of ground to be occupied shall be cleared of all roots
and vegetable matter of any kind and stripped to a suitable depth. The
land over which embankments are to be formed or other excavation is to
be carried out including the existing embankment, where lining is to be
carried out shall be cleared off all trees, bushes, ant hills and other
objectionable matter. All holes & hollows whether originally existing or
produced by digging up roots shall be filled with suitable earth well
rammed and levelled off. The depth to which top soil is removed shall be
adequate to remove all perishable material and any soil which may
become unstable on saturation or may interfere with development of
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proper bond between the foundation and embankment. In case of living
trees planted on outer slope of the canal or edge of the service bank
and whose roots penetrate in the inner slope of the canal, the roots
should be cut to sufficient depth and given some suitable treatment so
that the roots do not damage the lined portion during entire life of lining.
A root free zone shoud be demarcated. Around this zone future
plantation should be restricted so that the zone remains free from roots
for whole life of lining. However in case of small growth of plants like
grass, It is not necessary to remove all the soil containing fine hair like
roots but only the rather heavy mat. Table shown below may serve as a
guide for fixing the depth of stripping.
DEPTH OF STRIPPING
TYPE OF VEGETABLE COVER ON THE DEPTH OF STRIPPING
SOIL
Soil containing light grass cover 5.0 to 7.5 cm
Agricultural land To the bottom of ploughed zone usually
15.0 to 22.5 cm
19.1.2.2 To make proper bond between existing and new soil when the ground
surface under all canal embankments where it is below the maximum
water level in the canal shall be scarified making open furrows not less
than 20 cm deep below natural ground surface at intervals of not more
than 1 m. However, where the ground surface is below the bed level of
the canal the entire surface of the foundations for embankments shall be
stripped to a depth of not less than 20 cm. The settlement of sub-grade
on saturation is the major cause of breaches on lined channels;
compaction should preferably be carried out with moisture content on
the wet side of the optimum limit. Embankments shall be built to the
height & slope as shown on the drawings. All the edges of the
embankment shall be neatly aligned symmetrical to the centre line of the
channel. They shall be absolutely straight in the reaches and smoothly
curved at banks. The top of each embankment shall be levelled and
finished so as to be suitable for roadway and given a cross outward
slope to drain away rain water. The bank carrying inspection road shall
be given a suitable cross slope as per typical x-section of lined canal.
The embankments where the natural ground is below the maximum
water level, the portion of the embankment up to the maximum water
level (including free board) shall have impervious zone/compaction zone
as shown in the drawing and shall be built of material having sufficient
percentage of clay, so that it can be compacted at optimum moisture
content by suitable equipment to attain the maximum dry density.
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Embankment shall be built in layers generally not exceeding 25 cm in
thickness (loose layer) and compacted to layer not more than 150mm
thick to full width of the embankment. Top of each layer shall be kept
slightly depressed in the centre. The water tightness of material should
be checked by carrying out permeability test. The coefficient of
permeability of impervious material should not be greater than 30 cm per
year. The dry bulk density of the soil fraction in compacted embankment
material shall be not less than 95 percent of the maximum dry bulk
density at optimum moisture content obtained in accordance with IS :
2720 (Part-VII)-1980, or as specified and in no case shall be less than
90% for side slope. Since the authenticity of Maximum dry bulk density
at optimum moisture content plays a very important part for stability of
subgrade, the Engineer-in-charge may if so required, get it rechecked
from an independent Laboratory. However for Hydel channels, specific
specifications shall be prepared. For cases where existing earthen
channels are to be lined or only side lining of existing channels is
required, the existing section is to be considered as natural section.
Where existing section is smaller than designed section then such cases
shall be considered as channel to be constructed in cutting. However,
for reaches where designed section is smaller than existing section then
the earth fill shall be properly compacted.
If the movement of larger roller is not possible e.g. at places near a
pucca structure, then the compaction shall be done with special
pneumatic hand compactors in thin layers. Special compactors shall be
of heavy duty power driven tamping and vibratory types. They shall be
capable of producing densities at least equal to those produced by the
sheep-foot roller, crawler type tractors and vibratory rollers. When the
compaction zone is of small width then special measures may be taken
with the approval of Engineer in charge.
19.1.3 Lip Cutting:- The channel is not constructed to the exact levels in the
first instance. This is required to allow for settlement by compaction in
case of channels is in cutting and to leave a margin for improper
compaction on the inner core of the banks near the edges in case of
filling. After the compaction has been completed, the channels are
roughly cut to the final section by removing the extra soil from the bed
and from the inner slopes of the banks. This process is called ‘lip
cutting’. Width of lip-cutting shall be 50 cm. In specific cases, depending
upon the site conditions, nature of soil and side slope etc. the lip cutting
width may be increased upto a maximum of 100cm subject to approval
by an officer not less than the rank of Superintending Engineer.
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19.1.4 Alignment and Layout
19.1.4.1 Before resorting to lip-cutting, the centre line of the canal shall be
marked on tiles embedded 6m apart longitudinally and shall be so fixed
that their tops indicate the correct level of the sub-grade. Bricks/Tiles
shall also be fixed in the bed of the channel 6m apart longitudinally and
tangent points where the curve of the side slope of the bank starts. With
respect to these points, rough ‘nishans’ for lip cutting of the banks shall
also be given. In curved portion while making alignment the Engineer in
charge should certify that he has personally checked the alignment.
19.1.4.2 While doing lip-cutting care should be taken to avoid over-cutting of the
section. If in spite of precautions, some over-cutting is done or gharas
are formed due to rainfall etc., these shall be treated in the following
manner:-
(a) If the depression is 5 cm or less it shall be filled with stabilized mud
plaster with 5 percent admixture of cement. If the cutting is more than 5
cm it shall be filled with material compatible with sub-grade material. The
earth work dug from lip-cutting shall be used for the construction of the
dowel, completion of unfinished banks and outer slopes.
(b) In cutting reaches, the earth work of lip-cutting shall be used for either
widening or raising the spoils as directed by the Engineer-in-charge. The
rate of lip-cutting shall include excavation of bed and side slopes, and re-
handling of earth and its subsequent replacement on banks, side slopes
or the spoils as the case may be. The spoils should be placed at
sufficient distance as per approved drawing.
19.1.5.1 The sub-grade shall be perfectly true in profile as per cross section of
the canal and according to correct levels longitudinally so as to form a
firm compacted bed for the lining. To ensure correct formation of the
sub-grade, 30 cm wide profiles shall be dug true to the bed levels, and
side slopes at 7.5 metres interval longitudinally.
19.1.5.2 Bricks/Tiles shall be fixed in this profile at 3 to 4.5 metres apart so that
the top surface of the bricks/tiles is flush with the designed formation
level of the sub-grade. The bricks/tiles ‘nishans’ will facilitate the laying
and checking of final finish of the sub-grade and the lining. To ensure
uniformity of side slopes a cord shall be stretched across two profiles
over a spacer of uniform thickness 12mm. A third spacer shall run under
the cord to check evenness of surface. This process shall be reported at
short intervals along the slopes till the surface between two profiles is
properly levelled and dressed from top to bottom. While dressing the
sub-grade, no extra cutting shall be allowed or accepted. In case any
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extra cutting is done through the fault of the contractor or the labour, it
shall not be allowed to be filled with earth. It shall be treated as specified
in clause 19.1.4.2 at the cost of the contractor. The cutting and dressing
of irregularities up to 5cm depth is included in the item of preparation of
sub-grade. The excavation over and above this limit will be included in
lip-cutting and shall be paid as such. Any earth which is removed during
dressing will have to be laid on top of the bank or the spoil wherever
required and properly dressed. The cost of removal and dressing being
included in the rate for preparation of sub-grade. In case of bricks/tiles,
the Sub-Divisional Officer shall personally check the sub-grade before
laying of bottom layer of Bricks/Tiles lining is started in any reach.
Templates shall be used for checking of sub-grade in the curved portion
and side slopes etc.
19.1.6 Anti Salt Treatment: - Research staff shall take samples and carry out
tests for salt contents in the soil along the length of channel. Areas
where the total salt content is less than 1.0 per cent and sodium
sulphate is less than 0.36 per cent do not require any special treatment.
For the cases where drainage behind lining is not required and where
percentages of salts are more than this, the following treatment shall be
carried out:-
(a) The sub-grade should be first covered with about 2 mm thick layer of
bitumen obtained by evenly spraying bitumen at a rate of about 2.35
Kg/m2. To get a good bond between bitumen and soil, crude oil at a rate
of 0.5 lit/m2 should be sprayed over it in advance of spraying bitumen. In
case such a situation is encountered only in small packets, the
replacement of sub-grade up to a suitable depth by suitable earth from
adjoining reaches should be considered, if economical.
(b) Before spraying crude oil, sub-grade should be perfectly dry, clean and
free from dirt, and crude oil should be allowed to penetrate the sub-grade
surface. Bitumen should be heated to a temperature of 175˚C and
applied to the sub-grade by a suitable sprayer. Immediately following the
application of bitumen, dry sand should be uniformly spread. Lining
should be started 6-12 hours after spraying.
19.1.7 Drains and Pressure Release Valves: - Depending upon type of sub-
grade & position of water table, well drainage system comprising of filter,
drains & PRV’s has been proposed as per IS 4558:1995. These shall be
provided as per drawings sanctioned by competent authority to
safeguard the lining from pressure built up behind it during sudden
drawdown conditions etc. Wherever filter is provided behind the lining,
care should be taken that filter is of uniform thickness.
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19.1.8 Coping: - To check the ingress of rain water behind the lining of the side
slopes of canals, horizontal cement concrete coping 100mm to 150mm
thick, depending upon size of canal should be provided at the top of
lining. The width of coping at the top shall not be less than 225mm for
discharge up to 3 cumecs, 350mm for discharge between 3 cumecs and
10 cumecs and 550mm for discharge more than 10 cumecs.
Alternatively, double tile layer or brick on edge layer and width to be
specified as per approved drawings may be provided for canals having
tile/brick lining.
19.1.9 Safety Ladders: - Safety ladders shall be constructed in canal lining
where shown on the drawings or as directed by the engineer-in-charge.
Safety ladders consisting of ladder rungs shall be constructed in canal
lining about 30 m upstream of the point where the canal enters some
underground structure. In other reaches, safety ladders may be provided
at a spacing of about 300 m, the ladders being provided alternatively on
either side. Ladders rungs shall be smooth round mild steel bars,
galvanized or coated with coal tar after installation.
Typical details of safety ladder are illustrated in Fig 19.1.
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FIG 19.1
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19.2 Double Layer Tile Lining for Irrigation Channels
19.2.1 General: - The lining shall consist of 2 layers of well-burnt tiles size
30×15×5 cm with 15 mm thick 1: 3 cement sand plaster sandwiched in
between. Bottom layer of tiles rests on 10 mm thick layer of 1: 5 cement
sand mortar. The top layer of tiles rests on about 5mm thick layer of 1: 3
mortar laid over 15 mm thick sandwich plaster. The total thickness of the
tile lining shall not be less than 13 cm.
19.2.2 Specifications of Tiles: - The tiles used shall comply with the
specification No.3.6 The tiles of the top layer may be machine moulded
if so desired.
19.2.3 Preparation of Sub-grade: - Sub-grade shall be prepared as provided
in Specifications No. 19.1 and the relevant IS code.
19.2.4.1 The length to be lined shall be thoroughly soaked with water without
making it slushy to ensure that water penetrates to a depth of 30 cm in
sandy soils and 15 cm in other soils. Wetting of sub-grade shall also
continue in advance of laying of tiles, so that it does not absorb moisture
from 10 mm thick mortar laid on the sub-grade for bottom layer of tiles.
19.2.4.2 To avoid absorption of water from mortar in reaches where sub-grade is
purely sandy 5 per cent linseed oil emulsion in water should be uniformly
sprayed with the help of a knap sack or Hudson Sprayer. Mortar shall be
laid only after the lapse of 12 hours after spraying.
19.2.5 Portable Tanks for Soaking and Mortar: - Portable steel tanks shall be
used for soaking of tiles and for mixing of mortars.
19.2.6 Soaking of Tiles
19.2.6.1 Tiles shall be soaked in portable tanks for at least two hours before use
so that they shall not absorb moisture from the mortar. All soaking tanks
at each heading shall be numbered and tiles taken out in the order in
which these have been filled.
19.2.6.2 Tiles shall be placed in the tank by hand, by one at a time and not
thrown, or tipped in. The soaked tiles shall be placed on wooden planks
to avoid earth being smeared on them.
19.2.6.3 These tiles shall be kept moist by sprinkling water on them till they are
actually consumed. All under burnt and rejected tiles shall be promptly
removed from the site of work to prevent their mixing up with other tiles.
The tiles shall be handled with care so as to reduce the breakage and
wastage to the minimum. No tile bats shall be used. However, the first
layer of tiles in the canal bed may be allowed to be replaced by 75mm
thick M10 machine mixed brick bat cement concrete with necessary
modifications in the rates of items. This change shall be allowed only to
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extent required for utilizing the broken tiles accumulated on the site due
to normal breakages during the coarse of work.
19.2.7 Laying of Tiles operation for 1st day
19.2.7.1 Lining in Bed: -
(a) Laying of tiles shall be started when the material has been carried to site
and sub-grade prepared. No lining is to be done unless at least 15
metres of sub-grade is ready ahead. Before starting the laying of tiles,
profiles shall be laid at correct levels and alignment every 7.5 metres
interval. The profiles shall be laid very carefully and accurately with tiles
selected for uniformity of size. The laying of tiles within gaps shall then
proceed.
(b) Wetting of sub-grade shall continue in advance of laying of tiles so that it
does not absorb moisture from the 10 mm thick mortar laid on the sub-
grade for the bottom layer of tiles. 10 mm thick 1: 5 cement-sand mortar
shall be spread on the formation and the lower layer of tiles laid at the
same time using similar mortar of the joints. Masons shall work and
spread out across the bed and retreat longitudinally. This means that in
the bed the direction of the tiles shall be at right angle to the centre line,
while on the sides the direction shall be parallel to the centre line.
(c) To ensure straight joints and a level top of the lining, mason’s liner shall
be stretched longitudinally forward for 7.5 metres from profile at 2
metres intervals, across the bed. The cord should be supported at
intervals to prevent sag.
(d) The mortar should not be kept in mortar pans for use by masons but laid
directly over the sub-grade as soon as mortar pan arrives at sites.
Masons should on no account be allowed to lay mortar with a trowel
from the mortar pans. This can never lead to a satisfactory fill of joint
and proper embedding of tiles and mortar. However, on the sandy bed
the mortar should not be laid directly on the sub-grade but it should be
kept in mortar pans and masons should be allowed to spread mortar
only little excess of the tiles so that no bottom cavity may exists. The
mortar shall be put on the sides of the tiles as usual before placing them
in position. Each tile in the next row of tiles shall, however, be pressed
on the mortar and pushed forward with the hand, so that the mortar
squeezer out of the top of the joints, thus ensuring their complete filling.
This simple method, if strictly followed will ensure hundred per cent full
joints and be proof against cavities under the tiles.
(e) During laying of the tiles, the top of the lined portion shall be checked by
placing on it a wooden straight edge 1.5 metres to 2 metres long or a
template to see that the tile surface has been laid smoothly and no
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depressions have been formed. If any defects are noticed the same
shall be removed straight-way while the work is still green. The
contractor shall supply sufficient number of straight edges to his
masons.
(f) The thickness of joints should normally be 6mm and shall not exceed 10
mm.
19.2.7.2 Lining on side slopes: -
(a) The laying of tiles on the side slopes is more difficult and requires great
skill. Only selected masons shall be employed for this work and they
shall not be changed ordinary. Before starting the work, vertical profiles
shall be laid accurately and truly in position not exceeding 3.5 m centre
to centre. If sloping length of the canal is less than 3.5 m the entire
panel should be laid in one go. But in cases where the sloping length is
more than 3.5 m it should be suitably divided in panels not exceeding
3.5 m by providing longitudinal profile. profiles shall be laid accurately
and truly in position from 3.5m centre to centre. These shall break joints
with each other as well as with the profiles for the sub-grade. The curved
portion between the bed and the side slopes shall be laid with the help
of wooden templates made accurately to exact dimensions. The profiles
should be laid with great care as these will serve as guides for masons
laying tiles in the compartment.
(b) Wooden step ladders shall be used for placing scaffolding planks 62 mm
thick to carry the masons as well as the tiles. Mason’s cord must
invariably be stretched across the profiles at every course mark. The
masons have a tendency to do this for every alternate course, which
should not be permitted. Before placing the tiles in position the masons
shall spread 10 mm thick 1 : 5 mortar on the moistened sub-grade which
shall be little in excess of the area of the tiles. Each tile shall be pressed
on the mortar and pushed forward with hand ensuring complete filling of
joints. The thickness of the joints should, normally be 6 mm and shall not
exceed 10 mm. Top surface of the layer must be checked frequently
with straight edges to ensure smooth surface.
19.2.7.3 Keeping the Lining Clear: - Smearing of the tiles with mortar must be
avoided as it fills the pores and reduces the bond with the sandwich
plaster. If any mortar comes on the surface of the tiles, it should be
cleared straight away as the work proceeds. The joints should also be
cleared as work proceeds. In case of lining of side slopes a man can
follow sitting on a scaffolding plank a few steps below the working place
and can clear the tiles and joints.
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19.2.7.4 Joining new work with old: - When joining the work done previously
with the one to be laid onward the joints shall be got thoroughly cleaned
and washed with water.
19.2.8 Laying of Tiles operation for 2 nd day: - On the second day, the lining
laid on the previous day shall be sprinkled with water and kept wet with
gunny mats to guard against the heat of the sun.
19.2.9 Laying of Tiles operation for 3rd day
19.2.9.1 The joints of the work done on the first day shall be tested with a 16 mm
square or round M.S. bar having one of its ends made into a broad
chisel point. All hollow joints be raked out and grouted with mortar by
masons. The testing shall be hundred per cent. Also every tile laid must
be examined by striking it with a stick. When struck with a stick, the
sound of tiles with hollow underneath and empty joints will be different
from those which are embedded firmly in the mortar. Such tiles and
those which get loose are to be taken out, joints cleaned, made wet, and
re-laid in fresh mortar. This shall of course be in addition to 100 per cent
testing of joints. The testing of hollowness of joints shall be done by the
same personnel.
19.2.9.2 After the joints have been repaired and loose tiles replaced, the surface
of tiles shall be cleaned and scrubbed with water and wire brushed.
When the tiles have been wetted thoroughly 15 mm thick layer of 1: 3
cement sand plaster shall be laid. Extreme care shall be taken in
plastering as the imperviousness of tile lining depends on this sandwich
plaster. For ensuring uniform depth of mortar, wooden L-shaped battens
15 mm thick and 50 mm wide shall be used by the masons. The plaster
shall be spread with trowel and finished with a wooden batten.
19.2.10 Laying of Tiles operation for 4th day: - On the fourth day, the plaster
shall be lightly scraped with wide wire brushes and then covered with
gunny mats and kept wet.
19.2.11.1 On the fifth day, the plaster shall be cleaned and the top layer of the tiles
shall be laid on about 5 mm thick 1: 3 cement sand mortar. The vertical
joint should normally be 6 mm wide shall be not exceeding 10 mm.
19.2.11.2 The laying of the top course of tiles shall be done by making profile and
using mason’s cord and straight edges in the same as the bottom layer.
Due care shall be taken to see that the joints are straight and the top
which is to be final designed section, is at the correct level.
19.2.11.3 To prevent damage to the plaster and the bottom course of the tile in the
bed by the labourers carrying the tiles and mortar, 30 mm thick wooden
planks shall be provided.
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19.2.11.4 Some sort of obstacles shall also be put in to prevent the workman going
over green spots of masonry or plaster.
19.2.11.5 Cleaning and scrubbing of the masonry in the top layer shall also be
done in the same manner as far the bottom layer.
19.2.12 Laying of Tiles operation for 6 th day: - On the sixth day, the top layer
shall be covered with wet gunny wets and cured.
19.2.13.1 On the seventh day, the joints shall be tested and repaired properly and
neatly, as done in case of first layer.
19.2.13.2 In addition, all the tiles of the top layer of tile lining in the side curved
portions shall be tested by the Sub-Divisional Officer himself by means
of a stick in order to see whether every tile is properly laid. The result of
tests by the Sub-Divisional Officer shall be entered in a log book
separated maintained by the Sub-Divisional Officer. The log book shall
show, the name of heading, date of test, reach for test and number of
tiles takes out and re-laid.
19.2.14.1 The lining shall be cured for 28 days after laying of second layer of tiles.
Date of lining should be mentioned after every operation to check that
proper time gap is given between each operation of lining. For bed, this
shall be done by constructing 150 mm deep earthen bunds across the
bed so that small depth of water shall stand on upstream of bunds &
curing assured.
19.2.14.2 The curing on sides may be done by perforated pipes on coping at the
top of lining or by using sprinklers.
19.2.14.3 After curing period, earthen dowel of designed width and height shall be
made immediately, on top of bank at the completed length of lining to
protect the lining against penetration of rain water.
Typical section of canal lining with burnt clay tiles shown in Figure 19.2.
19.3 Single Layer Tile Lining in Bed for Irrigation channels

19.3.1 General: - The lining shall consist of a layer of well-burnt tiles 30cm x
15cm x 5cm resting on 10 mm thick bed of 1: 5 cement sand mortar. On
the well cleaned exposed surface of tiles 20 mm thick 1: 3 cement sand
plaster shall be done and finished with a steel float.
19.3.2 Tiles: - The tiles used shall comply with the specifications No.3.6. Only
fully and unbroken tiles shall be used in the lining except where half tiles
are required to break the bond.
19.3.3 Cement Mortar: - The cement mortar shall conform to the specification
No.2.1. Proportions shall be as specified in specifications No.2.2.
17
in specification No. 19.1.
19.3.5 Operation for first, second and third day
19.3.5.1 Laying of layer of tiles and testing of joints shall conform to the
specification No. 19.2 for first three days of operations for first layer of
tiles of double tile lining with the following difference.
19.3.5.2 After repairing the hollow joints and replacing loose tiles but before
washing and brushing the lining, all joints in the lining shall be raked out
for a depth of 12 mm with a hooked tool made for the purpose. The
joints shall not be raked out with a trowel or a hammer as it damages the
edges of the bricks. No loose material in the raked joints shall be kept
otherwise it will be a hindrance in providing proper key to the exposed
plaster.
19.3.6 Operation for fourth day
19.3.6.1 Plastering :- After the joints have been raked, bottom layer cleared and
scrubbed, laying of 1:3 cement sand plaster 12 mm thick shall start.
Great care shall be taken to control the consistency of mortar through
slump tests because the imperviousness of the tile lining depends on
this plaster. For ensuring uniform and required thickness of plaster
wooden L-shaped battens 15 mm thick and 50 mm wide shall be used.
The plaster shall be spread with a trowel and the made smooth with a
wooden float (gurmala). Finishing with steel float shall only be started
when the moisture film has disappeared so that excess of fine material
and water may prevent from being worked to the surface. Hair cracks
are usually the result of concentration of water fines at the surface
caused by the immediately use of steel float or by over manipulation
during the finishing operation. Finishing with steel float must be done
with a good pressure so as to produce a dense, uniform face free from
blemishes, ripples and float marks.
19.3.6.2 The work done on each day shall be kept thoroughly wet for curing.
19.3.7 Curing: - The curing shall be started next day after the fishing of the
plaster according to weather conditions, when final setting of the plaster
has taken place as otherwise it will pit the surface and make it rough.
Date of lining should be mentioned after every operation to check that
proper time gap is given between each operation of lining. In case of
single tile lining, subsequent to laying and after 24 to 36 hours; lining
shall be cured for at least 28 days. For bed 150 mm deep earthen
bunds across the bed shall be constructed so that small depth of water
shall stand on upstream to ensure curing. For sides, curing may be done
18
by constructing masonry drains with weep holes or perforated pipes on
coping at top of lining or by using sprinkles.
19.3.8 Jointing bed and side slopes: - 20mm thick 1:3 cement plaster in bed
shall be joined with top of double layer tile lining of side slopes with M15
cement concrete in smooth curve as per drawing no. 19.2.
FIG 19.2
19.4 Single Layer Brick Lining without Polythene for Irrigation

channels
19.4.1 General: - Single layer brick lining shall consist of a layer of well burnt
bricks of size 22.86×11.11×6.83cm laid in 1:3 cement sand mortar 6mm
thick over two layers of cement plaster. The bottom layer of plaster 12
mm thick of 1:5 cement sand mortar shall be laid over the prepared sub-
grade. The second layer of plaster shall be 10mm thick of 1:3 cement
sand mortar and shall be laid on top of bottom layer of cement plaster.
19.4.2 Specification of bricks: - The bricks used shall be 1st class confirming
to Chapter No.11.
19
19.4.3 Preparation of sub grade: - Sub-grade shall be prepared according to
specification No.19.1.
19.4.4.1 The length to be lined shall be thoroughly soaked with water without
making it slushy to ensure that water penetrates to a depth of 30 cm in
sandy soils and 15 cm in other soils. Wetting of sub-grade shall also
continue in advance of laying of bricks, so that it does not absorb
moisture from 10 mm thick mortar laid on the sub-grade for bottom layer
of bricks.
19.4.4.2 To avoid absorption of water from mortar in reaches where sub-grade is
purely sandy 5 per cent linseed oil emulsion in water should be uniformly
sprayed with the help of a knap sack or Hudson Sprayer. Mortar shall be
laid only after the lapse of 12 hours after spraying.
19.4.5 Portable Tanks for Soaking and Mortar: - Portable steel tanks shall be
used for soaking of bricks and for mixing of mortars.
19.4.6.1 Bricks shall be soaked in portable tanks for at least two hours before use
so that they shall not absorb moisture from the mortar. All soaking tanks
at each heading shall be numbered and bricks taken out in the order in
which these have been filled.
19.4.6.2 Bricks shall be placed in the tank by hand, by one at a time and not
thrown, or tipped in. The soaked Bricks shall be placed on wooden
planks to avoid earth being smeared on them.
19.4.6.3 These bricks shall be kept moist by sprinkling water on them till they are
actually consumed. All under burnt and rejected bricks shall be promptly
removed from the site of work to prevent their mixing up with other
bricks. The bricks shall be handled with care so as to reduce the
breakage and wastage to the minimum. Brick bats less than 115 mm in
length should not be used in lining of a channel. On the sides, however,
no bats should be used in the lower 1/3 depth of the channel, the depth
being taken upto the top of lining including the free board.
19.4.7 Thickness of Brick lining: - The lining works shall be carried out with
standard bricks with thickness of lining as follows:
(a) For canal having discharge less than 10 cumecs
6.83 cm flat bricks shall be used in bed and side slopes.
(b) For canal having discharge between 10 and 14.2 cumecs
11.11 cm bricks on edge, laid in herring-bone pattern shall be used on
side slopes, while 6.83 cm flat bricks shall be used in bed.
(c) For canal having discharge more than 14.2 cumecs
20
11.11 cm bricks on edge, laid in herring – bone pattern shall be used in
bed and on side slopes.
19.4.8 Specification of Sand for Mortar: - Sand used for cement mortar shall
confirm to I.S. 2116 (Specification for sand for masonry mortars).
19.4.9 Specification of Mortar: - Cement mortar shall confirm to specification
No...2.1.... proportions shall be as specified in specifications No...2.2.....
19.4.10 Moistening of sub-grade: - Soaking of sub-grade shall be carried out in
the same way as in case of double layer tile lining laid in specification
No.19.2.4.
19.4.11 Soaking of Bricks: - Soaking of bricks shall be done in the same way
as explained under specification No. 19.2.6 for double layer tile lining.
19.4.12 Laying of Brick lining: -
19.4.12.1 Complete section shall be taken up for simultaneous lining work in case
of a cup-shaped section. However part section may be tackled in case of
trapezoidal section as per the direction of Sub Divisional Engineer-in-
charge.
19.4.12.2 The laying of bottom layer of plaster shall be started when the material
has been carried to side and sub-grade prepared in at least 75m reach.
No plastering shall be done unless at least 15m of sub-grade is ready
ahead, duly soaked with water. Before starting the laying of plaster,
profile shall be laid at correct level and shape with the help of wooden
template made accurately to exact dimension, and alignment at every
7.50m interval. The profile shall be laid very carefully and accurately.
The laying of plaster shall then proceed within the profiles.
19.4.13 Operation for first Day: - Wetting of sub grade shall continue in
advance of laying of plaster, so that it does not absorb moisture from12
mm thick plaster of 1:5 cement sand mortar laid on the sub-grade.
Wooden L-shaped batten 12mm thick and 50mm wide shall be used
by masons to ensure uniform thickness of the plaster in a flat bed or
plane surface, but wooden straight battens shall be used to keep control
over the thickness of plaster in curved bed. The mortar shall not be
kept in mortar pans for use by the masons, but laid directly over the sub
grade as soon as the mortar pans arrive at site. The masons shall on no
account be allowed to lay mortar with a trowel from mortar pans.
However the mortar shall be spread with a trowel and finished with a
wooden gurmala.
19.4.14 Operation for second Day: - The 12mm base plaster laid over the
prepared sub grade on the previous day shall be kept wet by sprinkling
water or by covering with moist gunny bags/mats.
21
19.4.15 Operation for third Day: - On the 3rd day the base plaster shall be
cleaned and sandwiched layer of 1:3 cement sand mortar 10mm thick
shall be laid. It shall be done with the help of L-Shaped wooden
battens/templates of 10 mm thickness in the same way as in the case of
base plaster. It shall be laid with extreme care as the imperviousness
of lining depends on this layer of plaster. The surface shall be finished
with a wooden batten.
19.4.16 Operation for fourth Day: - To provide proper bond for brick lining
plaster shall be lightly scrapped with wire brushes on the 4th day and
the plaster is to be kept wet by sprinkling water or by covering with moist
gunny bags/mats.
19.4.17 Operation for fifth Day
19.4.17.1 Lining in Bed/Curved Portion:
19.4.17.1.1 On 5th day, the plaster shall be cleared and laying of bricks on 6mm
thick 1:3 cement sand mortar is started on the plastered surface which is
already moistened. The pacca profiles at 7.5 Meters interval shall break-
joint with each other as well as with the profile for the sub grade. The
frogs shall be filled with the mortar before placing the bricks.
19.4.17.1.2 To ensure straight joints and a level top of lining, Mason’s lines shall
be stretched longitudinally forward for 7.50 Meters from profile at 2
Meters intervals across the bed. The cord shall be supported at interval
to prevent sag. The mortar shall be put on the sides of the bricks as
usual before placing them in position. Each brick in the next row of
bricks shall be pressed on the mortar and pushed forward with hands so
that mortar squeezes out of the top of the joint, thus ensuring their
complete filling. This simple method, if strictly followed, shall ensure
hundred percent full joints and will be proof against cavities under the
bricks.
19.4.17.1.3 During laying of bricks, the top of lined portion shall be checked by
placing on it as wooden straight edge 1.5 meters to 2 meters long or a
template to see that brick surface has been laid smoothly and no
depressions have been formed. If any defect is noticed, the same shall
be removed straightway while the work is still green. The contractor shall
supply sufficient number of straight edges to his masons. The thickness
of joints shall normally be 6mm and shall not exceed 10 mm.
19.4.17.2 Lining of Sides:
19.4.17.2.1 For lining of side slopes, wooden step ladders shall be used for placing
scaffolding planks 62mm thick to carry the masons as well as the bricks,
masons cord must invariably be stretched across the profile at every
course mark.
22
19.4.17.2.2 Before placing the bricks masons shall spread 6mm thick 1:3 cement
sand mortar on the moistened plastered surface which shall be a little
excess of the area of a brick. Each brick with frog duly filled with mortar
shall be pressed on the mortar and pushed forwarded with hand to
ensure complete filling of joints. The mortar shall be put on the sides of
the bricks as usual. The thickness of joint shall normally be 6mm and
shall not exceed 10mm.Top surface of the layer must be checked
frequently with straight edge to ensure smooth surface.
19.4.17.2.3 Walking of labourers on plastered surface or green brick work shall be
strictly prohibited. Wooden planks 30mm thick shall be used for stacking
of brick etc. to prevent damage to the work already done. Some sort of
obstacles shall also be put to prevent the workmen going over
plaster/masonry work still green.
19.4.17.3 Keeping the Lining Clear
19.4.15.3.1 Smearing of bricks with mortar must be avoided as it fills the pores and
reduce the bond with the sandwiched plaster. If any mortar comes on
the surface of the bricks, it should be cleared straightway as the work
proceeds. The joint should also be cleaned as the work proceeds. In
case of lining of side slopes a man can follows, sitting on a scaffolding
plank a few steps below the working place for clearing bricks and joints.
19.4.17.4 Joining New Work with Old
19.4.15.4.1 When joining the work done previously with the one to be laid
onwards, the joints shall be got thoroughly cleared and washed with
water.
19.4.18 Operation for sixth Day: - The brick lining laid on 5th day shall be
sprinkled with water and kept wet with the help of gunny bags/mats to
guard against the heat of the sun.
19.4.19 Operation for seventh Day: - The joints of the work done on fifth day
shall be tested with 16mm square or round M.S. bar having one of its
ends made into a broad chisel point. All hollow joints shall be raked out
and grouted with mortar by masons. The testing shall be 100%
(Hundred percent). Also every brick laid must be examined by striking it
with a stick. When struck with a stick, the sound of bricks with hollow
underneath and empty joints will be different from those which are
embedded firmly in the mortar. Such bricks as those which get loose are
to be taken out, joints cleaned, made wet and re-laid in fresh mortar, this
shall of course be in addition to cent-percent testing of joints, the testing
shall be done by Sub Divisional Officer himself by means of stick in
order to see whether every brick is firmly laid. The result of test by the
Sub Divisional Officer shall be entered in a log book separately
23
maintained by him. The log book shall show the name of heading, date
of test, reach for test and number of bricks taken out and re-laid.
19.4.20 Operation for eighth Day: - On completion of lining and testing of joints
and relaying the defective bricks, coping of either brick masonry in 1:3
cement sand mortar or cement concrete M-10 shall be laid at the top of
lining according to approved design of coping. No one shall be allowed
to walk on the completed coping till it attains required strength.
19.4.21 Curing: - Date of lining should be mentioned after every operation to
check that proper time gap is given between each operation of lining. On
the 8th day masonry dowels of 11.11 cm x 6.83 cm shall be made 15m
apart in a flat bed channel. Dowel shall be extended as fresh area of
lining is completed. Water about 8 cm deep shall remain on finished
lining for not less than 28 days. However earthen bunds 150mm deep
can also be constructed for ponding of water. The side slopes shall be
sprinkled with water and kept wet for 28 days curing. Watering of side
slopes can be done through either sprinklers or perforated pipe,
constructed on the top of coping in which water is let by lifting it
manually or by mechanical means. Water flowing through perforations
on the slopes keeps the slope wet.
19.5 Single Layer Brick Polythene (LDPE) Lining for Irrigation
channels
19.5.1 General: - The single layer brick polythene (LDPE) lining shall consists
of well burnt bricks of size 22.86×11.11×6.83 cm laid flat or on edge (as
the case may be, depending on the discharge of the channel) in 1:3
cement sand mortar 10mm thick over a sheet of flexible polythene
(LDPE) film stretched over a smooth well prepared sub-grade. The
contractor shall provide sufficient number of straight edges (1.5-2m long)
to his labour to check that the sub grade is true to profile.
19.5.2.1 The sub-grade shall be prepared according to specification No.19.1.
Special care shall be taken that all sharp objects such as stones,
kankar, pebbles and material with pointed ends like weeds etc. are
removed so that polythene film is not damaged. Care should be taken
during the process of lining that the laid polythene film is not punctured
in any case.
19.5.2.2 If any reach is weed infested, anti weed treatment to the sub-grade may
be provided to check the weed growth under the film. In reaches where
sub-grade material contains excessive kankar, rock or is thickly infested
with weeds, the following measures shall be adopted:
24
(a) In curved portion, in case of cup section 12mm thick sand cushion shall
be laid, to facilitate preparation of sub-grade to the desire dimensions
(Refer Fig-19.3). 15 mm sand cushion shall also be laid in the flat bed if
the section is trapezoidal. The sand used for cushion shall be of very
fine quality preferably passing through 425 micron sieve and retained on
75 micron sieve.
(b) In such reaches a base plaster 12mm thick of 1:5 cement sand mortar
on side slope shall be laid over the prepared sub-grade, after the
inspection and written approval of the Superintending Engineer. Such
measure, if felt necessary, shall also be taken on unstable side slopes
made up of sand.
19.5.3 Specification For Bricks: - The bricks used shall be 1st class
conforming to Chapter No. 11.
19.5.4 Thickness Of Brick Lining: - The lining work shall be carried out with
standard bricks with thickness of lining as follows:-
(a) For canal having discharge less than 10 Cumecs 6.83 cm flat bricks laid
flat shall be used in bed and side slopes.
(b) For canal having discharge between 10 Cumecs and 14.20Cumecs
11.11 cm bricks on edge, laid in herringbone pattern shall be used on
side slope while 6.83cm flat bricks shall be used in bed.
(c) For canal having discharge more than 14.20 Cumecs 11.11cm bricks on
edge laid in herringbone pattern shall be used in bed and on side
slopes.
19.5.5 Specification for Sand For Mortar: - The sand used for cement mortar
conforms to IS: 2116. (Specifications for sand for masonry mortar).
19.5.6 Specification for Mortar: -Cement mortar shall confirm to specification
No.2.1 and proportions shall be as specified in specifications No.2.2.
19.5.7 Specification for Polythene Film: - Low density polythene (LDPE) film
to be used for lining shall be flexible and preferably black in colour and
shall be ultra-violet stabilized quality conforming to IS: 2508. The film
should have high impact strength and low slip with minimum width of
5000 mm in the form of rolls of maximum possible length available. The
polythene film may have any grade of clarity but it should not affect
adversely the requirements of high impact strength and low slip. The
width may be increased according to the requirements. The testing of
polythene film for yield tolerance, tensile strength at break, elongation at
break and impact resistance etc. shall be done according to IS : 2508.
19.5.8 Thickness Of LDPE Film To Be Used For Lining: - 200micron thick
film shall be used for channels having discharge upto 14.20Cumecs. For
25
channel having discharge more than 14.20Cumecs, the thickness of the
film shall be 250micron.
19.5.9 Laying Of Polythene Film For Lining: - The polythene film shall be laid
over the sub-grade, prepared true to exact dimensions with the help of
templates and checked on profiles laid at every 7.5 metres intervals. The
polythene film shall be laid in strips, parallel to the flow of water. The film
shall be spread loosely over the sub-grade so that it may attain the
contours of the sub-grade and compensate for thermal variations during
the day. As polythene film is likely to be affected adversely by very high
temperature of about 45 0 C prevailing in summer months, it would be
advisable to avoid laying of the film under such temperatures. The
puncture resistance of the film is decreased considerably at
temperature, above 380 C. Laying of film and its covering with a hard
covering should be done very carefully at such temperatures. On very
hot days the work may be restricted to the morning hours.
19.5.10 Extra Length of Film
19.5.10.1 Extra length to the extent of 3.5 % over and above the film required for
spreading (including length required for anchoring) may be allowed to
take care of thermal variations and splicing of joints. The ends of the film
shall be held down with sand filled bags. Such bags shall also be placed
at intervals to keep the film free of wrinkles and to avoid air entering
under the film. Anchoring of polythene film is shown in the figure-19.3
19.5.10.2 The adjacent layers of film shall be laid in such a manner that width of
over-laps shall not be less than 15 cm and overlap shall point towards
downstream side of the channel (i.e. as if the layer on the U/S side is
laid over the adjacent layer on the D/S side with an overlap width of
15Cm unless otherwise specified. The overlapped joints shall be heat
sealed with hot iron press specifically designed for jointing of LDPE film.
Both sheets of the film shall be laid flat against each other without
wrinkles or pulls at the time of sealing. The joints made shall be water
tight. Any other method of joining may be adopted only after the written
instructions of the Superintending Engineer.
19.5.11 Laying of Lining
19.5.11.1 Soaking of bricks shall conform to PWD specification No. 19.2.6 for
double layer tile lining.
19.5.11.2 Complete section shall be taken up for simultaneous lining work in case
of cup shaped section. Pucca profiles or dhamalies of selected flat
bricks of uniform size shall be laid at 7.5metres intervals in 1:3 cement
sand mortar on the polythene film starting from centre line outwards,
simultaneously on both sides.
26
19.5.11.3 The laying of bricks shall then be started according to the procedure
explained for specifications for single layer brick lining but 10mm
thickness of layer of mortar between polythene film and bricks shall be
used instead of 6mm in the case of single layer brick lining. The layer of
bricks shall start from centre of the channel on both sides
simultaneously and done up to equal heights to guard against sliding of
brick lining on the surface of the film.
19.5.11.4 For trapezoidal sections carrying discharge more than 10 Cumecs,
masonry toe walls of size 69cm x 15cm shall be constructed at two
extremities of the bed with a view to provide anchor for the film laid
down on bed and sides and also to support the side lining. However the
width of toe walls shall be kept 46cm for channels carrying discharge
varying between 10cumecs and 3cumecs. For channels having
discharge less than 3cumecs, the width of toe walls shall be kept as
35cm.
19.5.11.5 A trench of size 10cm x 10cm at 12.5 cm distance away from the lip
shall be dug, all along the canal length to hold the loose end of the film
laid on side slopes.
19.5.11.6 The specifications for laying of brick lining shall be same as these for
cup section except that the lining of bed and sides can be carried out
independently.
19.5.11.7 Extreme care should be taken to avoid puncturing of polythene film. Men
with hard pointed or nailed shoes shall not be allowed to work at site
from the time of spreading of the film. Empty cement bags shall be
placed under wooden scaffolding and planks which shall be smooth and
free from protruding nails and splinters. All sharp edges shall be
rounded beforehand. Mortar pans on no account are allowed to be
dumped on the film. The masons shall take every care that film is not
punctured due to careless handling of their tools.
19.5.12 Testing of Joints of Lining: - The joints shall be tested and repaired as
explained under specifications for single layer brick lining. Care should
be taken that the testing chisel is not pressed too deep, so that
polythene film does not get punctured. The laying of coping and curing
shall be done as per procedure laid down in specifications for single
layer brick lining.
27
FIG 19.3 Details of LDPE and anchorage for Cup Shape Channels
(Similar arrangements for Trapezoidal Section with rounded corners)
28
FIG 19.4 Typical Trapezoidal Section without rounded corners for polythene film
lining
29
19.6 Cement concrete Lining for Irrigation channels
19.6.1 General
19.6.1.1 The normal lining shall consist of design mix of grade M-10 or M-15
conforming to IS: 456 -2000 cement concrete slabs. The thickness of in-
situ concrete lining shall be as specified in drawings or as decided by
Engineer-in-charge keeping in view capacity & depth of canals.
Concrete lining either may be laid in panels (manually) or by pavers
(mechanically).
For lining, maximum size of coarse aggregate shall be 20 mm for
thickness of lining upto 100 mm and 40 mm for thickness of lining above
100 mm. For lining upto 100 mm, maximum size of coarse aggregate
shall be 20 mm and 40 mm, for lining with higher thickness, the coarse
aggregate shall be batched properly to get good finish and shall conform
to the specification No. 3.29. Fine aggregate shall also conform to the
specification No..3.30.
19.6.1.2 The sleepers to be provided below lining below bed shall be in-situ or
precast however precast sleepers should be provided under the joints in
side slopes. The size of sleeper should be 20 cm wide and 15 cm deep.
The length of precast sleepers should be 60 cm. The sleepers are to be
placed centrally below the joint. Concrete used for sleepers shall be of
same grade as for lining. In case concreting to be done by manual
placement, the lining shall have longitudinal and transverse joints at
convenient and regular intervals not exceeding 3.0 M to avoid cracks
due to volume changes in concrete. In case lining is to be done by
pavers, sleepers are to be provided only at construction joints to be
provided at any location where it is suited as an exigency to construction
to be decided by Engineer-in-charge. However, in case where lining is to
be done by pavers, the contraction joint in green concrete shall be cut
with spacing not exceeding 4.0 M in any direction and crack inducing
seals or any other suitable material as decided by Engineer-in-charge to
be provided in these joints.
19.6.2 Specifications of Cement Concrete: - Cement concrete use shall
comply with the specification No.10.2.
in specification No. 19.1.
19.6.4 Laying of Sleepers
19.6.4.1 Laying truly of sleepers in the bed and the side slopes below the joints in
slabs, will greatly help in having the sub-grade dressed perfectly.
Trenches of the required sizes both in the bed and the sides shall be
dug to receive the sleepers. Care shall be taken that cavities left on
30
either side of the sleepers laid in the trenches dug on the side slopes are
properly filled in and compacted before laying of the concrete slabs.
19.6.4.2 Before laying cement concrete slabs, to ensure water tight joints, the top
of sleepers both the bed and side slopes shall be treated with different
types of sealing compound, seals etc. depending upon type of concrete
laying method.
19.6.5 Soaking of Sub-grade and putting 1:3 Cement Slurry: - The sub-
grade shall be moistened thoroughly before laying of the concrete slabs
to avoid absorption of moisture from the concrete and making it spongy
and permeable; 1: 3 cement slurry shall be spread over the sub-grade
after it is moistened. The slurry shall be poured directly from the cans.
19.6.6 Laying Concrete Lining
General
The cement concrete slabs in the bed and side slopes shall rest on pre
cast cement concrete sleepers (Mix-M-15) 200 mm wide and 150 mm
thick cast in 600 mm lengths. For bed in-situ sleeper can also be
provided. In case concreting is to done by manual placement, the lining
shall have longitudinal and transverse joints at convenient intervals not
exceeding 3.0M to avoid cracks due to temperature changes in
concrete. In case lining is to be done by pavers, the contraction joint in
green concrete shall be cut and crack inducing seals or any other
suitable material as decided by Engineer-in-charge provided and no
sleepers are required below there.
(a) Cement concrete slabs
The concrete used for lining should be design mixed concrete of grade
M-10/M-15 and should conform to requirement of IS-456-2000. For
lining near the pucca works, where reinforcement is provided concrete of
grade M-20 shall be used.
(b) Slump
For hand placing and for placing with light machines where concrete is
screeded from bottom to top of the slope, the consistency shall be such
that the concrete will barely stay on the slope. A slump of 60 to 70 mm
shall be generally allowed. For heavier longitudinally operated slip form
machines/pavers a slump of 50 mm at laying point shall be permitted. To
have a close control of consistency and workability of the concrete the
slumps of concrete shall not vary more than 20mm which would
otherwise interfere with the progress and quality of the work.
(c) Laying of sleepers
31
Wherever the sleepers are to be laid these shall be laid truly in the bed
and on sides slopes, centrally below the joints in slabs as this would
help in having the sub-grade dressed perfectly. Trenches of the required
size both in the bed and sides shall be dug to receive the sleepers. Care
shall be taken that cavities on either sides of the sleepers, laid in the
trenches dug on the side slopes are properly filled in and compacted
before laying of the concrete slabs.
Before laying cement concrete slabs, to ensure water tight joints, the top
of the sleepers both in bed and side slopes, shall be treated with primer.
(d) Laying of slabs
In case of conventional placement of machine mix and hand placement
method, slabs shall be laid in alternate compartments with an interval of
at least one day for setting and contraction. Slabs shall be so laid that
these shall abutt against each other at the centre of the respective bed
sleepers both crosswise and longitudinally. Method of placing shall be
such as to preclude segregation. The concrete shall be placed and
compacted in any case before setting commences and shall not be
subsequently disturbed. In case of laying with pavers, the concrete
should be laid continuously without sleepers as per machine
requirement and direction of Engineer-in-charge. The sleeper in this
case be placed only at construction joint.
(e) Placing
Placing of concrete shall not be started until all form work, installation of
parts to be embedded and preparation of surface upon which concrete
is to be laid have been completed. All absorptive surfaces against which
concrete is to be laid shall be moistened thoroughly so that moisture will
not be withdrawn from freshly placed concrete.
In case filter material is to be provided over sub grade to take care of
differential hydro-static pressure and draw down in canal, designs of
coarse filter material blanket immediately in contact with lining would be
necessary. To make such filter blanket effective and to prevent ingress
of concrete into it, before placement of concrete and prevent seepage
from canal into sub grade, Polythene film shall be placed over the filter
blanket. All concrete shall be placed directly in its final position within
stipulated time as per initial setting time. Concrete should not be
dropped from excessive height to avoid segregation. Concrete should
not be placed faster than placing crew can compact it properly.
1. Hand Placing
32
The laying of concrete is to be done by pavers, however when
concreting by pavers is not feasible or where the quantity of concrete to
be placed is very small, hand placing of concrete shall be adopted. The
concrete shall be dumped and spread on the sides and bottom of the
canals in panels of sizes as prescribed in the relevant drawings, with
suitable joints in between. Screed guide shall be laid on the sub-grade
and the concrete shall be screeded upto the grade to proper thickness.
The concrete shall be perfectly compacted by means of flat wooden
hammers, duly fitted with iron pegs. To have the lining perfectly level, a
plain wooden template shall be moved over the slab and un-evenness
removed.
Before laying the concrete, precast or cast in stubbed sleepers as
wherever needed shall be provided under the joints to serve as
templates for accurate dressing of the sub-grade and to reduce the
seepage through the joints.
The bays/panels should be formed by proper form work of M.S.
channels laid all around the bay. The channels should be firmly spiked
to the sub grade so that no movement takes place at the time of
concreting and vibration. The depth of M.S. channels should
correspond to the required thickness concrete lining. The concrete
should be dumped in the bay from bottom to top and then spread all
over the bay uniformly and to the required thickness guided by channels.
The spread concrete should then be compacted properly and thoroughly
by means of mechanical or screed vibrators. An improvised plate
vibrator operated by high horse power engine and a winch for moving
the vibrator up the inclined slope should be made use of for proper
compaction. When width of panel is less i.e. up to 2m manual operation
of vibrators is possible and may be permitted. In no case the concrete
should be compacted by tamping. The compacted surface should be
true to the required side slope. Before re-using the channel forms, they
should be thoroughly cleaned and well oiled. Care should be taken,
while placing and vibrating the concrete that, the sub grade in the
adjacent bays does not get spoiled.
2. Mechanical Placing of concrete
 Sub grade guided slip-form
For efficient placing of concrete on slopes, the use of a weighted vibrate
steel faced slip-form screed in the direction of movement shall be
adopted. The slip-form shall be supported directly on the sub-grade and
operated longitudinally along it.
33
 Rail guided slip form
For better economy, longitudinally operated slip forms supported on rails
placed along the berms/bed of the canal may be adopted. Concrete
should be spread uniformly on the bed longitudinally and on the sides
from bottom to top.
 By Pavers
Lining by pavers will be allowed as per machine specifications approved
by Engineer In charge. Care shall be taken that the design parameters
are attained while casting of lining with pavers. Concrete should be
spread uniformly on the bed longitudinally and on the sides from bottom
to top.
(f) Finishing
The surface of concrete finished against forms shall be smooth and shall
be free from projections, honey-combing and other objectionable
defects. Immediately on the removal of forms, all unsightly ridges or lips
shall be removed and undesirable local bulging on exposed surface
shall be remedied by tooling and rubbing. Repairs to concrete surfaces
and additions where required shall be made by cutting regular lines. The
chipped openings shall be sharp and shall not be less than 70 mm in
depth. The fresh concrete shall be reinforced and chipped and trowelled
to the surface of the openings. The mortar shall be placed in layers not
more than 20 mm in thickness after being compacted and each layer
shall be compacted thoroughly. All exposed concrete surfaces shall be
cleaned of impurities, lumps of mortar or grout and unsightly stains. The
concrete should be finished to an even and smooth surface by careful
use of steel trowel.
(g) Mixing
The mixing of concrete shall be done as per IS: 1791-2005.
Concrete shall normally be mixed in a mechanical mixer and batch type
mixers are desired. Mixing shall be continued until there is a uniform
distribution of the materials and the mass is uniform in colour and
consistency but in no case the mixing shall be done for less than two
minutes.
(h) Transporting
Concrete shall be handled from the place of mixing to the place of final
deposit as rapidly as practicable by methods which will prevent the
34
segregation or loss of any of the ingredients. If segregation does occur
during transport the concrete shall be remixed before being placed.
Concrete shall be placed at site well within the initial setting time failing
which the same is to be discarded as per direction of Engineer-in-
charge.
During hot or cold weather, concrete shall be transported in deep
containers. The deep containers, on account of their lower ratio of
surface area to mass, reduce the rate of loss of water by evaporation
during hot weather and loss of heat during cold weather.
(i) Air entraining Admixture
Any air entraining agent or any other admixture may be used, if
specified, by Engineer-in-charge to increase work ability, to make
concrete impervious and more durable and free from honey combs and
bleeding. Air entraining admixture shall conform to IS 9103.
19.6.7 Expansion Joint: - The expansion joints should be given adjacent to
the pucca works. The joint shall be 12 mm wide to be back filled
suitably, as per drawing No. 19.5.
35
FIG 19.5
19.6.8 Construction Joint for Mechanical Concreting (By Pavers): -

Construction joints form a weak link in the lining and deterioration is
generally noticed at such joints. Besides joints are potential seepage
points for the canal water, therefore number of joints should be kept to
the minimum and great care should be taken to obtain well compacted
and smooth concrete surface at joints. Construction joints shall be
placed at any location where it is suited as an exigency to construction.
The construction joint shall be provided with cement concrete sleeper;
PVC seal and sealing compound layer, as per Drawing No. 19.6.
36
FIG 19.6
19.6.9 Contraction Joint for Mechanical Concreting (By Pavers): - In case

lining is to be laid by mechanical method, then PVC water stops shall be
preferably placed at joints along with the concreting. Alternatively any
other suitable filler material as decided by Engineer-in-charge may be
placed in groove cut in green concrete with spacing not exceeding 4.0
M in any direction. The selected material, in both longitudinal &
transverse directions, should be provided as per drawing No. 19.7.
37
FIG 19.7
19.6.10 Construction/Contraction Joint for Manual Concreting
38
19.6.10.1 The concreting is to be done by Mechanical means. However in case it
is not possible to use mechanical means due to site conditions, only
then manual concreting is to be done. Manual concreting, if resorted
should be done in alternate panels or bays decided by Engineer in-
charge & of panel size not exceeding 3.0m×3.0m, to cater for initial
shrinkage and cracks. 25cm wide L.D.P.E. film of 150 micron thickness
should be placed on the top of sleepers, provided to support
construction joints in manual concreting. The top of film and side of
panel should be applied with primer conforming to IS 3384:1986 (First
Revision) “specification for Bitumen primer for use in water proofing &
damp proofing”. This sheet acts as an interceptor for seepage through
the joint as per Drawing No. 19.8.
FIG 19.8
19.6.10.2 To ensure a good surface the shuttering should be smooth, cleaned,

well-oiled and rigidly fixed at site. Besides different mechanisms for
39
compaction of concrete in lining, tamping with iron bar near the joint
surface gives better results.
19.6.11 Reinforcement of Concrete
19.6.11.1 In critical reaches such as upstream and downstream of pucca works
such as cross drainage works, bridges etc. reinforcement is to be
provided in 15m length beyond pucca work in concrete slabs in middle
of lining side both in longitudinal and transverse directions @ 12 mm dia
@ 300 mm c/c both ways. For such reaches concrete of grade M-20
shall be used for lining.
19.6.11.2 Reinforcement steel shall be of grade Fe 500 & Cement concrete shall
be M 20 mix conforming to IS: 456-2000.
19.6.12 Curing
19.6.12.1 Subsequent to laying of concrete lining and after a period of 12 hours
the lining should be cured for at least 28 days.
(a) Bed Lining
Twelve hours after laying of concrete, small bunds longitudinal and
cross-wise consisting of earth materials or lean mortar (1:15) should be
laid for a height of 8 cm for the purpose of curing. Water will be kept
always ponded in these bunds for 28 days continuously.
(b) Side Lining
The panel in which concreting is done the previous day should be
covered with burlap or empty cement gunny bags.
19.6.12.2 For the purpose of curing, water tank of 5000 litres capacity should be
placed on a platform at the edge of service road at the rate of one for
500 m length of lining, which should be kept filled with water, with
arrangement of outlet and flexible hose of at least 300 m length. Water
should be continuously sprinkled on the gunny bags or Hessian cloth
keeping them wet for 28 days. Sprinkling shall be done during night time
also. The curing of side slopes may be done by perforated pipes on the
coping at the top of lining or by sprinklers.
19.6.13 Drainage behind lining & PRV’s: - Depending upon type of sub-grade
& position of water table, well drainage system comprising of filter,
drains & PRV’s if proposed as per drawings sanctioned by competent
authority shall be provided to safeguard the lining form pressure built up
behind it.
40
CHAPTER NO. 20
OUTLETS
41
REFERRED
Sr. No. Code No. Name of Code

1 IS 456:2000 PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE – CODE OF PRACTICE
2 IS 458:2003 SPECIFICATION FOR PRECAST CONCRETE PIPES (WITH AND

WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT)
3 IS 783:1985 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR LAYING OF CONCRETE PIPES
4 IS 7986:1976 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CANAL OUTLETS
5 IS 3114:1994 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR LAYING OF CAST IRON PIPES
42
CONTENTS
Clause Page
Brief Description
No. No.
20.1 General
20.1.1 Method - Earth work for Outlets
20.1.2 Rate
20.2 Dismantling of Outlets

20.2.1 General
20.2.2 Damage
20.2.3 Material
20.2.4 Rate
20.3 Adjustments of outlets

20.3.1 Time for Adjustment
20.3.2 Adjustment according to design
20.3.3 Rate
20.4 Construction, Watching & Removing Bund in Running Water for

Outlets
20.4.1 General
20.4.2 Damage
20.4.3 Rate
20.5 Laying and Jointing of Reinforced Cement Concrete Pipes for

Culverts and Outlets
20.5.1 Concrete Pipe
20.5.2 Handling of Pipes
20.5.3 Laying of Pipes
20.5.4 Jointing of pipes
20.5.5 Curing of Joints
20.5.6 Rate
43
20.1 General
20.1.1 Method - Earth work for Outlets
Earth works for outlets shall generally conform to specification in chapter
no. 6. for “Earth Work in foundations”, except that special care shall be
taken to refill and repair the bank to safeguard against any mishap.
Earth filling shall be done in 15cm layers with good earth free from clots.
Each layer shall be sprinkled with water and thoroughly rammed before
the next one is laid. The refill placed to the layer shall be free from roots,
grass, stumps of other rubbish. No filling shall be commenced without
the permission of the Sub Divisional Officer. The bank shall be brought
to the designed section at the site of outlet, and if there is any deficiency
in the bank it shall be made by earth borrowed from outside. If there is
any surplus soil it shall be disposed off in the borrow pits or on the
slopes of the banks and shall be properly dressed. Proper watching shall
also be arranged at the outlet site to guard against any breach due to
leakage.
20.1.2 Rate
The rate includes all operations such as excavations, refilling and
watering in layers, consolidation and dressing and disposal of surplus
soil, if any. The cost of all earth work borrowed from outside for making
up the deficiency in the bank shall be paid for separately at earth work
rates as specified. Discharge for purposes of fixing the job rate shall
mean the designed full supply discharge of the parent channel opposite
the outlet.
20.2 Dismantling of Outlets
20.2.1 General
Unless otherwise specified, wherever any outlet is to be abandoned it
shall be dismantled or removed as a whole. Partial dismantling of outlets
may tempt the irrigators to reopen the same for unauthorized irrigation
and sometimes result in serious breaches in the channel at the site of
the outlet.
20.2.2 Damage
The contractor is responsible for the dismantling and it is to be done with
appropriate tools in such a manner as to render unserviceable as little of
the material as possible, special care being taken to avoid damage or
injury to such parts which are to be preserved for reuse elsewhere. Any
such damage which is due to carelessness of the contractor will be
made good by him at his own expense.
20.2.3 Material
44
All material dismantled shall be the property of the Govt. and shall be
sorted and stacked where ordered by the Engineer-In-Charge.
20.2.4 Rate
The rate includes dismantling and removing of dismantled material up to
100m and sorting and stacking the same the rate doesn’t include earth
work in excavation necessary for dismantling which will be paid for
separately.
20.3 Adjustments of outlets
20.3.1 Time for Adjustment
When any alteration form is received duly sanctioned from the
competent authority requiring adjustment of the outlets, it should be
carried out in the beginning of the sowing season (i.e. Kharif or Rabi),
unless specially ordered by the competent authority for executing the
work at any other time of the year. This is necessary to avoid damage if
any to the crops already sown on the outlets.
20.3.2 Adjustment according to design
All adjustment shall be strictly according to the sanctioned data and no
deviation from the design will be permissible. Adjustment shall be done
in such a manner that the new work is not liable to tempering easily. The
new work shall be properly bonded with the existing work. When
concrete or mortar is used, the same shall be allowed sufficient time to
harden before the outlet is opened and during this period proper curing
shall be arranged. In case of short closures rapid hardening cement or
calcium chloride up to 1.5 % of the weight of cement may be used to
reduce period of hardening.
20.3.3 Rate
Except for tail cluster, rates in the schedule of rates are for adjustments
where change in ‘B’ or width of throat of flume, etc. is upto 30mm and in
case change ‘B’ is more than 30mm curved approach shall have to be
dismantled considerably and, therefore, payments may be made on the
basis of actual measurement of dismantling and rebuilding.
20.4 Construction, Watching & Removing Bund in Running Water for
Outlets
20.4.1 General
20.4.1.1 To remove, construct adjust or repair the outlets in running water,
earthen ring bund in the channel is necessary for the safety of the
channel as well as the work to be undertaken. The bund should be
suitably protected by using gunny bags so as to make the earthen bund
strong and leak proof.
45
20.4.1.2 Contractor shall arrange for proper day and night watching of the bund
till the work on the outlet is completed.
20.4.2 Damage
All damage occurring to the channel including works on it due to breach
in the channel at the site of work caused by the negligence of the
contractor shall be recoverable from him.
20.4.3 Rate
Rate includes the cost of bags, and constructing, watching and removing
bund in running water.
20.5 Laying and Jointing of Reinforced Cement Concrete Pipes for
Culverts and Outlets
20.5.1 Concrete Pipe
Reinforced cement concrete pipes shall conform to Indian standard:
458.
20.5.2 Handling of Pipes
Proper care shall be exercised in loading transporting and unloading of
concrete pipes. Handling shall be such as to avoid impact. Gradual
unloading by inclined plane or by chain block is recommended.
20.5.3 Laying of Pipes
All pipes and collars shall be inspected carefully before being laid.
Broken or defective pipes or collar shall not be used. Pipes shall be
lowered to the site carefully and shall be laid true to line and grade as
specified. Laying of pipes shall always proceed up the grade of a slope,
and the collar shall be slipped on before the next pipe is laid. The body
of the pipe shall rest on an even bed for its entire length and places shall
be excavated to receive the collar for the purpose of jointing. The
section of the pipe shall be jointed together in such a manner that there
shall be as little unevenness as possible along the inside of the pipe.
20.5.4 Jointing of pipes
Several proprietary Rigid and Flexible joints are available for jointing
cast iron pipes and Concrete pipes and these may be used with the
specific approval of the Authority; however, they shall be used strictly
in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
20.5.4.1 Jointing of Cast Iron Pipes
Cement Joints are mainly used in Socket and spigot end pipes. Where
cement joints are used for cast iron pipes, cement as permitted in IS 456
may be used.
20.5.4.1.1 Procedure
Closely twisted spun yarn gasket of such diameter as required to
support the spigot of the pipe at the proper grade and make truly
46
concentric joints, and in one piece of sufficient length to pass around the
pipe and lap at the top, shall be thoroughly saturated in cement paste.
This gasket shall be laid in the socket for the lower third of the
circumstances of the joint and covered with cement mortar
(1cement:1coarse sand). The spigot of the pipe shall be thoroughly
cleaned with a wet brush, inserted and carefully driven home, after
which a small amount of mortar shall be inserted in the annular space
around the entire circumference of the pipe and solidly rammed into the
joint with a caulking tool, the mortar previously placed being driven
ahead of the gasket. The remainder of the joint shall then be completely
filled with mortar and bevelled off at an angle of 45 degrees with the
outside of the pipe. On pipes of 450 mm in diameter or larger, the joints
shall be pointed and smoothened from the Inside. While making cement
joints, one lead joint shall be introduced for every ten cement joint.
The inside of the pipe shall be cleaned after the mortar sets slightly by
dragging a large gunny-wrapped block of wood or straw through the
pipe. Care is, however, necessary to see that this block is not left in the
pipe when the work is interrupted or completed.
20.5.4.1.2 Time interval before filling pipe
Pipe laid with cement joints shall not be filled with water until a lapse of
twelve hours after the last joint in any valve section has been made, and
pressure shall not be permitted in the pipe until all joints have aged at
least 5 days after concrete was cast.
20.5.4.2 Jointing of Concrete Pipes
20.5.4.2.1 Rigid, Socket & Spigot Joint and Collar Joint are mainly used in
Concrete pipes.
20.5.4.2.2 Rigid Joint: In this the water seal is affected by cement mortar or similar
material which will not allow any movement between the two pipes.
(a) Socket and Spigot Joint - The annular space between socket and spigot
is filled with cement mortar (1: 2). This joint is used for low pressure pipe
line. The details of joint are shown in Fig. 20.1.
47
FIG 20.1
(b) Collar Joint - Collars of 15 to 20 cm wide cover the joint between two
pipes. A slightly damp mixture of cement and sand is rammed with
caulking tool. The details are shown in Fig. 20.2.
FIG 20.2
20.5.5 Curing of Joints

Every joint shall be kept wet for about 10 days maturing. The section of
the pipe line laid and jointed shall be covered with earth or sand
immediately to protect from whether effects. A minimum coat of 10cm is
considered adequate. The joint shall not be covered without the
permission of the Engineer-In-Charge.
20.5.6 Rate
Labour rate includes re-handling of material within 90m, laying reinforce
cement concrete pipes, joining ends, fixing collar with cement mortar 1:2
and curing of joints. Through rate in addition includes the cost of
materials for cement mortar.
48
CHAPTER NO. 23
RIVER AND CANAL
PROTECTION WORKS
49
REFERRED
1 IS CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF RIVER EMBANKMENTS

11532:1995 (LEVEES) - GUIDELINES
50
CONTENTS
Clause Page No.

Brief Description
No.
23.1 Pilchi, Farash or Sarkanda Pitching
23.1.1 Material
23.1.2 Construction
23.1.3 Rate
23.2 Pilchi, Farash or Sarkanda and Bamboo Mattresses
23.2.1 General
23.2.2 Construction
23.2.3 Installation
23.3 “Gachi” Pitching
23.4 Fixing “Floating Spurs” in Irrigation channels
23.5 Stacking and Bushing
23.5.1 General
23.5.2 Longitudinal bushing
23.5.3 Cross Fixed Spur
23.6 Slope Protection with Sand Bags
23.6.1 Sand Bags
23.6.2 Rate
23.7 Dry Brick Pitching
23.7.1 General
23.7.2 Material
23.7.3 Construction details
23.7.4 Protection of Pitching
23.7.4.1 Concrete Blocks & Boulder flooring in channel beds
23.8 Wire Crates
23.8.1 Size
23.8.2 Gauze of Wire
23.8.3 Weaving
23.8.3.1 Bottom ends and sides
23.8.3.2 Joining the sides
23.8.3.3 Placing and Closing
23.8.4 Filling of Material.
23.8.4 (A) Bricks and Brickbats
23.8.4 (B) Boulders
23.8.5 Filling to be Hand packed
23.9 Dry Stone or Boulder Pitching
23.9.1 General
23.9.2 Types of stone riprap
51
23.9.3 Dumped riprap
23.9.4 Hand placed riprap or pitching
23.10 Grouted Stone Pitching
23.10.1 General
23.10.2 Construction
23.10.3 Grouting
23.11 Embankment
23.11.1 General
23.11.2 Construction of embankment
23.11.3 Borrow pits
23.11.4 Preparation of foundation
23.11.5 Earthwork
23.11.5.1 Embankment Profile
23.11.5.2 Embankment Involving Mechanical Compaction
23.11.5.3 Embankment Involving Manual Compaction
23.11.5.4 Remodelling of Embankment
23.11.5.5 Incomplete embankment
23.11.6 Compaction
23.11.7 Slope Protection
52
23.1 Pilchi, Farash or Sarkanda Pitching
23.1.1 Material
Pilchi, farash or sarkanda for forming the rolls shall be cut from green
plants. The rolls shall be 15cm. diameter and of 1 or 1.5 meters in length
as specified. The rolls shall be cut to an equal length and shall be so
made that trunk ends of the pilchi branches are on one side.
23.1.1 Construction
The reach where this type of pitching is to be done shall be cleaned of
all humps and irregularities to provide an even bed for the bottom layer
of the pitching. The pitching shall be of 15cm dia. layers of Pilchi etc.,
laid as a header and of specified Length alternating with 15 cm covering
of earth for consolidations shown in fig. 23.1 below.
FIG 23.1
53
23.1.2 Rate
Rate includes supply of pilchi, farash or sarkanda involving carriage
within 2 kms, labour for making rolls and laying pitching as detailed
above including pegs and tying with wire. The rate does not include the
cost of wire which is to be supplied by the department.
23.2 Pilchi, Farash or Sarkanda and Bamboo Mattresses
23.2.1 General
Mattresses woven out of sarkanda, Pilchi or other wild reeds and shrubs
shall be used for providing slope protection to canal and river works
where other means are not available, or are found to be uneconomical.
Such mattresses should be expected to provide a rather temporary
protection, and shall be improved, replaced or repaired annually.
23.2.2 Construction
Pilchi and sarkanda reeds shall be hand woven or joined together to
form mattresses about 15 cm thick, their construction and thickness
being subject to Executive Engineer’s approval. Bamboo mattresses
shall be in the form of screens made out of first class bamboos 3.5 to 4
meters long. The bamboos shall be split into two and tied together with
coir or other suitable yarn to from a screen with 30cm rhombus opening.
23.2.3 Installation
The mattresses shall be rolled and laid over a layer of brushwood or
branches placed against the slope, if so specified. Bamboo screens
shall generally be used to hold in place such brushwood protection. The
rolled mattresses or screens should be held down by wooden stakes or
“killas” driven vertically into the slope. The size, spacing, and general
arrangements of stakes, brushwood, and the mattresses shall be
specified by the Engineer-in-charge.
23.3 “Gachi” Pitching
“Gachi” pitching is suitable only for protection of slopes against erosion
in case of small irrigation channels. This type of pitching consists of silt
“Gachies” obtained from the existing berm. It shall be laid with average
thickness of 30cm and joints of “gachies” shall be broken.
23.4 Fixing “Floating Spurs” in Irrigation channels
In this type of spurs, branches are hung from the banks as shown in Fig
No. 23.2. The method comprises of driving pegs 50mm to 75mm
diameter of suitable length in the existing berm of the channel. The pegs
shall be strong enough to hold the leafy green branches of the trees
hanging in the flowing water. For every spur at least two pegs or stakes
shall be driven in a direction perpendicular to the flow of water. The spur
or branch of the tree shall then be tied to stake with coir rope, so that the
54
spur remains nearly at right angle to the flow of water. The floating
branches shall be of such lengths as to extend to the line in the channel
up to which formation of berm is required. The formation of berm with
this type of spur is uniform and work can be done in running water. The
Floating Spurs proves the best method when berming up accompanies
the scouring of bed.
Floating Spurs should be put up in silting seasons, when silt in the water
is maximum. When full berms have formed, the protruding branches
should be allowed to rot, as cutting them would disturb the berm
formation.
FIG 23.2
23.5 Stacking and Bushing
23.5.1 General
Stacking and bushing is generally done in irrigation channel to form
berm where they do not exist or to reduce channel width where the
existing section is required to be reduced according to the remodelled
conditions. Stacking and bushing for the formation of berm may be of
the following two types:-
(i) Longitudinal bushing
(ii) Cross Fixed Spur
23.5.2 Longitudinal bushing
It shall consists of line of pegs 50 to 75 mm diameter, 1m apart or as
directed by the Engineer-in- charge on one or both sides parallel to the
length of the channel with brushwood inter-wined behind the stakes and
providing cross spur 15m apart. Top layer of brushing shall preferably
have thorny bushes to safeguard against damage by stray cattle.
Stacking and bushing shall be done in a closure. Longitudinal bushing
shall be done in small reaches with big branches closely enmeshed so
that they do not float when water comes.
Longitudinal bushing is used with advantage where the channel was
locally wide, with the important precaution that the branches round the
55
pegs are well pressed so that erosive action on the pegs is reduced by
the leaves around them.
23.5.3 Cross Fixed Spur
Cross fixed spur consists of line of pegs 50 to 75 mm diameter, 1m apart
projecting from the bank of channel to the designed bed line intertwined
with brushwood. Top of pegs shall approximately be at the full supply
level of the channel. Double lines of pegs with brushwood in between
them may also be driven according to necessity at site.
23.6 Slope Protection with Sand Bags
23.6.1 Sand Bags
Sand bags shall be specified as a means of temporary protection only.
Empty cement bags shall generally be used, and shall only be three-
quarters to four-fifths filled with dry soil, and sewn up before being laid in
place. Sand shall be preferred for filling the bags. The bags should be
placed tightly against each other; where necessary the base of the sand
bag pitching being widened by laying the bags with their lengths normal
to the bank.
23.6.2 Rate
Rate shall include filling empty cement bags with sand or earth and
sewing including cost of string. Laying in position and lead shall be as
specified in the Schedule of rates. Rate does not include cost of empty
cement bags.
23.7 Dry Brick Pitching
23.7.1 General
Slope and bed protection upstream and downstream of canal Structures
such as bridges, falls rapids, regulators, siphons, etc., should generally
consist of brick pitching. The details of slope and bed protection for a
particular structure shall be as specified in its design.
23.7.2 Material
Only first class bricks shall be used for brick pitching.
23.7.3 Construction details
Brick pitching should be laid with a resultant smooth Surface, on bed
and side slopes upstream and down-stream of bridges, discharge
flumes, up-stream and down-stream of falls, regulators and syphons.
Ribbed or cellular brick pitching shall generally be specified for bed and
side slope protection downstream of falls, rapids, regulators and siphons
designed to work under pressure.
In all brick pitching the top course shall consist of brick on edge, and the
pitching shall be bedded on a minimum of 75mm thick Layer of cement
concrete M10.
56
23.7.4 Protection of Pitching
All brick pitching on slopes shall be supported by masonry or concrete
toe-walls carried to suitable depth below the channel bed. Brick pitching
on bed and side slopes shall be protected upstream and downstream by
masonry or concrete curtain walls, top of which should be flush with top
of pitching.
Where a large area has to be pitched, the pitching shall be divided into
square or rectangular units of specified sizes separated by stabilizing
masonry walls.
23.7.4.1 Concrete Blocks & Boulder flooring in channel beds
Boulder pitching shall sometimes be specified for protection of unlined
channel beds, especially downstream of Distributory falls. Such pitching
should be laid horizontal at the bed level, and shall extend to a distance
as detailed in the design/drawing. The thickness of the bed pitching
depends upon the size of capacity of the channel, and it shall be
specified by the Engineer-in-charge.
23.8 Wire Crates
23.8.1 Size
Generally the size of wire crates shall be 1.2 m x 1.2m.In shallow
situations size may be increased whereas in deep and inaccessible
situations the same may be decreased. Actual size of wire crates shall
be as specified by the Engineer-in-charge.
23.8.2 Gauge of Wire
The crates shall be made from No.6 or 8 S.W.G (4.75 or 4.00 mm)
galvanized iron wire or mild steel, if permitted/specified by the Engineer-
in-charge.
Unless otherwise specified, the mesh of the gauge or crate shall be
15cm x 15 cm or 25 cm x 7.5 cm.
23.8.3 Weaving
The netting shall be made by fixing a row of spikes on a beam at a
Spacing equal to the mesh. The beam must be a little longer than the
width of netting required. The wire is to be cut to lengths about three
times the length of the net required. Each piece is bent at the middle
round one of the spikes and the weaving commenced from one corner.
A double twist shall be given at each intersection.
23.8.3.1 Bottom ends and sides
The bottoms and two ends of the crate shall be made at one time. The
other two sides shall be made separately and shall be secured to the
bottom and the ends by twisting adjacent wire together.
23.8.3.2 Joining the Sides
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This twisting shall be carefully done by means of a strong iron bar, five
half turns being given to the bar at each splice.
23.8.3.3 Placing and Closing
Wherever possible, crates shall be placed in position before filling with
brickbats, bricks, or boulder as the case may be. The top shall be made
separately and shall be fixed in the same manner as the sides after the
Crate has been filled. Where it is not possible to construct wire crates in
situ, tipping of the same shall be resorted to.
23.8.4 Filling of Material
23.8.4 (A) Bricks and Brickbats
Pucca third class bricks or pucca brick bats should be used. No kutcha
or pilla bricks of bats shall be allowed to be used in filling. Jhama and
over burnt bricks or brickbats shall be preferred.
23.8.4(B) Boulders
Boulders used for filling shall generally conform to Specification No.....
No dimension of boulders shall be less than 15 cm. No boulder shall
weigh less than 18 kg.
23.8.5 Filling to be Hand packed
The crate shall be filed by carefully hand packing the material as tightly
as possible and not by merely throwing in the same.
23.9 Dry Stone or Boulder Pitching
23.9.1 General
Stone riprap or dry stone pitching should be used for protection of
slopes if Suitable rock or boulders are available in sufficient quantities.
Stone riprap or pitching should extend from the maximum water level,
including allowance for wave action, down to about one metre below the
lowest expected draw down level for dams and dikes and 30 cm below
the bed level in case of canals, channels and guide bunds etc., or as
specified in the drawings. Where boulder pitching is protected by a
flexible apron in the form of wire crates, the pitching shall be continued
up to the bottom of the apron.
23.9.2 Types of Stone Riprap
Stone riprap may be dumped or hand placed. Dumped riprap is cheaper
and it should be used where stone is plentiful. Its thickness should vary
from 45 cm to 1.5 m depending upon the slope, height, exposure, and
wave action. Hand placed riprap may be more economical than dumped
riprap in that a lesser thickness may be used. A thickness of 45 to 60 cm
of well laid and durable stone riprap should be sufficient to withstand
severe wave Conditions. Type and thickness of riprap at site shall be as
per drawings.
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23.9.3 Dumped riprap
Boulder used in the dumped riprap shall conform to specification
no.3.31. If quarried stone is used, it shall be hard, dense and durable
and not subject to slaking, solubility or rapid weathering. Boulders or
stone pieces in the dumped riprap shall be reasonably well graded in
sizes ranging from 0.014 to 0.38 cubic metres with a maximum of 25
percent smaller than 0.014 cubic metre and a minimum of 30 percent
large than 0.084 cubic metre. Rock for such riprap shall be dumped,
preferably mechanically, and graded off in such a manner as to insure
that the large pieces are uniformly distributed and the smaller rock
fragments and spalls serve to fill the spaces between the large rocks
and in such a manner as will result in a reasonably smooth surface and
a uniform layer of riprap of the thickness specified. Rock pieces larger
than 1/2 cubic metre in volume may be allowed in the riprap, if
embedded in place so that the top surfaces are at the established grade
for the surface or riprap. The inclusion of objectionable quantities as
determined by the Engineer-in-charge of loose dirt, sand and rock dust
shall not be permitted.
When the compacted soils of the underlying layer are of such gradation
that there is danger of fines being washed out through the voids in the
riprap, a layer or blanket of graded gravel shall be provided below the
riprap. Unless otherwise specified, the thickness of the gravel layer shall
be 15 to 30 cm.
23.9.4 Hand placed riprap or pitching
Boulder used in the hand placed riprap shall conform to specification
no...... If quarried stone is used it shall consist of clean, hard, dense and
durable rock fragments having roughly square or rectangular and
reasonably flat exposed faces. Grading of boulders or quarried stone
shall be such that at least 50 per cent of the surfaces shall be of
boulders or stones which in depth are equal to the specified thickness of
riprap. The remaining boulders or stones shall have minimum weight not
less than 18 kg.
Hand placed pitching or riprap should be of the same quality and
appearance as dry rubble. It should consist of stones, which can be
picked up and used by one man, laid on edge on properly prepared and
graded gravel bed of specified thickness. Stone of a flat stratified nature
should be placed with the principal bedding planes normal to the slop.
Joints should be broken as much as possible and joint openings to the
underlying fill should be avoided by carefully arranging the various sizes
of stones and closing the openings with spalls, small rock fragments, or
59
gravel. The placing methods and selections of sizes must be such as will
insure a pavement of reasonably smooth surface and uniform average
thickness.
The bottom or lower band of riprap on the upstream face of an earth
dam should rest on shoulder or berm in the embankment. The bottom
course should be formed with headers twice as deep as the other stones
and set into the bank in a trench at the inner edge of the berm.
As for dumped riprap, a layer or cushion of graded gravel 15 to 30 cm
thick, shall be provided under the hand placed pitching where there is
danger of fines being washed out from the underlying fill
23.10 Grouted Stone Pitching
23.10.1 General
Grouted stone pitching shall generally be used, where specified, for
protection of beds and slopes upstream and downstream of structures
such as culverts, bridges, falls, etc. where swift and turbulent flow is
encountered. It is desirable to grout stone pitching or riprap where
boulders and heavy sediments are being transported along the bed of
the channel.
23.10.2 Construction
Grouted stone riprap shall be similar in quality, and shall be laid, as
hand placed riprap described in specification no.23.9.The thickness of
stone pitching which has to be grouted shall be as specified, and
generally less than that of hand placed riprap. The thickness of gravel
blanket or concrete cushion to be placed under the pitching, if any, shall
be also be specified.
After the main pitching stones, have been laid in place, the voids shall
be tightly packed with spalls, stone fragments and gravel. All loose
surface material shall than be swept away.
23.10.3 Grouting
The pitching to be grouted should then be thoroughly wetted, surplus
water being permitted to drip or drain off. In the meantime, cement sand
grout of the specified proportion and consistency should be mixed in a
standard concrete mixer. Cement concrete with gravel smaller than 5
mm size may also be used as grout where it is placed manually. In the
case of grouted boulder pitching, grouting should be carried within 75
mm of the top of stones, a surface being given with a trowel.
For smaller jobs and where the pitching is horizontal or at flat slops,
cement grout may be carried and poured with hand buckets. Care
should be taken that no grout is wasted or permitted to draw off, and the
60
batch mixed at a time should be just sufficient to be used before the
initial setting of cement.
For large jobs, a grouting pump of a suitable capacity with an agitator
trough shall be used to pump the grout. The grout pipes, valves etc.,
shall be kept clean by flushing with water before and after each grouting
shift. Great care shall be exercised to maintain proper pressure and to
minimise the waste of grout. A wetting agent or an agent which greatly
increases the fluidity of the grout shall be added to the mixing water in
quantities as specified by the Executive Engineer.
On small level pitching jobs, it may be specified to tamp the surface with
wooden tampers but generally the pitching shall not be disturbed or
tampered with after completion of grouting.
Grouted pitching shall be cured by keeping it wet for at least 14 days
after the grout has set.
23.11 Embankment
23.11.1 General
For planning of embankment three aspects needs to be looked,
i)Area to be protected.
ii) Degree of Protection.
iii) Alignment & spacing of embankment. It shall be aligned on the ridge of
natural bank of the river, where the land is high and soil suitable for
construction of embankment. Sudden changes in the alignment and
forming kinks should be avoided as far as possible. In no case should an
embankment be placed at a distance less than Lacey’s wetted perimeter
and from river bank or one & half times the Lacey’s wetted perimeter
from midstream of the river.
23.11.2 Construction of Embankment
Embankment may be homogeneous or zoned. There should be
maximum utilisation of natural unprocessed material available locally for
economy. They should generally be of compacted roll fill at controlled
moisture content. Investigation of borrow areas, their location & depth of
excavation, foundation preparation; Earthwork, compaction, moisture
control and the slope protection are also important aspects to be
carefully attended during construction.
23.11.3 Borrow Pits
These should preferably be located on the river side of the proposed
embankment. Preliminary soil investigation from a few representative
auger holes or borrow pits may be done. For low embankment less than
6m in height, borrow area should not be selected within 25m from the
toe/heel of the embankment. In case of higher embankment, the
61
distance should not be less than 50m. In order to obviate development
of flow parallel to embankment, cross bars of width eight times the depth
of borrow pits spaced at 50 to 60m centre to centre should be left in
borrow pits. All borrow pits should be stripped of the top soil, sod, loam
and other objectionable material considered unsuitable for use in the
embankment.
23.11.4 Preparation of Foundation
The seat of the embankment should be properly prepared for fill
placement. It shall be ensured that all stumps, brush, large roots, top soil
and other objectionable material are completely removed before
placement of the fill. Any ridge or mounds, which are in line of
embankment, should be loosened by ploughing or stepped or dug or
provided with V-cut benching at interval running parallel to the centre
line. The prepared surface should enable proper bond with the fill
material to be placed thereon.
23.11.5 Earthwork
23.11.5.1 Embankment Profile
A complete profile of the embankment with its correct height, width and
all slopes dressed to true form should be laid by pegs, bamboo post and
strings at 50m interval or by actual construction of the embankment of
3m length at 150m intervals.
23.11.5.2 Embankment Involving Mechanical Compaction
In this case, the materials free from all organic matter should be
compacted in layers of 15 to 20cm for full width of the embankment and
carried up regularly in accordance with embankment section. All clods
should be broken to a size having not more than 5 cm diameter. Each
layer should be properly watered and compacted. The surface should
be well graded and crowned in the centre so that during rain the surface
water carried rapidly to the slopes of the fill.
23.11.5.3 Embankment Involving Manual Compaction
In this case, the layers not exceeding 15cm thickness should be placed
slightly sloped towards the centre of the crest so that rainfall will
naturally consolidate the embankment during the construction. The
materials free from all organic matter. The top layer forming the crest of
the embankment should be suitably graded so that the rainwater does
not accumulate and create maintenance problems.
23.11.5.4 Remodelling of Embankment
When adding new earthwork to the existing embankment, the old bank
should first be cut or benched into steps with the treads sloping slightly
towards the centre of the embankment and surface of the old work
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should be wetted so that new earth may adhere to the old. Similarly,
junctions should be made by cutting grips or forks in the side slopes of
the old embankment.
23.11.5.5 Incomplete embankment
In case the whole length is not taken up simultaneously, the incomplete
embankment should have steps not steeper than overall longitudinal
slope of 1 in 5 to permit satisfactory bond with the portion to be taken
up later.
23.11.6 Compaction
Compaction of each layer of fill materials should proceed in systematic,
orderly and continuous manner so as to ensure the specified coverage
by the compactor, sheep foot roller or tamping type roller is generally
accepted. For Mechanical compaction the minimum compaction should
be 90 percent and for manual compaction 85 percent. Proper moisture
control of the material placed on the embankment should be ensured.
23.11.7 Slope Protection
The surface protection of embankment against action of rain and wind
is usually achieved by turfing. In case of embankment using non-
cohesive material, a cover of 0.3m to 0.6m thick cohesive material can
be given. If river action is more severe, suitably designed slope
protection should be adopted. The planting of trees on embankment
should not be permitted because their roots tend to loosen the structure
of the embankment when shaken by wind storm, in turn, causes cracks
and leaks.
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CHAPTER NO. 25
MAINTENENCE OF
CANALS AND DRAINS
64
REFERRED
1 IS 4839 MAINTENANCE OF CANALS – CODE OF PRACTICE

(Part 1) :1992 (Unlined Canals)

(Part 2) :1992 (Lined Canals)

(Part 3) :1992 (Canal Structures, Drains, Outlets, Jungle Clearance, Plantation and
Regulation)
65
CONTENTS
Clause Page No.

Brief Description
No.
25.1 Unlined Canals
25.1.1 General
25.1.2 Bed and Berm
25.1.3 Silt Clearance
25.1.4 Silt Disposal
25.1.5 Miscellaneous
25.1.6 Banks
25.1.7 Sources of earth for repair
25.2 Lined Canals
25.2.1 General
25.2.2 Canal Closure
25.2.3 Inspection of Lining
25.2.4 Maintenance of Lining
25.2.5 Reaches with High Sub-soil water
25.2.6 Seepage through Embankments
25.2.8 Weed Removal
25.3 Drains
25.3.1 Cleaning, Repairing or Maintenance of Drains
25.3.2 General points for the proper maintenance and upkeep of
Drainage system
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25.1 Unlined Canals
25.1.1 General:
The chief requirements of uniform canal are as follows:
a) A clean regular bed,
b) Straight clean slopes,
c) Uniform bed widths, and
d) Uniform regular top width.
Closure on main canal and branches should be notified sufficiently in
advance. Whenever canal is closed it should be inspected as soon as
possible. All pipes and openings in the crest of falls should be opened
so as to drain off the water upstream of the fall. The canal should be
cleaned before it is run again.
25.1.2 Bed and Berm
25.1.2.1 Bed and Berm should be scraped, where necessary and especially in
tail reaches. Berm and bed lines should be correctly aligned before
scraping. Berm should not be scraped if it has not silted properly.
25.1.2.2 Before starting work on either the bed or berms, they should be aligned
by flags and string. The former are necessary for the alignment in
general and the latter to correct small irregularities in that. Every
opportunity should be taken to straighten the canal and to get rid of
kinks and irregularities in the alignment and also to ease off all curves
where scouring or silting takes place.
25.1.2.3 Clearing operation should be started from downstream to upstream
starting either from the tail or a fall.
25.1.2.4 Bed: All grass should be scraped and weeds removed from the silted
bed wherever they are found to exist since their presence induces silt
deposit, reducing velocity and waterway. All local accumulation or
continuous deposits or mounds of silt should be removed to correct bed
level. Beds should be levelled and their gradients regularized by the
removal of silt mounds higher than correct bed level. In case of main
canals, branches, and distributaries, silt at the junction of bed and
67
slopes should not be removed if the section of water ways is not unduly
affected. Small minors and all tail reaches should, however, be cleared
to the correct trapezoidal section. The practice of cutting the silt
deposited at the junction of side slope and bed and throwing it on the
bed to level it should not be permitted. Irrigation canals that carry silt –
free water from reservoirs generally get infested with aquatic weed
growth which reduces their capacity and thereby impairs their proper
functioning. For maintaining these canals at designed efficiency it is
essential to keep then clear of aquatic weeds .In case of newly
constructed canals regular inspections should be undertaken to locate
any spots where the weed growth has set in. Weeds from such spots
should be removed completely so that infestation does not spread. In
the case of old canals where aquatic weed growth is profuse suitable
mechanical or chemical methods may be employed at as early stage as
possible. Care should be taken that the chemical is used within
reasonable limits so that it is not harmful for living beings and the crops.
Biological methods such as fish culture of the type of grass - carp could
also be tried.
25.1.2.5 Berm: Berm cutting should not be started until sample profiles have
been cut and the lines carefully laid. Wherever berms are fully formed up
all grass and brush – wood should be removed from them since their
presence induces abnormal and irregular growth resulting in constriction
of canal section. Irregular protruding and overhanging berms should be
cut back to proper alignment and slope. If this is neglected berms fall in
or protrude abnormally and the canal tends to adopt an irregular section
or winding course. Wherever berms have grown excessively there by
tightening the waterway they should be cut to proper section. Berms
should be kept straight by trimming projections after aligning them
correctly. Heavy berm cutting may be avoided by regular trimming and
scraping as the situation calls for every year. Killa-bushing filled with
brush – wood should be provided to induce formation of the berms.
25.1.3.1 If a canal is in regime and taking its full supply, It is not necessary to
clear silt to the theoretical cross-section If the canal is not functioning
properly, it may be sufficient to clear a portion of silt to get it into efficient
working order or it may be necessary to clear to full theoretical cross-
section. Silt should not be cleared below falls what if outlets in such
places are overdrawing water due to rise in water surface, they should
be raised. Boning rods should be used to see whether the silt has been
properly cleared.
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25.1.4 Silt Disposal
(a) Coarse Silt:-Found in head reaches of
distributaries. It contains a large percentage of sand which does not
stabilize and is useless for any repairs. This should be disposed of in
filling old borrow pits first and then on long outer slopes of banks; care
being taken that the top of the heap is never allowed to come above the
bank level. Silt thrown on outer slopes of banks should b disposed of in
a regular and uniform manner and not in irregular heaps;
(b) Medium silt: - Found in middle reaches of distributaries. It stabilizes
after one monsoon passes over it. If taken out before or during the
monsoon. It may be utilized in: (1) closing leaks, (2) securing outward
slopes, and (3) widening bank only as supplement to the berm earth if it
proves insufficient.
(c) Fine silt: - Found in tail reaches of canal. Contains a good
proportion of clay and settles down to a very smooth surface and allows
grass to grow freely on it, it is valuable for all repairs and should be used
like berm earth.
25.1.4.1 Silt should not be heaped above bank level. It should not be used in
raising and narrowing already high and narrow banks. It should never be
thrown on the berm of inner slope of banks. Coarse and medium silt
should not be spread on canal service road. If this has to be done for
any reasons, the surface should be covered by a 15 cm thick layer of
good loamy soil or fine silt.
25.1.5 Miscellaneous: Where a canal is running brush - wood that collects at
bridges, siphons and falls, it should be removed to some distance away
from the banks, dried and burnt. When general clearance is being done
it should be particularly seen that silt and rubbish are cleared form under
the bridges.
25.1.5.1 Instances of excessive scouring at any point should be noted and
adequate measures, such as driving in stakes along with brush-wood
and construction of revetment should be taken stop them.
25.1.6 Banks
25.1.6.1 Regular cross–sections should be surveyed to see settlement pattern of
banks. Banks shall be brought up and maintained to full section. The
minimum width and free board of bank should be in accordance with the
relevant Indian Standard.
25.1.6.2 Before continuous bank repairs are started, profiles should be made,
30m apart. These should be at the correct height and width of the bank
repaired and should be checked before work is started.
69
25.1.6.3 All holes and rain cuts should be fully opened up to the bottom by
digging steps not more than 0.5m deep in the sides and removing all the
fallen or loose lumps of earth, bushes, grass roots, etc. Filling and
repairing should be done by placing level layers of earth (not more than
15cm deep) obtained from source. The earth in each layer should be
free from clods, roots, grass, brickbats and other debris and it should be
compacted at adequate moisture content.
25.1.6.4 Top of bank should be smooth and free from clods and silt mounds.
They should be given a slight outward cross slope of about 1 in 80 in
order to take the rain water away from the canal.
25.1.6.5 The bank slopes should not be scraped or cut back as a general rule.
25.1.6.6 Loose earth should not be left lying on top of a bank. Wherever filling is
necessary, it should be well compacted.
25.1.6.7 Grass or turfing should not be scraped. It should only be cut as far as
necessary to show the surface of the bank and to avoid the holes being
hidden under long grass.
25.1.6.8 Scraping the top edges of banks for appearance should not be
permitted.
25.1.6.9 Earth from any surface for bank repairs should be placed where required
and in such quantities only as needed otherwise banks will become
irregular by developing unwanted bulges and hollows.
25.1.6.10 The top of both banks should always be kept smooth and free from
holes. One bank, at least, should be maintained as an inspection bank.
25.1.6.11 Banks that are too low should be raised to the proper design levels as
early as possible.
25.1.6.12 Banks should generally be at least 30 cm above the country level to
prevent drainage getting in the canal.
25.1.613 In case of banks where there is trouble due to borrowing of animals, a
sand core may be provided.
25.1.6.14 In pervious reaches where seepage is excessive puddled clay core, in
place of sand core, may be provided.
25.1.6.15 Where water logging is observed seepage drains should be provided on
either bank.
25.1.7 Sources of earth for repair
1. From Internal clearances: - Material obtained from bed and berm
cutting.
2. By Removal of Irregularities: - High banks can be lowered and bump
or projections on top sides cut down to fill in the hollows.
3. By Making Pockets in berms: - By making 1.5 m long pockets in the
berm with a minimum distance of 1.0 m left in between them. Depth
70
should be usually kept 30 cm. The silt should be removed leaving a
layer of silt at least 15 cm thick next to the bank.
4. From spoil banks.
5. From Prominent Mounds in the Field Near the Site.
6. From Beds of Drains Near the Site.
7. From outside Borrow Pits--- Earth from outside borrow pits should be
only obtained if it not possible to procure earth from any of the other
sources specified above.
25.1.7.1 The following precautions should be observed in taking earth from
outside borrow pits:
1. No borrow pits should be dug within 6 m from the toe of banks or
driving road or driving road or ramps of bridges.
2. Borrow pits should normally be not more than 30 cm deep; and
3. Earth should not be taken from the toe of banks, as the natural
rounding of the corner should not be disturbed.
25.2 Lined Canals
25.2.1 General:
A lined canal should be maintained so that it continues to function
efficiently and serves the purpose, for which it has been constructed,
throughout its effective span of life. In addition to maintaining its
imperviousness, the lining should be maintained so that it also continues
to have the same discharge capacity for which it has been designed and
which it had when it started operating soon after the construction was
over. The reduction in discharge may generally be due to accumulation
of silt; cracking of lining; failure of the drainage; growth of weeds, algae
and moss; seepage and evaporation etc.
Silt deposition in lined canals can be minimized by judicious operation of
gates of cross regulators silt ejectors/desilting basins, wherever
provided. These gates should be lowered for ponding on the upstream
side only under the following conditions:
1. To limit the rate of drawdown in the lined canal to a maximum of 0.5
metre per day either during fluctuations of discharge or when the canal
is being closed.
2. To enable channels taking off upstream of the regulator to be fed
properly or to divert flow through escapes.
At all other times, the canal should be run with gates full open.
25.2.2 Canal Closure: Suitable rules should be framed, and observed for each
canal system to ensure that the closure does not create a rate of
drawdown which is more than what is provided for in the design.
71
25.2.3 Inspections of Lining: Whenever canal is closed for periodical
inspection and repairs, the lining, its auxiliaries and special design
features should be carefully inspected. The following points should be
noted while carrying out the inspection:
1. Whether any cavities or pockets have been formed behind the lining.
2. Development of any cracks or displacement or damage to lining;
3. Whether the filler material in the joints of the lining is sound, intact and
leak-proof and any weed growth in the joints has taken place;
4. Whether pressure release arrangements and humps or regulators (if
any) function effectively;
5. Whether pipes and openings provided in the crest of falls are choked;
6. Silt deposits and weed growth; and
8. Bench marks/Boundary pillars, full supply water levels/gauge at
suitable intervals be pointed/fixed to know about the hydraulic efficiency
of the canal.
25.2.4 Maintenance of Lining
There can be distress to the lining ranging from small settlement cracks
to excessive heaving displacement and sinking of the lining in the
following situations:
a) Cuts in soft fine grained soils, especially when the lining was laid,
directly on the soil without any special preparation of the subgrade;
b) High water table situated. considerably above the canal bed,
especially in fine grained soils, where weep holes or other simple
drainage devices are not very effective;
c) Freshly laid embankments, especially if composed of clayey sails;
d) High continuous spoil banks, left too near the canal excavation
without sufficiently wide berms and adequate arrangements for
draining the rain water away from the canal and similar situations
permitting surface drainage to enter behind the lining; and
e) Cavities behind lining caused due to sucking out action on
subgrade material by oscillating waves or fluctuating supplies of
water of the canal through cracks, open joints and holes in lining.
Such action as may be necessary to avoid recurrence of any failure
in the lining should be taken by investigating the causes of the
failure and remedying them. The defects or damaged parts of the
72
lining, joint filler etc, should be immediately attended to and
repaired so as to ensure a sound, stable and watertight lining.
25.2.4.1 Any cavities or pockets detected behind the lining should be carefully
packed with sand or other suitable material. Care should be taken to
ensure that the lining does not get damaged or displaced during the
operation. Damaged or displaced portions of lining should be removed
and replaced by fresh lining of quality comparable to the original lining.
The sub-grade should be thoroughly compacted and prepared in
accordance with IS 3873: 1992 before laying the fresh lining. The
cracks (other than hair cracks) should be filled with bitumen or other
suitable filler so as to ensure water-tightness of the lining. A more
effective sealing of cracks may be obtained by cutting a V-groove along
the face of the cracks before filling with scaling compound. Minor cracks
on the lining may be sealed by dumping powdered clay upstream of the
cracks. The damaged or displaced portions of the joint filler should be
carefully removed. The joint should be cleaned of dirt, weeds, etc,
before filling in fresh filler material. The chocked pressure release pipes
should be cleaned by intermittent application of air and water or by
rodding. Defective flap valves or other parts should be repaired or
replaced. The humps or regulators should be well maintained and
repaired, if necessary. All drainage and pressure release pipes and
openings should be cleaned of any dirt, debris, etc, and water
accumulating upstream of the fall, if any, should be drained off. The
lining should be protected from ingress of rain water behind the lining.
The free edge of the lining should be well tucked into the canal bank.
Turfing of the slope above the lining level would greatly help in
preventing scours and gully formation. Suitable measure be taken to
bring the canal to carry its authorised discharge when it is noticed that
the discharging capacity is reduced. It should be done by maintaining
the lined surface of the canal to its original shape and slopes.
Discharge table be prepared once a year near the flumes or free falls or
at other conspicuous points where such hydraulic structures are not
available.
25.2.5 Reaches with High Subsoil Water Level: The subsoil water level
should be observed in such reaches carefully and regularly during and
after the rainy season besides routine observations from time to time. In
case of rise, the adequacy of the pressure release system or other
remedial measures like humps, regulators, etc, provided for the safety
73
of the lining, should be reviewed and further measures adopted, if
necessary.
25.2.6 Seepage through Embankments: Seepage through embankments, if

any, should be observed at reasonable intervals, of time. Where
necessary, particularly in high embankment reaches, observations of
seepage flow should be made and any abnormal increase in the
seepage rate and soil particles should be viewed with caution, its
possible causes investigated and remedial measures taken.
25.2.7 Silt Clearance: If any silt deposition is detected during inspection, steps
should be taken to investigate causes thereof and to take remedial
measures for the same. Only in exceptional circumstances it may be
necessary to excavate the silt and remove it. If any silting tendency is
noticed in the form of reduction of discharge carrying capacity, cross-
sections of the lined canal should be taken at frequent intervals to
determine the extent of silting and to see if the silt deposited during
monsoons can be flushed out during non-monsoon period when the
water is silt free. Where silt clearance is unavoidable, it should be done
carefully by manual labour to prevent damage to lining.
25.2. 8 Weed Removal: Aquatic weed growth, if observed below the supply
level should be removed. Land weed growing over the free board should
also be controlled.
25.3 Drains
25.3.1 Cleaning, Repairing or Maintenance of Drains
25.3.1.1 The inspection bank should be maintained in good condition.
25.3.1.2 Silt cleared from the bed of a drain should be used to fill up holes and
ruts on the inspection bank. This silt should not be thrown up in heaps in
such a way as to interfere with the ingress of drainage. The silt should
also not be disposed off on the inner slopes of the drain to safeguard
against its re-entrance into the drains during rains.
25.3.1.3 Toe drain should be provided according to IS 7784 (Part 2/Sec 3): 1981.
Toe drain provided to intercept seepage water should be cleared of
weeds before the sowing of the crop in that region, to keep down the
spring level.
25.3.1.4 Bunds should not be permitted in drains and should be removed if found
existing before monsoon breaks.
25.3.1.5 All cross drainage works and obstructions due to weed growth,
deposition of silt/slush etc. on U/S, D/S and under the bridges & culverts
74
falling on drains, choes, khads, Beins etc. should be cleared every year
before the onset of monsoon season.
25.3.1.6 All types of weed growth in the section of drains, choes, khads, beins
etc. should be cleared every year before the onset of monsoon season.
25.3.1.7 In reaches of the drains where Municipal Corporation/Committees
discharge effluents, shall be cleared off from all type of weed
growth/slush etc. every year. It should also be ensured that there is free
flow of the effluent up to the outfall point. No untreated effluent should
be allowed to discharge in any drain/choe etc.
25.3.1.8 Drains existing in water logged area/seepage drains should be cleared
off weed growth, silt etc. every year.
25.3.1.9 The drains and choes which pass through cities/towns/thick populated
areas should only be desilted if their discharge capacity is reduced by
20%.
25.3.1.10 The drains having discharge capacity up to 100 cusecs should be
desilted only if their discharge capacity is reduced by 20-30%.
25.3.1.11 The drains having discharge capacity more than 100 cusecs and choes,
khads, beins etc. shall only be desilted if their discharge capacity is
reduced by more than 30%.
25.3.1.12 Any slipped pitching, etc, of the drain cross section should be made
good particularly before monsoon.
25.3.1.13 Wherever the drain/choe flows through an urban reach or where the
land available for cutting out the drain/ choes is less than that required,
side lining may be provided in accordance with the provisions of relevant
IS codes.
25.3.1.14 Wherever two or more drains intersect, the sides and beds of drains
may be protected from increased erosive activity by providing protection
work in accordance with the provisions of IS 14262: 1995 “ Planning and
Design of Revetments- Guidelines”.
25.3.2 General points for the proper maintenance and upkeep of Drainge
System
25.3.2.1 The drainage system/network of drains shall be reviewed keeping in
view the present climate changes and rainfall to remodel for the
increased/reduced discharge of the drain as per present requirement.
25.3.2.2 The earth work available from desilting should be dressed to facilitate
normal movement of earthmoving machinery as well as inspection
vehicles and to stabilise the bank in proper shape.
25.3.2.3 It should be ensured that the plantation along the drains by the Forest
Department should be done in such a way that it should not create
75
hindrance in the movement of earthmoving machinery/Dragline
machines.
25.3.2.4 That the hump pipe crossing should be discouraged and proper culverts
should be constructed.
25.3.2.5 Creation of local depressions in the embankments of the drains should
be avoided, and if any, made by the adjoining commuters should be
restored before the onset o f the monsoon season.
76

PWD SPECIFICATIONS Final

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PWD SPECIFICATIONS Final

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CHAPTER NO.

LIST OF BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD CODES

2 IS 3873:1993 LAYING CEMENT CONCRETE/STONE SLAB LINING ON

3 IS 2116:1980 SPECIFICATIONS FOR SAND FOR MASONRY MORTARS

4 IS 2508:1984 SPECIFICATIONS FOR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FILMS

5 IS 456:2000 PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE – CODE OF PRACTICE

6 IS 3384:1986 SPECIFICATION FOR BITUMEN PRIMER FOR USE IN WATER

7 IS 4701:1982 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR EARTHWORK ON CANALS

8 IS 3367:1993 BURNT CLAY TILES FOR USE IN LINING IRRIGATION AND

9 IS 4558:1995 UNDER- DRAINAGE OF LINED CANALS – CODE OF PRACTICE

10 IS 9103:1999 CONCRETE ADMIXTURES – SPECIFICATIONS

19.2 Double Layer Tile Lining for Irrigation Channels

19.3 Single Layer Tile Lining in Bed for Irrigation Channels

19.4 Single Layer Brick without Polythene Lining for Irrigation

19.5 Single Layer Brick Polythene (LDPE) Lining for Irrigation

19.6 Cement Concrete Lining for Irrigation Channels

19.3 Single Layer Tile Lining in Bed for Irrigation channels

19.4 Single Layer Brick Lining without Polythene for Irrigation

19.6.8 Construction Joint for Mechanical Concreting (By Pavers): -

19.6.9 Contraction Joint for Mechanical Concreting (By Pavers): - In case

19.6.10 Construction/Contraction Joint for Manual Concreting

19.6.10.2 To ensure a good surface the shuttering should be smooth, cleaned,

Sr. No. Code No. Name of Code

2 IS 458:2003 SPECIFICATION FOR PRECAST CONCRETE PIPES (WITH AND

3 IS 783:1985 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR LAYING OF CONCRETE PIPES

4 IS 7986:1976 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CANAL OUTLETS

5 IS 3114:1994 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR LAYING OF CAST IRON PIPES

20.2 Dismantling of Outlets

20.3 Adjustments of outlets

20.4 Construction, Watching & Removing Bund in Running Water for

20.5 Laying and Jointing of Reinforced Cement Concrete Pipes for

20.5.5 Curing of Joints

Sr. No. Code No. Name of Code

1 IS CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF RIVER EMBANKMENTS

Clause Page No.

Sr. No. Code No. Name of Code

1 IS 4839 MAINTENANCE OF CANALS – CODE OF PRACTICE

2 IS 4839 MAINTENANCE OF CANALS – CODE OF PRACTICE

3 IS 4839 MAINTENANCE OF CANALS – CODE OF PRACTICE

Clause Page No.

25.2.6 Seepage through Embankments: Seepage through embankments, if

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