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Module - 3: Structure
Module - 3: Structure
MODULE -3
Structure
HYDROGEN ENERGY
3.2 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROGEN ENERGY
Hydrogen is the simplest element which consists as one proton and electron. Hydrogen is
present in abundant in different forms like H2O, CH4, H2SO4 etc. hydrogen from different source
can be extracted and can be used to generate electricity. Electrolysis, Thermo chemical, Direct
Photo catalytic and many more methods are use for producing hydrogen.
2. Electrolytic Production
• It is a process of separating hydrogen and oxygen from water by passing electric
current. If electrolyte is added it increases the conductivity and efficiency of
process. When electricity is passes hydrogen attracted by cathode and oxygen
attracted by anode.
Cathode : 4H2O+ 4e- - 2H2 +4 OH-
Anode: 4 OH- _ O2 + 2H2O+ 4e-
• If Proton exchange membrane
Cathode : 4H+ + 4e- - 2H2
Fuel Cell
•
At home sector- to power house
•
At work Sector- to power industries, as backup,
•
At transport and industrial sector –production of electricity for commercial
•
purpose and for transportation purpose
.
3.7 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
Advantage:
• Uncoupling of primary energy source and utilization
• Hydrogen is a gas hence can be stored easily compared to electricity
• Hydrogen can be obtained from any primary source
• Efficient when used as fuel cells
• Very good safety records for specific application
Disadvantage:
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
3.9 INTRODUCTION
Geothermal energy is the clean and sustainable heat resource from the earth. It ranges from
shallow ground to extremely high temperature death called magma. this geothermal energy is
used in production of electricity, extraction of rare elements, air conditioning, medical purpose,
mineral water bottling, heating purpose, industry application, agriculture, growing vegetables,
cattle breeding, drying seeds, etc.
Geothermal System
Under the earth there are hot and molten rock called magma. Heat is continuously produced here.
The amount of heat within 10Km contain 50000 times greater than the world oil and natural gas
reservoirs.
• The temperature gradient between magma and earth’s surface causes magma heat to flow
slowly towards earth surface where it is lost to earth’s atmosphere.
• The cooled magma forms crust.
• If magma breaks through weak points of crust it results in volcano.
• In some cases the crust permits surface water to come in contact with magma.
• The molten magma itself contains water which it releases as it solidifies
• The heated water or stem rises to the surface forming hot springs and geysers.
• It is used in fishing farm, the warm water help in faster growth of animals like
alligators, shellfish, tropical fish amphibians etc. this can be seen in countries like
china, Japan and many more.
2. Industry and Agriculture
• Industry uses it for drying fruits, vegetables, wood (timber).
• dying wool to extract gold and silver from its ore
• Used in paper mill at all stages of process
• Used to heat sidewalk and roads during winter season in cold region
3. Food Processing
• Used to sterilize equipments and rooms
• Food processing
4. Providing heat for residential users
• Heating residential districts, houses and business
• Cooling houses
• Green house
• Medical baths
5. Electricity Generation :
The stem or hot water can be vaporized to produce electricity. The efficiency of source
used for electricity generation is less compared to direct usage. The total installed
capacity in the world today is 13.2 GW. Electricity can be generated using
• Flashed steam plant: flash boils and steam is used to run turbines
• Dry steam plant: This rely on natural steam that comes from underground
• Binary power plant: this uses water to heat secondary liquid that vaporizes and
turns turbine. This vaporized liquid is then condensed and reused.(low
temperature application)
• Hybrid power plant: in this plant binary and flashed technique is utilized
simultaneously.
6. Other utilization
• Steam is separated in a conventional manner and used to supply cheap water
• CO2 generated is used for refrigeration and food processing
• Hydrogen sulphide is refined to obtain sulphur
• Hot water could supply desalination plant
• Air conditioning
• Geothermal reservoirs can be suspected in the areas of hot springs, geysers, boiling mud
pot and volcanoes.
• Usually we can set up geothermal plant at the “Ring of Fire” Belt. This includes 20
countries where the geothermal sources are available to name a few. Italy, US. Iceland,
China. Japan etc.
• US are the country with greatest geothermal production.
• Geo thermal energy exploration involve many technique such as geological, geochemical,
electrical, seismic, gravitational, magnetic and thermal methods
• Geological surface study is done by taking aerial photograph, radar is used to spot heat
area and photograph is collected
• Drilling: gives accurate result and its costlier. 400$/ft is the cost for drilling. A small hole
is drilled and is tested 25% of depth will give the result of source availability.
• Geophysics:
Seimology-sesmic waves are propagated and interact with the subterranean components
and responds accordingly. There are of two types active (man made vibration) and
passive (due to volcanoes and earthquakes)
Gravity: change in density is used or studies this gives larger data input.
Resistivity and magnetotellurics- it is associated with resistance of different geothermal
structure such as rock cap. Geothermal material has poor conductivity and high resistivity
Magnetics- help in identifying the depth by property of a material will change from
ferromagnetic to paramagnetic
• Geochemistry: surface study of temperature, elements ratio, mercury, CO2 etc. at
different points are examined
• Prospect of geothermal energy available in India:
More than 300 hot springs are scattered in India, mostly Bihar, Bombay, Ladas, ratnagiri
and HP. India geothermal fields is of liquid dominated field. Streams of water under
depths of 11-32m. Studies are to be carried out to know wither generation is possible at
low pressure and temperature.
It is no this but converting hydrothermal resource into electricity. It is done by Rankine cycle
engine.
•Relays, switch gear, control equipment, excitation gear to be kept in clean room.
•A standard material of Cu must be used for pipeline and turbine.
•Condensate to be made up of stainless steel or aluminum to avoid corrosion.
•Copper alloys must be used to avoid attack of hydrogen sulphide.
•Condensate effect concrete galvanized coating of epoxy, bituminous compound
must be used.
5. Operation of geothermal Plant
• Similar to fuel fired plant, no boilers and auxiliary required.
• Can be operated without clock attention hence alarm may be used for attention
when required.
• Regular inspection must be carried out.
• Because of high noise due to steam jet ejector ear protector must be used.
• Because of overloading during night time due to pressure at turbines, device
sensor must be used.
• Gaseous and particulate emission: emits CO2, H2S, CH4, NH3, mercury component,
lead, boron etc. this contributes to acid rain, global warming and noxious smell.
• Land pollution: degradation of usable soil, disposition of pollutant on surface harms
plant and may enter food chain.
• Subsidence Effect: Lowering of ground level when fluids are removed
• Seismic Hazards: resources are found at high geological activity this effects geo field on
seismic hazards.
• Water Pollution: contamination of surface and ground water by geo fluid is at high risk.
This may lead to adverse effect
• Biological effect: Numerous unknown effect exist on operation of bionature.
Environment in imbalanced because of chemical changes in water, soil and air.
• Social Effect: Problem of noise and land use.
1. Incinerators
• Waste is burnt to produce energy
• Combustion temperature 1000 degree C
• Burning of waste will reduce volume but not toxic substance
• It convert solid waste into ash, flu gas and heat
• This heat is used for generation of electrical energy by boiling water and converting it
into steam suing thermo electromechanical converters
• Modern incinerators are equipped with pollutant control where flue gasses are sent to
scrubber
Process of Incineration
1. Auditing waste
2. Proper incinerator selection
3. Proper operation of incinerator
4. Removal of dangerous chemical and toxic gases (cl)
5. Safe handling and disposal of incinerator residues
Advantage and Disadvantage of incineration
Advantages Disadvantages
Minimized transportation cost Generated hazardous gases gas flues and
Volume of waste reduced dioxins
Cost effective solution Causes cancer and spoil immune system
Used for electricity generation Generate CO2 and odour
Hazardous clinical waste is treated Requires high energy
Operated under any weather condition Expensive to build
Long life span
Cheaper operation
2. Pyrolysis
• Organic waste is brunt at relatively low temperature say 430
• Products obtained are charcoal, oils and combustible gases
• Chemical mining of waste (absence of oxygen, pressure) transforms organic material into
gases, small quantity of liquid and solid residue containing carbon and ash.
• Pyrolysis units- rotary kiln, rotary heath furnace, fluidized bed furnace
• By products
• Combustible gases, including CO, hydrogen methane and other hydrocarbons
• If gasses are cooled oil or tar (liquid) with residue as contaminated water is obtained
• These liquid can be directly used as fuel, chemicals and as other by product.
• Direct pyrolysis liquid is toxic and corrosive
3. Anaerobic Digestion
• Series of process where micro organisms break down biodegradable material in the
absence of oxygen
• Anaerobic digester is an airtight chamber in which organic waste is decomposed and
transformed into biogas
• Biogas can be used for production of electricity and heat
• Biogas can be processed into renewable natural gas and transportation fuel
• Range – Municipal, live stock manure, food waste, industrial, waste, oils, fats etc.
• Separated digested solid and liquid can be used in crop land as fertilizer.
4. Recycling
• It is a heart of waste to heath programme
• Waste disposal is a huge problem
• The used and discarded materials can be processed into new product.
• This will reduce the use of primary source and waste collection.
• It creates more local revenue, job collection, business expansion.
• Scrap recycling :
• Environment friendly and has many social benefits
5. Bio Energy Conservation
• Conversion of biogas and biomass to usable form electricity and liquid fuel (ethanol and
methanol)
• It is a promising technique no insulation, rural electrification can be achieved, in
expensive method
• The production of usable energy consist of following steps
Photosynthesis – to produce organic matter
Collection and processing of plant material
Fermentation of organic matter to liquid, gaseous fuel and storage