1. What are moral standards, and how they differ from each rules of lives?

What are moral

and non – moral standards? Explain your answers

 A moral standard refers to the norms which we have about the types of actions
which we believe to be morally acceptable and morally unacceptable.
Specifically, moral standards deal with matters which can either seriously harm or
seriously benefit human beings. The validity of moral standards comes from the
line of reasoning that was taken to back or support them, and thus are not able to
be formed or changed by particular bodies of authority.
There are (5) Characteristics of Moral standard:
 Moral standards involve serious wrongs or significant benefits to man, animals,
and environment.
 Moral standards are not established by authority figures.
 Moral standards have the trait of universalizability.
 Moral standards are based on impartial considerations.
 moral standards are associated with special emotions (such as guilt and shame)
and vocabulary (such as right, wrong, good, and bad).

https://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/glossary/moral-standard/
 Non-moral standards refer to standards by which we judge what is good or bad
and right or wrong in a non-moral way. Examples of non-moral standards are
standards of etiquette by which we judge manners as good or bad, standards we
call the law by which we judge something as legal or illegal
https://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/06/08/moral-standards/
 It is different from the rules of lives because in Moral Standards we “Judge”
whether the act is good or bad, while in rules of lives we “follow” the rules.
o For example: Make peace with your past, so it won't disturb your present.
o No one is in charge of your happiness except for you.

2. What is Moral Dilemma? What are the three levels of moral dilemma? Explain your answers
by giving examples
 Moral Dilemma is the situation wherein an individual will have to make a decision
between two choices each one has consequences that will affect the morality of the
person involved
o Individual
 A dilemma where only one or two person is involved
o Organizational
 A dilemma that will affect the whole group in the decision
o Systematic
 A dilemma that will affect 2 or more groups the making of the decision.

 Individual, Heinz dilemma. Where Heinz will make a decision between Stealing the
medicine that can cure his wife and he will get imprisoned or he will not steal the
medicine because he will break the law but his wife will die.
  Organizational, when a business’ sale is rapidly decreasing and need to fire staff that has
been part of the business for 20years because they can no longer give their sweldo, or let
his staff job and continue to go on with the business.

 Systematic, When a mayor is promoting the preservation of virgin forest and also support
the logging industry of their community, the mayor will be stuck in the decision making
to choose between the two.

References: Pair 1 Report

7. Is there a Filipino understanding of Right and Wrong? Why this interpretation? What are its
influences.
- Filipinos respect people and culture, No one is necessary right or wrong we just differ from
one another.
 Influences
1. History
a. Filipinos have been colonized by many countries and Filipinos have inherited
some the values and norms of the colonizers.
2. Religion
a. Philippine is a God fearing country and almost all of Filipinos have been
raised in accordance with the religion’s doctrine.
3. Family
a. Family is the beginning of understanding, and it influences the morality of
Filipino.
4. Filipino Values
a. Filipino have many values unique from other countries, like Utang na loob,
Pakikisama, and Hospitality.

8. How is moral Character developed? How do we get to the highest level, conscience based
moral decisions
Moral character is developed through the
Moral character is developed with step by step development moral character
Micro to chrono
Ecological system
Pinanganak – kulong

WE cannot attain
3. Moral Character Defined • Evaluative orientation that distinguishes good and bad and
prescribes good • Sense of obligation toward standards of a social collective • Sense of
responsibility for acting out of concern for others • Concern for the rights of others •
Commitment to honesty in interpersonal relationships • State of mind that causes negative
emotional reactions to immoral acts. * Damon, W. (1988). Moral child: Nurturing
children’s natural moral growth. New York: Free Press.
4. Components of Moral Character • Moral behavior (prosocial, sharing, donating to
charity, telling the truth) • Moral values (believe in moral goods) • Moral emotion (guilt,
empathy, compassion) • Moral reasoning (about right and wrong) • Moral identity
(morality as an aspect self-image) • Moral personality (enduring tendency to act with
honesty, altruism, responsibility • “Metamoral” characteristics meaning they make
morality possible even though they are not inherently moral Berkowitz, M. (2002). The
science ofcharacter education. In W. Damon (Ed.), Bringing in a new era in character
education (43-63). Stanford, CA: Hoover Institute Press.
Theories of Moral Character Development • External/Social (behaviorists and sociologists):
view morality as a product of external imposition in the form of consequences and/or the
intentional transmission of social rules and norms; • Internal (nativists and sociobiologists):
focus on genetic and maturational influences; • Interactional • Instinctual--psychoanalytic,
psychosocial, and socio-analytic theories that view human nature as instinctual, undeveloped,
and in need of control or socialization; • Maturational--cognitive- and affective-developmental
theories and social-learning theories that view human nature as good; • Personality/Identity:
includes theories that find virtue rooted in personality and personal identity.