aaafhj

Submitted To:
Sir M. Shan Danish
Submitted By:
Hina Khan
(SU91-BSOPM-F22-083)

Subject: Computer Education

(Column Writing)

Class: BS-OPM 2nd Semester

Session: 2022-2026

Submission Date: 12-06-2023

Department of Allied Health

Sciences

Superior University Raiwind Road, Kot Araian, Lahore

Sr. No. Contents Page no.

 Early life 5

 Early political activity 6

 Activism in guatemala 6

 Role as commander 7

 Final offensive 8

 Political career in cuba 8

 Revolutionary tribunals 9

 Bay of pigs invasion and missile 10

crisis
 Great debate 12

 International diplomacy 12

 Legacy 13

 Political left 13

 Retrieval of remains 13

 Biographical debate 14

International honors 16

 Che Guevara
Personal details
Born Ernesto Guevara

14 June 1928[1]

Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina

Died 9 October 1967 (aged 39)

La Higuera, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

Cause of death Execution by shooting

Guerrillero Heroico Resting place Che Guevara Mausoleum, Santa Clara, Cuba
Picture taken by Alberto Korda on 5 March 1960 t he La Coubre

 Argentina
Citizenship
 Cuba
Minister of Industries of Cuba
Political party 26th of July Movement (1955–1962)

In office United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (1962)

11 February 1961 – 1 April 1965 Hilda Gadea

Spouse(s)

Prime Minister Fidel Castro (m. 1955; div. 1959)

Aleida March
Preceded by Office established

Succeeded by Joel Domenech Benítez

(m. 1959)

President of the National Bank of Cuba Children 5, including Aleida

Alma mater University of Buenos Aires

In office

26 November 1959 – 23 February 1961

Preceded by Felipe Pazos

Succeeded by Raúl Cepero Bonilla

Occupation  Guerrilla Unit 26th of July Movement

 physician
Commands Commanding officer of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces
 diplomat
Battles/wars  Cuban Revolution
 author
o Attack on El Uvero
Known for Guevarism
o Operation Verano

Signature Battle of Las Mercedes

o Battle of Santa Clara

 Bay of Pigs Invasion

 Cuban Missile Crisis

Nicknames  Che
 Congo Crisis
 Fuser
 Bolivian Campaign

Military service Che Guevara's voice

1:12
Che Guevara speaking to the youth in Havana
Allegiance Republic of Cuba[2]
Recorded 1962

Branch/service Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces

National Liberation Army of Bolivia

Years of service 1955–1967

Ernesto "Che" Guevara ( of Latin America by the command, and played a

Spanish: [ˈtʃe ɣeˈβaɾa];[3] 14 United States prompted pivotal role in the two-year
June 1928[4] – 9 October his involvement in guerrilla campaign that
1967) was an Guatemala's social deposed the Batista
Argentine Marxist revolutio reforms under regime.[9]
nary, physician, President Jacobo Árbenz,
After the Cuban
author, guerrilla leader, whose eventual CIA-
Revolution, Guevara
diplomat, and military assisted overthrow at the
played key roles in the
theorist. A major figure of behest of the United Fruit
new government. These
the Cuban Revolution, his Company solidified
included reviewing the
stylized visage has Guevara's political
appeals and firing squads
become a ideology.[6] Later in Mexico
for those convicted as war
ubiquitous countercultural City, Guevara
criminals during
symbol of rebellion and met Raúl and Fidel Castro,
the revolutionary
global insignia in popular joined their 26th of July
tribunals,[10] instituting agra
culture.[5] Movement, and sailed to
rian land reform as
Cuba aboard the
As a young medical Minister of Industries,
yacht Granma with the
student, Guevara traveled helping spearhead a
intention of overthrowing
throughout South America successful
the United States backed
and was radicalized by the nationwide literacy
military dictatorship
poverty, hunger, and campaign, serving as both
of Fulgencio
disease he President of the National
Batista.[8] Guevara soon
witnessed.[6][7] His Bank and instructional
rose to prominence among
burgeoning desire to help director for Cuba's armed
the insurgents, was
overturn what he saw as forces, and traversing the
promoted to second-in-
the capitalist exploitation globe as a diplomat on
behalf of Cuban socialism. incentives,[17] Guevara has class Argentine family
Such positions also evolved into a of pre-
allowed him to play a quintessential icon of independence immigrant S
central role in training the various leftist movements. panish (Basque, Cantabria
militia forces who repelled In contrast, his critics on n),
the Bay of Pigs the political right accuse and Irish ancestry.[21][22][23] T
Invasion,[11] and bringing him of promoting wo of Guevara's notable
Soviet nuclear- authoritarianism and 18th century ancestors
armed ballistic missiles to endorsing violence against included Luis María
Cuba, which preceded the his political opponents. Peralta, a prominent
1962 Cuban Missile Despite disagreements Spanish landowner
Crisis.[12] Additionally, on his legacy, Time named in colonial California,
Guevara was a prolific him one of the 100 most and Patrick Lynch, who
writer and diarist, influential people of the emigrated from Ireland to
composing a 20th century,[18] while the Río de la Plata
seminal guerrilla warfare an Alberto Governorate.[24][25] Referring
manual, along with a best- Korda photograph of him, to Che's "restless" nature,
selling memoir about his titled Guerrillero Heroico, his father declared "the
youthful continental was cited by the Maryland first thing to note is that in
motorcycle journey. His Institute College of Art as my son's veins flowed the
experiences and studying "the most famous blood of the Irish
of Marxism–Leninism led photograph in the world".[19] rebels".[26] Che Guevara
him to posit that the Third was fond of Ireland,

Early life
World's underdevelopment according to Irish
and dependence was an actress Maureen
intrinsic result O'Hara "Che would talk
of imperialism, neocoloniali about Ireland and all the
sm, and monopoly guerilla warfare that had
capitalism, with the only taken place there. He
remedies being proletarian knew every battle in
internationalism and world Ireland and all of its
revolution.[13][14] Guevara history" and told her that
left Cuba in 1965 to foment everything he knew about
continental revolutions A teenage Ernesto (left) with Ireland he learned on his
across both Africa and his parents and siblings, c. grandmother's knee.[27]
South America,[15] first
1944, seated beside him from Early on in life, Ernestito
unsuccessfully in Congo-
(as he was then called)
Kinshasa and later left to right: Celia (mother), developed an "affinity for
in Bolivia, where he was
Celia (sister), Roberto, Juan the poor".[28] Growing up in
captured by CIA-assisted
Martín, Ernesto (father) and
a family
Bolivian forces
with leftist leanings,
and summarily executed.[16] Ana María Guevara was introduced to
Guevara remains both a a wide spectrum of political
revered and reviled Ernesto Guevara was born perspectives even as a
historical figure, polarized to Ernesto Guevara Lynch boy.[29] His father, a
in the collective and Celia de la Serna y staunch supporter
imagination in a multitude Llosa, on 14 June of Republicans from
of biographies, memoirs, 1928,[4] in Rosario, Argenti the Spanish Civil War,
essays, documentaries, na. Although the legal would host veterans from
songs, and films. As a name on his birth the conflict in the Guevara
result of his perceived certificate was "Ernesto home.[30] As a young man,
martyrdom, poetic Guevara", his name he briefly contemplated a
invocations for class sometimes appears with career selling insecticides,
struggle, and desire to "de la Serna" and/or and set up a laboratory in
create the consciousness "Lynch" accompanying his family's garage to
of a "new man" driven by it.[20] He was the eldest of experiment with effective
moral rather than material five children in an upper- mixtures
of talc and gammaxene un capitalist system was
der the brand disadvantageous to the
name Vendaval, but was average citizen.[55] He
forced to abandon his adopted an aggressive
efforts after suffering a tone to frighten his more
severe asthmatic reaction conservative relatives, and
to the chemicals.[31] the letter ends with
Guevara swearing on an
Despite numerous bouts of
image of the then-recently
acute asthma that were to
deceased Joseph Stalin,
affect him throughout his
not to rest until these
life, he excelled as an
"octopuses have been
athlete, enjoying
vanquished".[56] Later that
swimming, football, golf,
month, Guevara arrived in
and shooting, while also
Guatemala, where
becoming an "untiring" A map of Che Guevara's
President Jacobo
cyclist.[32][33] He was an
Árbenz headed a travels between 1953 and
avid rugby
democratically elected
union player,[34] and played 1956, including his journey
government that,
at fly-half for Club aboard the Granma
through land reform and
Universitario de Buenos
other initiatives, was
Aires.[35] His rugby playing In Guatemala City,
attempting to end
earned him the nickname Guevara sought out Hilda
the latifundia agricultural
"Fuser"—a contraction Gadea Acosta, a Peruvian
system. To accomplish
of El Furibundo (furious) economist who was
this, President Árbenz had
and his mother's surname, politically well-connected
enacted a major land
de la Serna—for his as a member of the left-
reform program, where all
aggressive style of play.[36] leaning, Alianza Popular
uncultivated portions of
large land holdings were to Revolucionaria Americana
(APRA). She introduced
Early political be appropriated and
redistributed to landless Guevara to a number of
activity peasants. The largest land high-level
the Árbenz
officials
government.
in
owner, and the one most
Activism in affected by the reforms, Guevara then established
was the United Fruit contact with a group of
Guatemala Cuban exiles linked
Main article: 1954 Company, from which the
Árbenz government had to Fidel Castro through the
Guatemalan coup d'état 26 July 1953 attack on the
already taken more than
Ernesto Guevara spent 225,000 acres (91,000 ha) Moncada
just over nine months in of uncultivated Barracks in Santiago de
Guatemala. On 7 July land.[57] Pleased with the Cuba. During this period,
1953, Guevara set out direction in which the he acquired his famous
again, this time to Bolivia, nation was heading, nickname, due to his
Peru, Ecuador, Guevara decided to make frequent use of the
Panama, Costa his home in Guatemala to Argentine filler expression
Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras "perfect himself and che (a multi-
, and El Salvador. On 10 accomplish whatever may purpose discourse marker,
December 1953, before be necessary in order to like the syllable "eh" in
leaving for Guatemala, become a true Canadian
Guevara sent an update to revolutionary."[58] English).[59] During his time
his aunt Beatriz from San in Guatemala, Guevara
José, Costa Rica. In the was hosted by other
letter Guevara speaks of Central American exiles,
traversing the dominion of one of whom, Helena
the United Fruit Company, Leiva de Holst, provided
a journey which convinced him with food and
him that the company's lodging,[60] discussed her
travels to study Marxism in

Role as
commander
As second-in-command,
Guevara was a harsh
disciplinarian who
sometimes shot defectors.
Deserters were punished
as traitors, and Guevara
was known to send squads
to track those seeking to
abandon their duties.[91] As
a result, Guevara became
feared for his brutality and
ruthlessness.[92] During the
guerrilla campaign,
Guevara was also
responsible for
the summary executions of
a number of men accused
of
being informers, deserters,
or spies.[93] In his diaries,
Guevara described the first
such execution, of Eutimio
Guerra, a peasant who
had acted as a guide for
the Castrist guerrillas, but
admitted treason when it
was discovered he
accepted the promise of
ten thousand pesos for
repeatedly giving away the
rebels' position for attack
by the Cuban air
force.[94] Such information
also allowed Batista's army
to burn the homes of
peasants sympathetic to
the revolution.[94] Upon
Guerra's request that they
"end his life
quickly",[94] Che stepped
forward and shot him in
the head, writing "The
situation was
uncomfortable for the
people and for Eutimio so I
ended the problem giving
him a shot with a .32 pistol
in the right side of the
brain, with exit orifice in
the right temporal
[lobe]."[95] His scientific
notations and matter-of-
fact description, suggested
to one biographer a
"remarkable detachment to
violence" by that point in
the war.[95] Later, Guevara
published a literary
account of the incident,
titled "Death of a Traitor",
where he transfigured
Eutimio's betrayal and pre-
execution request that the
revolution "take care of his
children", into a stern and demanding. We
"revolutionary parable abo
ut redemption through
sacrifice".[95]
Che smoking a pipe at his
guerrilla base in
the Escambray Mountains
Although he maintained a
demanding and harsh
disposition, Guevara also
viewed his role of
commander as one of a
teacher, entertaining his
men during breaks
between engagements
with readings from the
likes of Robert Louis
Stevenson, Miguel de
Cervantes, and
Spanish lyric
poets.[96] Together with this
role, and inspired by José
Martí's principle of "literacy
without borders", Guevara
further ensured that his
rebel fighters made daily
time to teach
uneducated campesinos
the
with whom they lived and
fought to read and write, in
what Guevara termed the
"battle against
ignorance".[89] Tomás Alba,
who fought under
Guevara's command, later
stated that "Che was
loved, in spite of being
would (have) given our life
for him."[97]
His commanding
officer, Fidel Castro,
described Guevara as
intelligent, daring, and an
exemplary leader who
"had great moral authority
over his troops".[98] Castro
further remarked that
Guevara took too many
risks, even having a
"tendency toward
foolhardiness".[99] Guevara'
s teenage lieutenant, Joel
Iglesias, recounts such
actions in his diary, noting
that Guevara's behavior in
combat even brought
admiration from the
enemy. On one occasion
Iglesias recounts the time
he had been wounded in
battle, stating "Che ran out
to me, defying the bullets,
threw me over his
shoulder, and got me out
of there. The guards didn't
dare fire at him ... later
they told me he made a
great impression on them
when they saw him run out
with his pistol stuck in his
belt, ignoring the danger,
they didn't dare shoot."[100]
Guevara was instrumental
in creating the clandestine
radio station Radio
Rebelde (Rebel Radio) in
February 1958, which
broadcast news to the
Cuban people with
statements by 26 July
movement, and
provided radiotelephone c
ommunication between the
growing number of rebel
columns across the island.
Guevara had apparently
been inspired to create the
station by observing the
effectiveness
of CIA supplied radio in
Guatemala in ousting the
government of Jacobo
Árbenz Guzmán.[101]
To quell the rebellion,
Cuban government troops
began executing rebel
prisoners on the spot, and
regularly rounded up,
tortured, and shot civilians
as a tactic of
intimidation.[102] By March
1958, the continued
atrocities carried out by
Batista's forces led the
United States to stop
selling arms to the Cuban
government.[90] Then in late
July 1958, Guevara played
a critical role in the Battle
of Las Mercedes by using
his column to halt a force
of 1,500 men called up by
Batista's General Cantillo
in a plan to encircle and
destroy Castro's forces.
Years later, Major Larry
Bockman of the United
States Marine
Corps analyzed and
described Che's tactical
appreciation of this battle
as "brilliant".[103] During this
time Guevara also became
an "expert" at leading hit-
and-run tactics against
Batista's army, and then
fading back into the
countryside before the
army could
counterattack.[104]
Final offensive
Main article: Battle of
Santa Clara
outnumbered 10:1 remains
in the view of some
observers a "remarkable
tour de force in modern
warfare".[108]
Radio Rebelde broadcast
the first reports that
Guevara's column
had taken Santa Clara on
New Year's Eve 1958. This
contradicted reports by the
heavily controlled national
news media, which had at
one stage reported
Guevara's death during the
fighting. At 3 am on 1
January 1959, upon
After the Battle of Santa learning that his generals
were negotiating a
Clara, 1 January 1959
separate peace with
As the war extended, Guevara, Fulgencio
Guevara led a new column Batista boarded a plane in
of fighters dispatched Havana and fled for
westward for the final push the Dominican Republic,
towards Havana. along with an amassed
Travelling by foot, Guevara "fortune of more than
embarked on a difficult 7- $300,000,000 through
week march, only graft and payoffs".[109] The
travelling at night to avoid following day on 2
an ambush and often not January, Guevara
eating for several entered Havana to take
days.[105] In the closing final control of the
days of December 1958, capital.[110] Fidel Castro
Guevara's task was to cut took six more days to
the island in half by arrive, as he stopped to
taking Las Villas province. rally support in several
In a matter of days he large cities on his way to
executed a series of rolling victoriously into
"brilliant tactical victories" Havana on 8 January
that gave him control of all 1959. The final death toll
but the province's capital from the two years of
city of Santa revolutionary fighting was
Clara.[105] Guevara then 2,000 people.[111]
directed his "suicide
squad" in the attack on Political career
Santa Clara, which
became the final decisive in Cuba
military victory of the Main article: Consolidation
revolution.[106][107] In the six
of the Cuban Revolution
weeks leading up to the
battle, there were times
when his men were
completely surrounded,
outgunned, and overrun.
Che's eventual victory
despite being

(Right to left) rebel
leader Camilo Cienfuegos,
Cuban President Manuel
Urrutia Lleó, and Guevara
(January 1959)
Revolutionary
tribunals
In mid-January 1959,
Guevara went to live at a
summer villa in Tarará to
recover from a violent
asthma attack.[112] While
there he started the Tarará
Group, a group that
debated and formed the
new plans for Cuba's
social, political, and
economic
development.[113] In
addition, Che began to
write his book Guerrilla
Warfare while resting at
Tarara.[113] In February, the
revolutionary government
proclaimed Guevara "a
Cuban citizen by birth" in
recognition of his role in
the triumph.[114] When Hilda
Gadea arrived in Cuba in
late January, Guevara told
her that he was involved
with another woman, and
the two agreed on a
divorce,[115] which was
finalized on 22 May.[116]
The first major political
crisis arose over what to
do with the captured
Batista officials who had
perpetrated the worst of
the repression.[117] During
the rebellion against
Batista's dictatorship, the
general command of the
rebel army, led by Fidel
Castro, introduced into the
territories under its control
the 19th-century penal law
commonly known as
the Ley de la Sierra (Law
of the Sierra).[118] This law
included the death penalty
for serious crimes, whether
perpetrated by the Batista
regime or by supporters of
the revolution. In 1959 the
revolutionary government
extended its application to
the whole of the republic
and to those it considered
war criminals, captured
and tried after the
revolution. According to
the Cuban Ministry of
Justice, this latter
extension was supported
by the majority of the
population, and followed
the same procedure as
those in the Nuremberg
trials held by
the Allies after World War
II.[119]
Guevara in his trademark
olive-green military fatigues
and beret
To implement a portion of
this plan, Castro named
Guevara commander of
the La Cabaña
Fortress prison, for a five-
month tenure (2 January
through 12 June
1959).[120] Guevara was
charged by the new
government with purging
the Batista army and
consolidating victory by
exacting "revolutionary
justice" against those
regarded as
traitors, chivatos (informan
ts) or war criminals.[121] As
commander of La Cabaña,
Guevara reviewed the
appeals of those convicted
during the revolutionary
tribunal process.[10] The
tribunals were conducted
by 2–3 army officers, an
assessor, and a respected
local citizen.[122] On some
occasions the penalty
delivered by the tribunal
was death by firing-
squad.[123] Raúl Gómez
Treto, senior legal advisor
to the Cuban Ministry of
Justice, has argued that
the death penalty was
justified in order to prevent
citizens themselves from
taking justice into their own
hands, as had happened
twenty years earlier in
the anti-
Machado rebellion.[124] Biog
raphers note that in
January 1959 the Cuban
public was in a "lynching
mood",[125] and point to a
survey at the time showing
93% public approval for
the tribunal
process.[10] Moreover, a 22
January 1959, Universal
Newsreel broadcast in the
United States and narrated
by Ed Herlihy featured
Fidel Castro asking an
estimated one million
Cubans whether they
approved of the
executions, and being met
with a roaring "¡Sí!"
(yes).[126] With between
1,000[127] and 20,000
Cubans estimated to have
been killed at the hands of
Batista's had become a "hardened" Cuban sugar-
collaborators,[128][129][130][131] a man who had no qualms plantations.[138]
nd many of the accused about the death penalty or
war criminals sentenced to about summary and
death accused collective trials. If the only
of torture and physical way to "defend the
atrocities,[10] the newly revolution was to execute
empowered government its enemies, he would not
carried out executions, be swayed by
punctuated by cries from humanitarian or political
the crowds of "¡al arguments".[132] In a 5
paredón!" ([to the] February 1959 letter to
wall!),[117] which Luis Paredes López
biographer Jorge in Buenos Aires, Guevara Guevara speaking
Castañeda describes as states unequivocally: "The
"without respect for due executions by firing with Tito during a visit
process".[132] squads are not only a to Yugoslavia
I have yet to find a single
necessity for the people of
credible source pointing to a Cuba, but also an
case where Che executed "an imposition of the
innocent". Those persons people."[135]
executed by Guevara or on his
orders were condemned for the Along with ensuring
usual crimes punishable by "revolutionary justice", the
death at times of war or in its other key early platform of
aftermath: desertion, treason or Guevara was establishing
crimes such as rape, torture or agrarian land reform.
murder. I should add that my Almost immediately after
research spanned five years, and
included anti-Castro Cubans
the success of the
among the Cuban-American revolution, on 27 January Guevara visiting the Gaza
exile community in Miami and 1959, Guevara made one
Strip in 1959
elsewhere. of his most significant
—Jon Lee Anderson, author
speeches where he talked On 2 June 1959, he
of Che Guevara: A about "the social ideas of married Aleida March, a
Revolutionary the rebel army". During Cuban-born member of 26
Life, PBS forum[133] this speech he declared July movement with whom
that the main concern of he had been living since
Although accounts vary, it the new Cuban late 1958. Guevara
is estimated that several government was "the returned to the seaside
hundred people were social justice that land village of Tarara in June
executed nationwide redistribution brings for his honeymoon with
during this time, with about".[136] A few months Aleida.[139] A civil ceremony
Guevara's jurisdictional later, 17 May 1959, was held at La Cabaña
death total at La Cabaña the agrarian reform law, military fortress.[140] In total,
ranging from 55 to crafted by Guevara, went Guevara would have five
105.[134] Conflicting views into effect, limiting the size children from his two
exist of Guevara's attitude of all farms to 1,000 acres marriages.[141]
towards the executions at (400 ha). Any holdings
La Cabaña. Some exiled
opposition biographers
over these limits were
expropriated by the
Bay of Pigs
report that he relished the
rituals of the firing squad,
government and either
redistributed to peasants in
Invasion and
and organized them with
gusto, while others relate
67-acre (270,000 m2)
parcels or held as state-
Missile Crisis
that Guevara pardoned as Main articles: Bay of Pigs
run communes.[137] The law
many prisoners as he Invasion and Cuban
also stipulated that
could.[132] All sides Missile Crisis
foreigners could not own
acknowledge that Guevara
On 17 April 1961, 1,400
U.S.-trained Cuban exiles
invaded Cuba during
the Bay of Pigs Invasion.
Guevara did not play a key
role in the fighting, as one
day before the invasion a
warship carrying Marines
faked an invasion off the
West Coast of Pinar del
Río and drew forces
commanded by Guevara
to that region. However,
historians give him a share
of credit for the victory as
he was director of
instruction for Cuba's
armed forces at the
time.[11] Author Tad
Szulc in his explanation of
the Cuban victory, assigns
Guevara partial credit,
stating: "The
revolutionaries won
because Che Guevara, as
the head of the Instruction
Department of the
Revolutionary Armed
Forces in charge of the
militia training program,
had done so well in
preparing 200,000 men
and women for war."[11] It
was also during this
deployment that he
suffered a bullet grazing to
the cheek when his pistol
fell out of its holster and
accidentally discharged.[174]
Guevara (left) and Fidel
Castro, photographed by
Alberto Korda in 1961
In August 1961, during an
economic conference of
the Organization of
American States in Punta
del Este, Uruguay, Che
Guevara sent a note of
"gratitude" to United States
President John F.
Kennedy through Richard
N. Goodwin, Deputy
Assistant Secretary of
State for Inter-American
Affairs. It read "Thanks for
Playa Girón (Bay of Pigs).
Before the invasion, the
revolution was shaky. Now
it's stronger than
ever."[175] In response to
United States Treasury
Secretary Douglas
Dillon presenting
the Alliance for
Progress for ratification by
the meeting, Guevara
antagonistically attacked
the United States' claim of
being a "democracy",
stating that such a system
was not compatible with
"financial oligarchy, discrim
ination against blacks, and
outrages by the Ku Klux
Klan".[176] Guevara
continued, speaking out
against the "persecution"
that in his view "drove
scientists
like Oppenheimer from
their posts, deprived the
world for years of the
marvelous voice of Paul
Robeson, and sent
the Rosenbergs to their
deaths against the protests
of a shocked
world."[176] Guevara ended
his remarks by insinuating
that the United States was
not interested in real
reforms, sardonically
quipping that "U.S. experts
never talk about agrarian
reform; they prefer a safe
subject, like a better water
supply. In short, they seem
to prepare the revolution of
the
toilets."[177] Nevertheless,
Goodwin stated in his
memo to President
Kennedy following the
meeting that Guevara
viewed him as someone of
the "newer
generation"[178] and that
Guevara, whom Goodwin
alleged sent a message to
him the day after the
meeting through one of the
meeting's Argentine
participants whom he
described as
"Darretta,"[178] also viewed
the conversation which the
two had as "quite
profitable."[178]
Guevara, who was
practically the architect of
the Cuban–Soviet
relationship,[179] played a
key role in bringing to
Cuba the Soviet nuclear-
armed ballistic
missiles that precipitated
the Cuban Missile Crisis in
October 1962 and brought
the world to the brink
of nuclear war.[180] After the
Soviets proposed planting
nuclear missiles in Cuba it
was Che Guevara himself
who traveled to the Soviet
Union on August 30, 1962
to sign off on the final
agreement.[181] Guevara
argued with Khruschev
that the missile deal
should be made public but
Khruschev insisted on
secrecy, and swore the
Soviet Union's support if
the Americans discovered
the missiles. By the time
Guevara arrived in Cuba
the United States had
already discovered the
Soviet troops in Cuba via
U-2 spy planes.[182]
A few weeks after the propositions. One praise of the "new man", a
crisis, during an interview proposition proposed by citizen that was only
with the British communist Che Guevara was that motivated by human
newspaper the Daily Cuba could bypass any solidarity and self-
Worker, Guevara was still capitalist then "socialist" sacrifice.[191]
fuming over the perceived transition period and
In 1966 the Cuban
Soviet betrayal and told immediately become an
economy was reorganized
correspondent Sam industrialized "communist"
on moral lines. Cuban
Russell that, if the missiles society if "subjective
propaganda stressed
had been under Cuban conditions" like public
voluntarism and
control, they would have consciousness and
ideological motivations to
fired them off.[183] While vanguard action are
increase productions.
expounding on the incident perfected. The other
Material incentives were
later, Guevara reiterated proposition held by
not given to workers who
that the cause of socialist the Popular Socialist
were more productive than
liberation against global Party was that Cuba
others.[192] Cuban
"imperialist aggression" required a transitionary
intellectuals were expected
would ultimately have period as a mixed
to participate actively in
been worth the possibility economy in which Cuba's
creating a positive national
of "millions of atomic war sugar economy was
ethos and ignore any
victims".[184] The missile maximized for profit before
desire to create "art for
crisis further convinced a "communist" society
art's sake".[193] In 1968 all
Guevara that the world's could be
non-agricultural private
two superpowers (the established.[186][187][188]
businesses were
United States and the
Guevara elaborated in this nationalized, central
Soviet Union) used Cuba
period that moral planning was done more
as a pawn in their own
incentives should exist as on an ad-hoc basis and
global strategies.
the main motivator to the entire Cuban economy
Afterward, he denounced
increase workers' was directed at producing
the Soviets almost as
production. All profits a 10 million ton sugar
frequently as he
created by enterprises harvest. These
denounced the
were to be given to the developments were
Americans.[185]
state budget, and the state generally inspired by the
budget would cover resolutions brought about
Great Debate losses. Institutions that by the Great Debate years
Main article: Great Debate developed socialist earlier.[194] The focus on
(Cuba) consciousness were sugar would eventually
regarded as the most render all other facets of
The era in Cuban history important element in the Cuban economy
retroactively named the maintaining a path to underdeveloped and would
"Great Debate" by socialism rather than be the ultimate legacy of
historians was defined by materially incentivized the offensive.[192]
public debate about the increases in production.
future of Cuban economic Implementation of the
policy that took place from
1962 to 1965. The debate
profit-motive was regarded
as a path towards
International
began after Cuba fell into
an economic crisis in 1962
capitalism and was one of
the flaws of the Eastern
diplomacy
after years of internal bloc economies.[189] The
economic economy would also rely
complications, United on mass mobilizations and
States sanctions, and the centralized planning as a
flight of professionals from method for developing the
Cuba. In 1962 Fidel economy.[190] The main
Castro invited Marxist ideal that compromised the
economists around the consciousness that would
world to debate two main develop socialism was the
Countries Che Guevara
honor.[280] Addressing the
wide-ranging flexibility of
visited (red) and those in his legacy, Trisha Ziff,
which he participated in director of the 2008
documentary Chevolution,
armed revolution (green)
has remarked that "Che
Guevara's significance in
Legacy modern times is less about
the man and his specific
history, and more about
Main articles: Legacy of
the ideals of creating a
Che Guevara and Che
better society."[281] In a
Guevara in popular culture
similar vein, the Chilean
writer Ariel Dorfman has
Political left suggested Guevara's
enduring appeal might be
because "to those who will
never follow in his
footsteps, submerged as
they are in a world of
cynicism, self-interest and
frantic consumption,
nothing could be more
vicariously gratifying than
A stylized graphic of Che's disdain for material
comfort and everyday
Guevara's face on a flag desires."[282]
above the words "El Che
To a certain extent, the
Vive!" (Che Lives!) belief of Guevara's of a
metaphorical resurrection
Radical left wing activists after death came true.
responded to Guevara's After pictures of the dead
apparent indifference to Guevara began being
rewards and glory, and circulated and the
concurred with Guevara's circumstances of his death
sanctioning of violence as
were being debated, Che's
a necessity to legend began to spread.
instill socialist ideals.[278] Ev Demonstrations in protest
en in the United States, against his "assassination"
the government which occurred throughout the
Guevara so vigorously world, and articles,
denounced, students tributes, and poems were
began to emulate his style written about his life and
of dress, donning military death.[283] Rallies in support
fatigues, berets, and of Guevara were held from
growing their hair and "Mexico
beards to show that they to Santiago, Algiers to
too were opponents of Angola,
U.S. foreign policy.[279] For and Cairo to Calcutta".[284]
instance, the Black The population
Panthers began to style of Budapest and Prague lit
themselves "Che-type" candles to honor
while adopting his Guevara's passing; and
trademark black beret, the picture of a smiling
while Arab guerrillas Che appeared in London
began to name combat and Paris.[285] When a few
operations in his months later riots broke
out in Berlin, France,
and Chicago, and the
unrest spread to the
American college
campuses, young men and
women wore Che Guevara
T-shirts and carried his
pictures during
protest marches. In the
view of
their
military
historian Erik Durschmied:
"In those heady months of
1968, Che Guevara was
not dead. He was very
much alive."[286]
Retrieval of
remains
Main article: Che Guevara
Mausoleum
Che Guevara's Monument
and Mausoleum in Santa
Clara, Cuba
In late 1995, the
retired Bolivian General
Mario Vargas revealed
to Jon Lee Anderson,
author of Che Guevara: A
Revolutionary Life, that
Guevara's corpse lay near
a Vallegrande airstrip. The
result was a multi-national
search for the remains,
which lasted more than a
year. In July 1997 a team
of Cuban geologists and
Argentine forensic
anthropologists discovered
the remnants of seven
bodies in two mass
graves, including one man
without hands (as Guevara
would have been). Bolivian
government officials with
the Ministry of Interior later
identified the body as
Guevara when the
excavated teeth "perfectly
matched" a plaster mold of
Che's teeth made in Cuba
prior to his Congolese
expedition. The "clincher"
then arrived when
Argentine forensic
anthropologist Alejandro
Inchaurregui inspected the
inside hidden pocket of a
blue jacket dug up next to
the handless cadaver and
found a small bag of pipe
tobacco
Biographical
world on the apocalyptic As such, various notable
ashes of the old one, and individuals have lauded
finally, an outspoken anti- Guevara; for
capitalist whose image has example, Nelson
been commoditized. Che's Mandela referred to him as
history continues to be "an inspiration for every
rewritten and re- human being who loves
imagined.[293][294] Moreover, freedom",[295] while Jean-
sociologist Michael Paul Sartre described him
Löwy contends that the as "not only an intellectual
many facets of Guevara's but also the most complete
life (i.e. doctor and human being of our
economist, revolutionary age".[296] Others who have
and banker, military expressed their admiration
theoretician and include authors Graham
ambassador, deep thinker Greene, who remarked
and political agitator) that Guevara "represented
illuminated the rise of the the idea of gallantry,
"Che myth", allowing him
to be invariably crystallized
chivalry,
adventure",[297] and Susan
and

debate in his Sontag, who supposed

many metanarrative roles that "[Che's] goal was
Guevara's life and legacy as a "Red Robin nothing less than the
remain contentious. The Hood, Don Quixote of cause of humanity
perceived contradictions of communism, itself."[298] In the Pan-
his ethos at various points new Garibaldi, African community
in his life have created a Marxist Saint Just, Cid philosopher Frantz
complex character of Campeador of the Fanon professed Guevara
duality, one who was "able Wretched of the Earth, Sir to be "the world symbol of
to wield the pen and Galahad of the beggars ... the possibilities of one
submachine gun with and Bolshevik devil who man",[299] while Black
equal skill", while haunts the dreams of the Power leader Stokely
prophesying that "the most rich, kindling braziers of Carmichael eulogized that
important revolutionary subversion all over the "Che Guevara is not dead,
ambition was to see man world".[291] his ideas are with
liberated from his us."[300] Praise has been
alienation".[291][292] Guevara' reflected throughout the
s paradoxical standing is political spectrum,
further complicated by his with libertarian theorist Mur
array of seemingly ray Rothbard extolling
diametrically opposed Guevara as a "heroic
qualities. A secular figure" who "more than any
humanist and sympathetic man of our epoch or even
practitioner of medicine of our century, was the
who did not hesitate to living embodiment of the
shoot his enemies, a principle of
celebrated internationalist l revolution",[301] while
eader who advocated journalist Christopher
violence to enforce Hitchens reminisced that
a utopian philosophy of "[Che's] death meant a lot
The burning of a painting
the collective good, to me and countless like
an idealistic intellectual wh containing Che's face, me at the time, he was a
o loved literature but following the 1973 coup that role model, albeit an
refused to allow dissent, impossible one for
an anti- installed the Pinochet
us bourgeois romantics ins
imperialist Marxist insurge regime in Chile ofar as he went and did
nt who was radically willing what revolutionaries were
to forge a poverty-less new
meant to do—fought and Institute has hypothesized
died for his that Guevara's
beliefs."[302] Former CIA contemporary followers
employee Philip Agee said "delude themselves by
"There was no person clinging to a myth",
more feared by the describing Guevara as a
company (CIA) than Che "Marxist Puritan" who
Guevara because he had employed his rigid power
the capacity and charisma to suppress dissent, while
necessary to direct the also operating as a "cold-
struggle against the blooded killing
political repression of the machine".[173] Llosa also Plaza de la Revolución, in
traditional hierarchies in accuses Guevara's Havana, Cuba. Aside the
power in the countries of "fanatical disposition" as
Ministry of the Interior
Latin America".[295] being the linchpin of the
"Sovietization" of the building where Guevara once
Cuban revolution, worked is a 5-story steel
speculating that he
possessed a "total outline of his face. Under the
subordination of reality to image is Guevara's motto, the
blind ideological
Spanish phrase: "Hasta la
orthodoxy".[173] On a macro-
level, Hoover Victoria Siempre" (English:
Institution research Until Victory, always).
fellow William
Ratliff regards Guevara In a mixed assessment,
more as a creation of his British historian Hugh
Author Michael Casey notes historical environment, Thomas opined that
how Che's image has referring to him as a Guevara was a "brave,
"fearless" and "head- sincere and determined
become a logo as strong Messiah-like figure", man who was also
recognizable as the Nike who was the product of obstinate, narrow, and
a martyr-enamored Latin dogmatic".[307] At the end of
Swoosh or McDonald's
American culture which his life, according to
Golden Arches.[210] "inclined people to seek Thomas, "he seems to
out and have become convinced of
Conversely, Jacobo follow paternalistic miracle the virtues of violence for
Machover, an exiled workers".[306] Ratliff further its own sake", while "his
opposition author, speculates that the influence over Castro for
dismisses all praise of economic conditions in the good or evil" grew after his
Guevara and portrays him region suited Guevara's death, as Fidel took up
as a callous commitment to "bring many of his
executioner.[303] Exiled justice to the downtrodden views.[307] Similarly, the
former Cuban prisoners by crushing centuries-old Cuban-American
have expressed similar tyrannies"; describing Latin sociologist Samuel
opinions, among America as being plagued Farber lauds Che Guevara
them Armando Valladares, by what Moisés as "an honest and
who declared Guevara "a Naím referred to as the committed revolutionary",
man full of hatred" who "legendary malignancies" but also criticizes the fact
executed dozens without of inequality, poverty, that "he never embraced
trial,[304] and Carlos Alberto dysfunctional politics and socialism in its most
Montaner, who asserted malfunctioning democratic
that Guevara possessed institutions.[306] essence".[308] Nevertheless,
"a Robespierre mentality", Guevara remains a
wherein cruelty against the national hero in Cuba,
revolution's enemies was a where his image adorns
virtue.[305] Álvaro Vargas the 3 peso banknote and
Llosa of the Independent
school children begin each view him as "the butcher ranging popular icon of
morning by pledging "We of La Cabaña".[315] Despite youthful rebellion.[302]
will be like Che."[309][310] In this polarized status, a
his homeland of Argentina,
where high schools bear
high-
contrast monochrome grap
International
his name,[311] numerous
Che museums dot the
hic of Che's face, created
in 1968 by Irish artist Jim
honors
country and in 2008 a 3.5- Fitzpatrick, became a Guevara received several
metre (12 ft) bronze statue universally merchandized honors of state during his
of him was unveiled in the and objectified life.
city of his birth, image,[316][317] found on an
Rosario.[312] Guevara has endless array of items,  1960: Knight
been sanctified by some including T-shirts, hats, Grand Cross of
Bolivian campesinos[313] as posters, tattoos, and the Order of
"Saint Ernesto", who pray bikinis,[318] contributing to the White
to him for assistance.[314] In the consumer Lion[320]
contrast, Guevara remains culture Guevara despised.
 1961: Knight
a hated figure amongst Yet, he still remains a
Grand Cross of
many in the Cuban transcendent figure both in
the Order of
exile and Cuban specifically political
the Southern
American community of contexts[319] and as a wide-
Cross[321]
the United States, who