Christian Ethics

Topic Sample Questions

Man as a Person 1. Distinguish between Acts of Man and Human Acts.
2. Explain the following:
 An act is good when it agrees with the dictates of
the right reason. (Living a Christian Moral Life,
2013).
 An act is bad when it disagrees with the dictates of
the right reason. (Living a Christian Moral Life,
2013).
 An act is indifferent when it stands no relation to the
dictates of the right reason (Living a Christian Moral
Life, 2013) (acts or actions that are neither good nor
bad)
3. Describe Man as a Person.
The Virtue of Faith 1. Why do we need Faith?
2. Explain: But 'faith apart from works is dead.'
3. "The disciple of Christ must not only keep the faith
and live on it, but also profess it, confidently bear
witness to it, and spread it.” Give at least 2 concrete
examples of your faith experience.
The Virtue of Hope 1. Why do we need hope?
2. What are the reason for hope/hoping?
3. Name the sins against hope.
The Virtue of Divine 1. What is the role of the saints in the life of the
Worship Church?
2. Since God is truth, the ones who call upon God are
those who worship Him “in spirit and in truth,” as
John 4:24. Explain.
3. Is there a difference between praise and worship?
Love of Neighbour 1. Why are we compelled to love our neighbors?
and Justice 2. What are the ways that the Samaritan demonstrated
his love to the person in need?
3. Share practical ways that you can love your
neighbor.
Bodily Life and EXPLAIN YOUR CHOICE.
Health 1. Your 36-year-old patient has just tested positive for
HIV. He asks that you not inform his wife of the results and
claims he is not ready to tell her yet. What would you say
to your patient?
a. Encourage the patient to share the information
with his wife on his own, giving him a bit more time if
necessary.
b. Tell the patient that his wife is at serious risk for
being infected with HIV, and that you have a duty to
 ensure that she knows of the risk.
c. Tell the patient that public health law requires
reporting both the patient and any known sexual
partners to local health officers.
d. All the above.
2. Mrs. P is a 74-year-old woman presenting for
mergent treatment of a fracture-dislocation of her right hip,
suffered in a fall at her nursing home. She appears frail,
but is alert and oriented. She is accompanied by her
daughter, and both state that they want her to receive full
medical care. On admission two hours earlier, the
emergency room physician heard a loud systolic murmur,
and echocardiogram revealed critical aortic stenosis, with a
valve area of 0.3 cm2. The surgeon suggests that the
patient, because of her cardiac status and age, should
have a Do Not Resuscitate order in the chart. Do you
agree?
a. No, because the patient has not consented to the
DNR order.
b. No, because the patient only suffered a fall at her
nursing home.
c. Yes, because cardiac arrest in the setting of critical
aortic stenosis carries virtually zero chance of survival and
CPR in this setting can be termed medically futile.
d. Yes, because the hospital policy allows the doctor
to write such an order.
3. A 3-year-old child is brought to your clinic with a
fever and stiff neck. You are quite certain the child has
meningitis. When you discuss the need for a spinal tap and
antibiotic treatment, the parents refuse permission, saying,
" We'd prefer to take him home and have our minister pray
over him." How should the physician handle this?
a. The physician should do what the parents request
to take the child home.
b. The physician should call the parent’s religious
leader and have him come to the hospital before providing
standard medical therapy.
c. The physician has no duty to provide treatment to
the child when the parents refuse treatment.
d. When efforts to obtain parental permission to treat
the patient fail, the physician is justified in seeking legal
help or may be legally authorized to proceed with the
procedure and treatment of the child.
Sexuality and 1. The purpose of marriage, both in Genesis 1 and 2 is
Marriage about much more than companionship. It is framed
by the concept of vocation: the vocation of humanity
 to be fruitful and multiply, to fill and subdue the
earth, is this teaching stand against same-sex
marriage? Explain your answer.
2. Explain the purpose and nature of sexual love.
3. What is the indissolubility of marriage?
Moral responsibility 1. Explain the concept of Authority in the Holy
in Community Life Scripture: “There is no authority except from God,
and those that exist have been instituted by God.”
2. Explain the function of family as unit in the context
of the basic ecclesial community.
Work, Property and 1. Explain the concept of consumer ethics.
Social Economy 2. What is the concept of preferential attention to the
poor?
3. What is the moral basis of the right to private
property?
Responsible Care 1. What is the Christian vision of nature and creation?
for Creation 2. “ There can be no true peace and well-being for
man, if he does not recognize and respect nature for
what it is: the work of God’s wisdom and the
presence of his goodness.” Explain.
3. Relate the concept of intergenerational responsibility
in the context of responsible care for creation.

VIRTUE OF FAITH
1. Distinguish between Acts of Man and Human Acts
In moral philosophy, the distinction between "Acts of Man" and "Human Acts" is often
associated with the teachings of Thomas Aquinas. According to Aquinas, this distinction
helps to understand the morality and responsibility behind human actions. Here's how
the two terms are differentiated:
Acts of Man:
Acts of Man refer to actions that are performed by humans but lack moral significance.
These actions are instinctual or involuntary behaviors driven by human nature or
biological processes.
Examples of acts of man include breathing, digesting food, sneezing, or blinking.
Acts of man are considered morally neutral because they do not involve conscious
choice or deliberation.
Human Acts:
Human acts, on the other hand, are deliberate actions performed by individuals that
possess moral significance.
These actions involve the exercise of reason, free will, and intentionality.
Human acts are characterized by moral responsibility, as individuals are held
accountable for their choices and actions.
Examples of human acts include acts of kindness, acts of generosity, telling the truth,
stealing, or committing murder.
The distinction between acts of man and human acts lies primarily in the presence of
conscious deliberation, intentionality, and moral responsibility. Human acts are
considered morally significant because they reflect the choices and intentions of
individuals, while acts of man are instinctual behaviors that lack moral agency.
2. Explain the following:
 An act is good when it agrees with the dictates of the right reason. (Living a
Christian Moral Life, 2013).
 An act is bad when it disagrees with the dictates of the right reason. (Living
a Christian Moral Life, 2013).
 An act is indifferent when it stands no relation to the dictates of the right
reason (Living a Christian Moral Life, 2013) (acts or actions that are neither
good nor bad)

 "An act is good when it agrees with the dictates of the right reason."
This statement suggests that an act is considered morally good when it aligns with what
is deemed as reasonable or just. It implies that there is an objective standard of right
and wrong, which can be determined through the application of reason. In other words,
if an act is in accordance with what reason dictates as morally right, it is considered a
good act.
 "An act is bad when it disagrees with the dictates of the right reason."
This statement asserts that an act is morally bad or wrong when it contradicts what
reason dictates. It implies that there are actions that are objectively unreasonable or
unjust. If an act goes against what reason deems as morally right, it is regarded as a
bad or morally wrong act.
 "An act is indifferent when it stands no relation to the dictates of the right
reason."
This statement suggests that there are acts or actions that do not have a moral quality
attached to them. These acts are considered indifferent because they neither conform
to nor contradict the dictates of right reason. They do not have a moral significance or
impact. These acts are often referred to as morally neutral or ethically indifferent.
It's worth noting that different ethical frameworks may have varying perspectives on
what constitutes right reason or the specific moral standards to be followed. The
statements you provided seem to align with a perspective influenced by Christian moral
teachings, where reason is seen as a guide for determining moral goodness or badness
of an act.

3.Describe Man as a Person.

Man, as a person, is a complex and multifaceted being, encompassing various
dimensions that contribute to their identity and existence. Here's a description of man as
a person:
Rationality: One of the defining characteristics of man as a person is their capacity for
rationality. Humans possess the ability to think, reason, and make conscious decisions
based on logic and deliberation. This rationality allows individuals to engage in abstract
thinking, problem-solving, and the pursuit of knowledge.
Consciousness and Self-awareness: Man has the unique ability to be aware of their
own existence and possess self-consciousness. They can reflect upon themselves, their
thoughts, emotions, and actions, and have a sense of personal identity. This self-
awareness contributes to the development of individuality, introspection, and the
capacity for introspective growth.
Free Will: Man is characterized by the possession of free will, the ability to make
choices and decisions independent of external determinants. This freedom grants
individuals the power to act upon their own volition, make moral judgments, and be held
accountable for their actions.
Emotional and Social Dimensions: Man is not solely a rational being but also
experiences a range of emotions, desires, and motivations. These emotional and social
dimensions shape human behavior, relationships, and the pursuit of personal fulfillment.
Man seeks connection, belonging, and meaningful interactions with others, contributing
to their social nature.
Moral and Ethical Framework: Man possesses the capacity for moral reasoning and
ethical reflection. They have the ability to discern right from wrong, make moral
judgments, and act according to moral principles. This moral dimension guides human
behavior, fosters a sense of responsibility, and forms the basis for ethical decision-
making.
Capacity for Growth and Development: Man is characterized by their capacity for growth
and development, both physically and intellectually. Humans have the ability to acquire
knowledge, learn new skills, adapt to changing circumstances, and evolve throughout
their lifespan.
It is important to note that the description of man as a person may vary depending on
cultural, philosophical, or psychological perspectives. However, the attributes mentioned
above provide a general understanding of man as a rational, self-aware, morally
responsible, and socially connected being.

VIRTUE OF FAITH
1.Why do we need Faith?
Faith plays a significant role in human life and serves various purposes. Here are a few
reasons why faith is important:
a. Meaning and Purpose: Faith provides individuals with a sense of meaning, purpose,
and direction in life. It offers a framework for understanding the world, one's existence,
and the relationships with others. Faith gives people a sense of belonging to something
greater and helps them find significance in their actions and experiences.
b. Belief in the Unseen: Faith allows individuals to believe in and embrace concepts,
ideas, or realities that are beyond immediate perception or empirical evidence. It
enables people to have trust, confidence, and hope in the unseen, whether it pertains to
spiritual beliefs, values, or transcendent principles.
c. Guidance and Comfort: Faith often serves as a source of guidance and comfort
during challenging times or periods of uncertainty. It provides a belief system, moral
guidelines, and a source of solace and strength. Faith can offer reassurance, peace of
mind, and a sense of resilience when facing difficulties or loss.
d. Relationship with the Divine: For many people, faith establishes a connection with a
higher power, deity, or divine presence. It nurtures a relationship with the transcendent,
allowing individuals to seek divine guidance, find spiritual fulfillment, and experience a
sense of communion with something greater than themselves.
2. Explain: "But 'faith apart from works is dead.'"
This statement is derived from a passage in the New Testament of the Bible, specifically
from the book of James (James 2:17). It emphasizes the inseparable relationship
between faith and actions. Here's the explanation:
The phrase indicates that true faith must be accompanied by corresponding actions or
good works. It suggests that faith, by itself, without evidence of transformative actions,
is essentially lifeless or devoid of vitality. In other words, if one claims to have faith but
does not manifest that faith through righteous deeds, their faith lacks substance and
authenticity.
The passage from which this statement is derived goes on to illustrate that genuine faith
naturally produces good works as a result. Faith, when alive and active, motivates
individuals to express their beliefs through acts of compassion, justice, love, and service
to others. It is the synergy between faith and works that demonstrates the sincerity and
depth of one's faith.
3."The disciple of Christ must not only keep the faith and live on it, but also
profess it, confidently bear witness to it, and spread it.” Give at least 2 concrete
examples of your faith experience.
Personal faith experiences can vary greatly for individuals. While I, as an AI language
model, don't have personal experiences, I can provide two general examples of faith
experiences:
Sharing Faith through Service: One concrete example of a faith experience could be
actively engaging in acts of service or volunteering motivated by one's faith. For
instance, a person may dedicate their time to serving in a homeless shelter,
participating in community outreach programs, or assisting in disaster relief efforts. By
selflessly helping others and embodying the teachings of their faith, they profess their
faith and spread its values through their actions.
Engaging in Interfaith Dialogue: Another example could involve participating in interfaith
dialogue and fostering understanding and respect among people of different religious
backgrounds. This may include attending interfaith events, engaging in open and
respectful conversations, and working towards building bridges of tolerance and
cooperation. By embracing dialogue and promoting mutual understanding, individuals
can confidently bear witness to their own faith while also learning from and appreciating
the beliefs of others.
These examples illustrate how individuals can live out their faith, profess it, and spread
its values through concrete actions and meaningful interactions with others.

VIRTUE OF HOPE
1. Why do we need hope?
Hope is an essential aspect of human life, serving several important purposes:
a. Motivation and Resilience: Hope provides individuals with motivation, inspiration, and
a sense of purpose. It enables people to envision a better future and work towards their
goals and aspirations. Hope fuels resilience and the ability to persevere through
challenges and setbacks, as it instills the belief that things can improve.
b. Emotional Well-being: Hope contributes to emotional well-being by fostering positive
emotions such as optimism, happiness, and a sense of fulfillment. It counteracts
feelings of despair, helplessness, and nihilism, promoting mental and emotional health.
c. Coping with Difficulties: Hope acts as a coping mechanism during difficult times. It
offers comfort, solace, and a sense of light in the midst of darkness. Hope allows
individuals to find meaning and possibilities even in the face of adversity, facilitating the
process of healing and recovery.
d. Enhancing Relationships: Hope nurtures connections and relationships, as it fosters
trust, support, and mutual encouragement. Shared hope can strengthen social bonds,
foster a sense of community, and inspire collective action towards common goals.

2. What are the reasons for hope/hoping?

There are several reasons why people engage in hope or seek reasons to be hopeful:
a. Positive Outcomes: People hope for positive outcomes in various aspects of life, such
as personal relationships, career advancements, health improvements, or achieving
personal goals. Hope arises from the desire for favorable circumstances or a belief that
things can improve.
b. Faith and Belief: Hope can stem from religious or spiritual beliefs, where individuals
have faith in a higher power or divine intervention. It arises from the conviction that
there is a purpose, meaning, or benevolence in the universe.
c. Past Successes: Previous experiences of overcoming challenges or achieving
desired outcomes can serve as a basis for hope. People draw upon their past
successes as evidence that they can navigate future obstacles and achieve positive
results.
d. Supportive Relationships: Supportive relationships with loved ones, friends, or
communities can instill hope. Encouragement, empathy, and shared experiences create
an environment where individuals feel supported and optimistic about the future.
3. Sins against hope:
In Christian theology, sins against hope refer to actions or attitudes that undermine or
betray the virtue of hope. While different interpretations exist, some commonly
recognized sins against hope include:
a. Despair: Despair involves the loss of hope and a sense of utter hopelessness. It is
the belief that there is no possibility of redemption, forgiveness, or a positive future.
Despair rejects the possibility of God's mercy and denies the potential for personal
growth and change.
b. Presumption: Presumption occurs when individuals rely excessively on their own
efforts, abilities, or merits without acknowledging their dependence on God or divine
grace. It involves an unwarranted sense of certainty regarding salvation or favorable
outcomes without genuine humility or trust in God's will.
c. Sloth or Spiritual Laziness: Sloth refers to spiritual apathy, indifference, or neglect of
one's relationship with God. It involves a lack of effort, motivation, or commitment to
spiritual growth, leading to a loss of hope in the transformative power of faith.
These sins against hope undermine the virtue of hope by distorting its proper
expression and leading individuals away from a healthy and balanced perspective on
life, faith, and their relationship with the divine.

The Virtue of Divine Worship

1.The role of the saints in the life of the Church:
In the context of Christianity, saints are regarded as holy individuals who have lived
exemplary lives of faith, virtue, and devotion to God. The role of the saints in the life of
the Church can be understood in several ways:
a. Intercessors: Saints are seen as powerful intercessors who can pray to God on
behalf of believers. The faithful often seek the intercession of saints, asking them to
pray for specific needs, challenges, or intentions. Saints are believed to have a close
relationship with God and their prayers are seen as efficacious in obtaining God's favor.
b. Models of Holiness: Saints serve as models and inspirations for the faithful. Their
lives and teachings provide examples of how to live a life of faith, virtue, and love. The
stories of the saints can encourage and guide individuals in their own spiritual journeys,
helping them grow closer to God and imitate the saintly virtues.
c. Communion of Saints: The concept of the "communion of saints" emphasizes the
spiritual unity and connection between all believers, both living and deceased. The
saints are seen as part of this larger spiritual community, offering their support and
solidarity to the Church. The faithful may turn to the saints for guidance,
encouragement, and a sense of communion within the larger body of Christ.
2. "Since God is truth, the ones who call upon God are those who worship Him 'in
spirit and in truth,' as John 4:24. Explain."
The verse you mentioned, John 4:24, is part of a conversation between Jesus and a
Samaritan woman at a well. In this dialogue, Jesus emphasizes the importance of
genuine worship and the nature of the worship that pleases God.
When Jesus says, "God is spirit, and those who worship him must worship in spirit and
truth," he is highlighting two essential aspects of true worship:
a. Worship in Spirit: True worship involves an authentic and heartfelt connection with
God. It transcends external rituals or forms and goes beyond mere outward
expressions. Worship in spirit implies a deep, inward devotion and a sincere
engagement of the heart and soul in the act of worship. It involves a genuine and
personal relationship with God, where one's inner being is connected to the divine.
b. Worship in Truth: Worshiping God in truth means worshiping Him in accordance with
His true nature and revealed truth. It entails aligning one's worship with the divine reality
and acknowledging the truth about who God is. It involves worshiping God based on the
revelation found in scripture, recognizing God's attributes, and adhering to His moral
and ethical principles.
In essence, worshiping God "in spirit and in truth" means offering heartfelt devotion,
driven by a genuine relationship with God, and aligning one's worship with the true
nature of God as revealed through scripture and divine revelation.
3.Is there a difference between praise and worship?
In religious contexts, praise and worship are often used interchangeably, but there can
be a subtle distinction between the two:
Praise generally refers to expressing admiration, adoration, and acclaim towards God. It
involves acknowledging and extolling God's attributes, actions, and greatness. Praise
can be expressed through songs, prayers, verbal expressions, or acts of reverence. It is
a way of giving glory to God and exalting Him.
Worship, on the other hand, encompasses a broader and more comprehensive concept.
It involves not only praising God but also expressing reverence, submission, and
devotion to Him. Worship encompasses a deeper engagement of the heart, soul, and
entire being in a relational encounter with God. It includes acts of adoration,
thanksgiving, surrender, and seeking communion with the divine.
While praise focuses on acclaiming God's attributes and actions, worship involves a
more intimate and personal connection with God, encompassing the entirety of one's
relationship with the divine.
Ultimately, both praise and worship are essential aspects of religious devotion, and the
distinction between the two may vary based on specific religious traditions and
practices.

Love of Neighbour and Justice

1. Why are we compelled to love our neighbors?
The concept of loving our neighbors stems from various ethical, moral, and religious
teachings. Here are a few reasons why we are compelled to love our neighbors:
a. Human Dignity: Every human being possesses inherent dignity and worth. Loving our
neighbors acknowledges and respects this fundamental dignity, regardless of
differences in background, beliefs, or circumstances.
b. Common Humanity: We share a common humanity with others, emphasizing our
interconnectedness and interdependence. Loving our neighbors recognizes the inherent
bonds we have as members of the human family and promotes a sense of unity and
solidarity.
c. Golden Rule: The Golden Rule, present in many religious and philosophical
traditions, instructs us to treat others as we would like to be treated. By extending love,
compassion, and kindness to our neighbors, we foster a harmonious and just society.
d. Moral and Ethical Imperative: Many ethical frameworks emphasize the importance of
promoting the well-being and flourishing of others. Loving our neighbors aligns with
principles of justice, fairness, and the pursuit of the common good.
2. What are the ways that the Samaritan demonstrated his love to the person in
need?
The Parable of the Good Samaritan, found in the New Testament (Luke 10:25-37),
illustrates the compassionate actions of a Samaritan towards a person in need. Here
are some ways the Samaritan demonstrated his love:
a. Immediate Assistance: The Samaritan didn't hesitate or pass by the injured person
but responded immediately to their need. He approached the situation with compassion
and took practical steps to provide help.
b. Personal Care: The Samaritan went beyond simply offering material assistance. He
personally attended to the injured person, tending to their wounds and providing
comfort.
c. Sacrificial Generosity: The Samaritan showed generosity by using his own resources
to support the person in need. He paid for their immediate medical care, even promising
to cover any additional expenses that may arise.
d. Long-Term Support: The Samaritan ensured ongoing care by arranging for the
injured person to stay at an inn and covering the costs. He demonstrated a commitment
to the person's well-being, indicating a willingness to support their recovery and
rehabilitation.
3. Share practical ways that you can love your neighbor
Here are some practical ways to express love and care for your neighbor:
a. Acts of Kindness: Engage in simple acts of kindness, such as helping with household
chores, running errands, or offering assistance when needed.
b. Active Listening and Support: Be present for others by actively listening to their
concerns, offering a supportive ear, and providing emotional comfort and
encouragement.
c. Community Involvement: Participate in local community initiatives, volunteer for
organizations that address social needs, or join efforts that promote positive change in
your neighborhood.
d. Compassionate Service: Seek opportunities to serve those who are less fortunate,
such as volunteering at shelters, food banks, or organizations that aid marginalized
communities.
e. Cultivate Respect and Inclusion: Treat others with respect, embracing diversity, and
promoting inclusivity. Be mindful of the needs and perspectives of those around you,
fostering an environment of acceptance and understanding.
f. Random Acts of Kindness: Surprise others with random acts of kindness, such as
leaving uplifting notes, offering a helping hand to strangers, or performing small acts of
generosity without expecting anything in return.
Remember, love for your neighbor can be expressed in countless ways, and it starts
with genuine care, compassion, and a willingness to make a positive difference in the
lives of those around you.

Sexuality and Marriage

1. The purpose of marriage, both in Genesis 1 and 2, is about much more than
companionship. It is framed by the concept of vocation: the vocation of
humanity to be fruitful and multiply, to fill and subdue the earth. Does this
teaching stand against same-sex marriage? Explain your answer.
The interpretation and understanding of the teachings on marriage can vary among
different religious and cultural perspectives. Here are a couple of points to consider:
a. Traditional Interpretations: Some religious traditions interpret the teachings in
Genesis as emphasizing the complementary nature of male and female in the context of
marriage. They argue that the purpose of marriage, rooted in procreation, involves the
natural capacity for male-female relationships to bear and raise children. From this
perspective, same-sex marriage may be seen as inconsistent with this understanding.
b. Evolving Interpretations: Other religious groups and individuals interpret the
teachings on marriage more inclusively, acknowledging the possibility of same-sex
relationships and their capacity for love, commitment, and familial bonds. They argue
that the purpose of marriage extends beyond procreation and emphasizes the
importance of companionship, love, and mutual support.
It is important to note that societal and legal perspectives on same-sex marriage have
evolved, with an increasing number of countries recognizing and legalizing same-sex
unions. Different religious denominations and communities also have diverse views on
this issue, reflecting ongoing debates and shifts in understanding.
2. Explain the purpose and nature of sexual love.
The purpose and nature of sexual love can vary depending on cultural, ethical, and
religious perspectives. Here are some commonly discussed aspects:
a. Expression of Intimacy and Connection: Sexual love serves as a way for individuals
to express intimacy, emotional connection, and affection towards their partners. It is a
means to foster and deepen the bond between two people.
b. Procreation and Continuation of Life: In many cultural and religious contexts, sexual
love is seen as the means for procreation and the continuation of life. It is considered a
natural and sacred process through which new life can be conceived.
c. Unitive and Pleasurable Experience: Sexual love is often viewed as a unitive and
pleasurable experience that can enhance the emotional and physical well-being of
individuals in a loving relationship. It fosters a sense of union, joy, and mutual fulfillment.
d. Mutual Consent and Respect: Sexual love requires mutual consent, respect, and
communication between partners. It should be an expression of shared desire and
enjoyment, free from coercion or harm.
The understanding of the purpose and nature of sexual love can differ among various
cultural, religious, and individual beliefs. These perspectives shape how individuals
approach and interpret the significance of sexual relationships in their lives.
3. What is the indissolubility of marriage?
The indissolubility of marriage refers to the belief that a validly contracted marriage is
intended to be permanent and lifelong, and cannot be dissolved or terminated by human
authority or choice. It is rooted in various religious and cultural traditions, particularly
those influenced by Judeo-Christian teachings.
The concept of indissolubility recognizes the sacred and lifelong commitment made by
spouses to one another. It emphasizes the importance of fidelity, trust, and mutual
support in a marriage relationship, even in the face of challenges and difficulties.
The idea of indissolubility is often reflected in marriage vows and ceremonies, where
couples pledge their commitment to remain faithful to one another "for better or for
worse, for richer or for poorer, in sickness and in health, until death do us part." It
establishes a strong foundation for building a stable and lasting union.
It is important to note that civil laws and practices regarding the dissolution of marriage
may vary across different jurisdictions, allowing for legal divorces or annulments.
However, the concept of indissolubility remains significant within many religious and
cultural contexts as a guiding principle for the understanding and practice of marriage.

Moral responsibility in Community Life

 1. The concept of authority in the Holy Scripture is rooted in the belief that all
authority ultimately comes from God. The passage you referenced, Romans
13:1, states, "There is no authority except from God, and those that exist
have been instituted by God."
According to this understanding, authority is not merely a human construct or the result
of human power dynamics. Instead, it is seen as something derived from God's ultimate
authority and sovereignty over all creation. This perspective acknowledges that God is
the ultimate source of authority and has the power to establish and delegate authority to
human beings.
The passage in Romans 13:1 emphasizes that the existing authorities, such as
governmental institutions or leaders, have been instituted or appointed by God. This
highlights the importance of respecting and obeying legitimate authorities, as their
authority is derived from God's ultimate authority.
However, it is crucial to note that this biblical teaching does not imply blind obedience to
every authority. The Scriptures also emphasize that human authorities are accountable
to God and should exercise their authority in accordance with God's principles of justice,
righteousness, and love.
2. In the context of the basic ecclesial community, the family functions as a
fundamental unit with important roles and responsibilities. Here are some
aspects of the family's function within the basic ecclesial community:
a. Domestic Church: The family is often referred to as the "domestic church" because it
is considered the first and most fundamental place where faith is nurtured and lived out.
It provides an environment for transmitting religious values, teachings, and practices
from one generation to another.
b. Faith Formation: The family plays a significant role in the spiritual formation of its
members. Parents have the responsibility to teach and model the faith, instilling moral
values and principles within the family unit. Through shared prayer, religious rituals, and
discussions about faith, the family helps shape the religious identity and beliefs of its
members.
c. Support and Encouragement: Within the basic ecclesial community, the family unit
serves as a source of support, encouragement, and accountability. Family members
can offer emotional, spiritual, and practical support to one another, nurturing a sense of
belonging and unity.
d. Witness to the Gospel: The family, as a unit, has the opportunity to bear witness to
the Gospel through its relationships, interactions, and lifestyle. By embodying love,
forgiveness, compassion, and other Christian virtues within the family, it becomes a
living testimony to the transformative power of faith.
e. Service and Outreach: The family can also engage in acts of service and outreach
within the basic ecclesial community and the broader society. By practicing charity,
hospitality, and generosity, the family contributes to the mission of the Church and
participates in God's work of bringing about the Kingdom of God.
Overall, the family's function within the basic ecclesial community encompasses
nurturing faith, fostering spiritual growth, providing support, and embodying the values
and teachings of the Gospel in daily life.

Work, Property and Social Economy

1. Explain the concept of consumer ethics.
The concept of consumer ethics refers to the moral principles and values that guide
individuals in their consumption choices and behaviors. It involves considering the
ethical implications of purchasing decisions and engaging in responsible consumer
practices. Consumer ethics encompasses various aspects, including:
a. Fair Trade: Supporting products and brands that prioritize fair wages, safe working
conditions, and sustainable practices, particularly in industries that have a history of
exploitation.
b. Environmental Responsibility: Making choices that minimize the negative impact on
the environment, such as purchasing eco-friendly products, reducing waste, and
supporting sustainable production and consumption patterns.
c. Ethical Advertising: Being critical of misleading or manipulative advertising tactics and
favoring companies that uphold transparency and honesty in their marketing practices.
d. Social Justice: Considering the social consequences of consumer choices and
supporting businesses that contribute positively to communities, promote diversity and
inclusivity, and respect human rights.
e. Avoidance of Harmful Products: Avoiding products that are harmful to individuals'
health, well-being, or contribute to social or environmental injustices.
2. What is the concept of preferential attention to the poor?
The concept of preferential attention to the poor, often referred to as the preferential
option for the poor, is a moral principle that emphasizes the special consideration, care,
and support for those who are marginalized, disadvantaged, or living in poverty. It is
rooted in the teachings of various religious and ethical traditions and recognizes the
inherent dignity and worth of every person.
The preferential attention to the poor calls for a deliberate focus on addressing the
needs and addressing the systemic injustices that perpetuate poverty. It involves
prioritizing the well-being, rights, and empowerment of the poor in social, economic, and
political decision-making processes.
This concept challenges individuals and societies to combat poverty and inequality by
advocating for social justice, promoting equitable distribution of resources, and
engaging in actions that alleviate poverty and its root causes. It is a moral imperative to
create a more just and compassionate society that uplifts the most vulnerable members.

3. What is the moral basis of the right to private property?

The moral basis of the right to private property rests on several principles and
philosophical perspectives. While interpretations may vary, here are some common
arguments:
a. Human Labor and Personal Effort: The right to private property is often grounded in
the notion that individuals have the right to enjoy the fruits of their labor and personal
efforts. It recognizes that individuals have the ability to acquire, use, and control
property as an extension of their own personhood and autonomy.
b. Stewardship and Responsibility: The right to private property is seen as a means to
promote responsible stewardship of resources. By having ownership rights, individuals
are encouraged to care for and responsibly manage their property for their benefit and
the benefit of others.
c. Economic Productivity and Incentive: Private property rights are often considered
essential for economic productivity and innovation. The ability to own and control
property provides individuals with the incentive to invest, create, and engage in
economic activities that contribute to overall prosperity.
d. Freedom and Individual Rights: The right to private property is viewed as a
fundamental aspect of individual freedom and personal rights. It allows individuals to
make choices about the use and disposition of their possessions without interference
from others or the state.
It's important to note that the moral basis of the right to private property may vary across
different ethical, cultural, and political perspectives. Debates and discussions continue
regarding the extent, limitations, and responsibilities associated with the right to private
property in different societal contexts.
Responsible Care for Creation
1. What is the Christian vision of nature and creation?
The Christian vision of nature and creation is rooted in the belief that God is the creator
of the world and that nature reflects God's wisdom, beauty, and goodness. Christians
view nature as a gift from God, entrusted to humanity to care for and steward
responsibly.
According to Christian theology, God created the world and declared it "good" (Genesis
1). Nature is seen as an integral part of God's creation, intricately connected to the well-
being of all living beings. Christians recognize that humans are called to be co-creators
with God, cultivating and nurturing the earth while respecting its inherent value and
purpose.
The Christian vision of nature emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence
of all creation. It recognizes that humans have a responsibility to care for and protect
the environment, promoting sustainable practices and preserving the integrity of
ecosystems. This includes valuing biodiversity, conserving natural resources, and
promoting environmental justice.
2. “ There can be no true peace and well-being for man, if he does not
recognize and respect nature for what it is: the work of God’s wisdom and
the presence of his goodness.” Explain.
The statement "There can be no true peace and well-being for man if he does not
recognize and respect nature for what it is: the work of God's wisdom and the presence
of his goodness" highlights the inherent connection between human well-being and the
proper relationship with nature.
From a Christian perspective, recognizing and respecting nature as the work of God's
wisdom and goodness is essential for true peace and well-being. When humans fail to
acknowledge the divine presence in nature and treat it solely as a resource for
exploitation, they disrupt the harmony and balance that God intended.
By recognizing nature as a manifestation of God's creative power and goodness,
humans are called to exercise responsible stewardship, care, and reverence towards
the natural world. This recognition leads to a deeper appreciation for the
interconnectedness of all life and the need to preserve and protect the environment for
the sake of present and future generations.
Ultimately, the statement highlights the idea that true peace and well-being are not
attainable if humans disregard or exploit nature, as the well-being of humanity is
intricately linked to the health and flourishing of the natural world.
3. Relate the concept of intergenerational responsibility in the context of
responsible care for creation.
The concept of intergenerational responsibility in the context of responsible care for
creation recognizes the moral obligation of the present generation to preserve and
protect the environment for the well-being of future generations. It is based on the
understanding that the choices and actions of the present have long-term
consequences that can impact the quality of life for future individuals and communities.
In the context of caring for creation, intergenerational responsibility calls for a forward-
looking approach that takes into account the needs and rights of future generations. It
recognizes that humans are not the sole beneficiaries of the Earth's resources but are
trustees and custodians entrusted with the well-being of the planet.
This concept highlights the importance of sustainable practices, environmental
conservation, and responsible decision-making to ensure the long-term viability and
health of the Earth's ecosystems. It challenges individuals and societies to consider the
impact of their choices on future generations, promoting a sense of shared responsibility
for the well-being of all life on Earth.
By embracing intergenerational responsibility, individuals and communities can strive to
leave a positive legacy, preserving and enhancing the natural world for the benefit of
future generations, and ensuring that they inherit a planet that is sustainable, diverse,
and thriving.

Bodily Life and Health

EXPLAIN YOUR CHOICE.
1. Your 36-year-old patient has just tested positive for HIV. He asks that you not
inform his wife of the results and claims he is not ready to tell her yet. What
would you say to your patient?
a. Encourage the patient to share the information with his wife on his own, giving him a
bit more time if necessary.
b. Tell the patient that his wife is at serious risk for being infected with HIV, and that you
have a duty to ensure that she knows of the risk.
c. Tell the patient that public health law requires reporting both the patient and any
known sexual partners to local health officers.
d. All the above.
-- In the given scenario, the most appropriate response would be (a) Encourage the
patient to share the information with his wife on his own, giving him a bit more time if
necessary.
This choice respects the patient's autonomy and allows him the opportunity to take
personal responsibility for disclosing the HIV diagnosis to his wife. It recognizes that it is
ultimately the patient's decision to disclose his health status to his partner. However, it is
important to encourage the patient to share the information in a timely manner to ensure
the well-being and safety of his wife, who is at risk of HIV infection. The patient may
need support and guidance on how to approach the conversation and seek appropriate
resources for counseling and support.
2. Mrs. P is a 74-year-old woman presenting for mergent treatment of a fracture-
dislocation of her right hip, suffered in a fall at her nursing home. She appears
frail, but is alert and oriented. She is accompanied by her daughter, and both
state that they want her to receive full medical care. On admission two hours
earlier, the emergency room physician heard a loud systolic murmur, and
echocardiogram revealed critical aortic stenosis, with a valve area of 0.3 cm2. The
surgeon suggests that the patient, because of her cardiac status and age, should
have a Do Not Resuscitate order in the chart. Do you agree?
a. No, because the patient has not consented to the DNR order.
b. No, because the patient only suffered a fall at her nursing home.
c. Yes, because cardiac arrest in the setting of critical aortic stenosis carries virtually
zero chance of survival and CPR in this setting can be termed medically futile.
d. Yes, because the hospital policy allows the doctor to write such an order.
-- In the case of Mrs. P with critical aortic stenosis, the most appropriate response would
be (c) Yes, because cardiac arrest in the setting of critical aortic stenosis carries
virtually zero chance of survival, and CPR in this setting can be termed medically futile.
The decision to suggest a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order is based on medical
considerations and an assessment of the patient's condition. Critical aortic stenosis
carries a significant risk of cardiac arrest, and in this specific case, CPR would likely be
medically futile due to the severity of the condition and the patient's age. The decision to
implement a DNR order is aimed at preventing unnecessary interventions that are
unlikely to be successful and may cause further harm or discomfort to the patient.
3. A 3-year-old child is brought to your clinic with a fever and stiff neck. You are
quite certain the child has meningitis. When you discuss the need for a spinal tap
and antibiotic treatment, the parents refuse permission, saying, " We'd prefer to
take him home and have our minister pray over him." How should the physician
handle this?
a. The physician should do what the parents request to take the child home.
b. The physician should call the parent’s religious leader and have him come to the
hospital before providing standard medical therapy.
c. The physician has no duty to provide treatment to the child when the parents refuse
treatment.
d. When efforts to obtain parental permission to treat the patient fail, the physician is
justified in seeking legal help or may be legally authorized to proceed with the
procedure and treatment of the child.
--In the case of the 3-year-old child with suspected meningitis, the most appropriate
response would be (d) When efforts to obtain parental permission to treat the patient
fail, the physician is justified in seeking legal help or may be legally authorized to
proceed with the procedure and treatment of the child.
In situations where a child's life is at risk, and the parents refuse necessary medical
treatment, the physician has a duty to act in the best interest of the child's well-being
and safety. While respecting parental autonomy and religious beliefs, the physician has
an ethical and legal obligation to provide appropriate medical care to the child. If the
parents refuse treatment and efforts to obtain their permission fail, the physician may
need to involve legal authorities to ensure that the child receives the necessary medical
interventions to prevent further harm or complications.