J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. Oct-Dec 2020;38(4):367-373.

doi: 10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_322_20.

Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of

glass ionomer cement added with propolis, chitosan,
and chlorhexidine against Streptococcus mutans and
Lactobacillus acidophilus: An in vitro study
B Neelima  1 , J Sharada Reddy  2 , P Tara Singh  3 , K Suhasini  3 , I Hemachandrika  3 , 
Shaik Hasanuddin  3

Affiliations
PMID: 33402619 DOI: 10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_322_20

Abstract
Context: Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is known for its antimicrobial activity due to its low pH and
fluoride release. The fluoride released has an inhibitory effect on a finite number of bacteria which
leads to the risk of recurrent caries. Additives such as chlorhexidine (CHX) and triclosan have been
tried to maximize the antibacterial activity of GIC. Although CHX is known for its impressive
antimicrobial action, it has adverse after effects which include alteration of commensal oral flora,
staining of teeth, etc., Hence, there is a need for a material with improved antimicrobial efficacy
with nominal side effects.

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of conventional GIC added with
Propolis, Chitosan (CH), and CHX against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Materials and methods: Eighty discs of size 10 × 2 mm are prepared with Conventional GIC and
GIC added with Propolis, CH and CHX (n = 10) and tested against S. mutans and L. acidophilus
using the agar diffusion assay. Zones of inhibition are measured for day 1, 7, and 14, and the data
were tabulated and analyzed.

Statistical analysis: One-way ANOVA test for intragroup and Tukey's post hoc test for intergroup
comparison.

Results: The mean value of zone of inhibition (in mm) against S. mutans on day 14 for Group I, II, III,
and IV are 11.70 ± 1.49, 16.50 ± 2.23, 19.30 ± 2.87, and 15.60 ± 2.76, respectively. For L.
acidophilus, the mean value of the zone of inhibition (in mm) on day 14 are 8.40 ± 0.97, 9.70 ± 0.68,
16.20 ± 2.04, and 12.50 ± 0.97 for Group I, II, III, and IV, respectively.

Conclusion: Higher antimicrobial activity was shown by GIC with CHX against both strains. GIC
with Propolis and GIC with CH were effective in inhibiting S. mutans and L. acidophilus,
respectively.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; chitosan; chlorhexidine; glass ionomer cement; propolis.

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