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By:

Mahlet Seleshi

Submitted to:

Ato Chala Amdissa

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor in Public
Administration and Development Management in the

Faculty of Business and Education and Department of Public

Administration and Development Management

July, 2009

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Thank to the almighty God.

I want to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Ato Chala Amdissa for his unreserved and
constructive comments and directions while carrying out this research.

My deepest gratitude also goes to my beloved brothers Tsegaselassie Seleshi and

Fanuiel seleshi for their support in any way possible. I am indebted to you both.

I also like to forward my heart felt appreciation to Azeb Mengistu for her valuable comments starting
from proposal development to the finalization of the write up.

My sincere thanks go to Anteneh M., W/ro Emrakeb, and Assistant professor Mekuria

Mekasha for their support with valuable advice and comments.

I am also thankful to Dr. Weldeab, Ato Biniam, Dr. Sherman, Ato Yimer, Ato Wondu, and other friends of
mine who have helped me through all the processes of the research and the providing me with
materials used in the research.

Last but not the least I want to thank Merid for conducting the interviews: and for all the respondents
that have participated in the study for sacrificing their precious time. ii Table of Content

Page No.

Acknowledgment .................................................................................................................. i

Table of Content ...............................................................................................................ii-iii

Lists of Table ....................................................................................................................... iv

Lists of Graph ....................................................................................................................... v

Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ vi

Abstruct .............................................................................................................................. vii

Chapter One ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.1. Background of the Study ......................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................................ 3

1.3. Research Questions ................................................................................................................. 5

1.4. Study Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 5

 General Objective .............................................................................................................................. 5

 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 5

1.5. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 6

1.5.1. Justification of the Case ........................................................................................................ 6

1.5.2. Methods ............................................................................................................................... 6

1.5.2.1. Data Collection Method.................................................................................................... 7

1.5.2.2. Interview ......................................................................................................................... 7

1.5.2.3. Observations .................................................................................................................... 7

1.5.3. Sampling Method ................................................................................................................. 8

1.5.3.1. Sample Method and Sample Size Determination ............................................................... 8

1.5.4. Data analysis ....................................................................................................................... 9

1.6. Study Limitations ........................................................................................................... 9

1.7. Significance of the Study.............................................................................................. 10

1.8. Organization of the Paper ............................................................................................. 10

Chapter Two .................................................................................................................... 11

2. Definitions and Conceptual Framework .................................................................... 11

2.1. Clarifications and proposed definitions of community, participation and community
participation ................................................................................................................. 11

2.1.1. The Nature and Implementation of Community Participation........................................ 13

2.1.2. Participation in Practice and the Elements of Community Participation ......................... 16

2.1.3. The Needs and Benefits of Community Participation .................................................... 18 iii 2.2.
Solid Waste Management ............................................................................................. 20

2.2.1. Concepts of Waste Management .................................................................................. 20

2.2.2. Types of Solid Waste ................................................................................................... 23

2.2.3. Methods of Waste Management ................................................................................... 24

2.3. Community Participation in Solid Waste Management ................................................. 26

2.4. Empirical Literature ..................................................................................................... 29

2.4.1. Practices of Community Participation in Solid Waste Management ................. 29

Chapter Three ................................................................................................................... 31

3. Data Analysis and Interpretation .......................................................................................... 31

3.1. Socio-demographic background ................................................................................... 31

3.2. Evaluation of solid waste management problem at the two study area ........................... 35

3.3. Causes of the SWM problem ........................................................................................ 36

3.4. The responsibility ........................................................................................................ 39

3.5. Awareness on solid waste management mechanism/technique .................................... 40

3.6. Types of the solid waste at the two study area ............................................................... 44

3.7. Solid waste collection transportation and disposal service provider to the
community ................................................................................................................. 46

3.8. Timeliness of the services............................................................................................. 47

3.9. Participation in Solid Waste Management .................................................................... 50

3.10. Payment for SWM service ............................................................................................ 52

3.11. Level of solid waste disposing serice in Merkato and Atikilt Tera ................................. 53

3.12. Community participation other than paying fees for SWM service ................................ 55

Chapter Four .................................................................................................................... 60

4. Summary ............................................................................................................................. 60

4.1. Major findings ............................................................................................................. 60

4.2. Factors Affecting Community Participation .................................................................. 60

4.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 61

4.4. Recommendation ......................................................................................................... 62

Reference........................................................................................................................... 70

Aneexes

iv

Lists of Tables

Table Nol. Title Page

Table 1A and 1B: Respondent educational background ....................................................

Table 2: Responent evaluations of solid waste management problem ..............................

Table 3: Respondent view on the cause of solid waste management problem ..................

Table 4: Respondent opinion on responsiblie body for waste problems ...........................

Table 5A: Respondent awareness regarding the SWM mechanisms/techniques .................

Table 5B: Respondent awareness in relation to waste separtation, reduction and desposing ..........

Table 6: Respondents opinion on awareness raising responsibilities.............................................

Table 7: Respondent action if they found the container full or absences form the study area ........

Table 8: Payments for SWM service ............................................................................................

Table 9: Amount of fee per month for waste disposal ...................................................................

Table 10A: Vender respondent involvement ................................................................................. v List of

Graph

Graph 1: Respondents sex ................................................................................................

Graph 2A and 2B: Respondents age ..................................................................................

Graph 3: SWM serice provider..........................................................................................

Graph 4: Timeliness of the serice ......................................................................................

Graph 5: Respondent answers weather they ask their rights or no ...................................... vi Anexess

Anex A: Interview guid with venders ................................................................................

Anex B: Interview guid with buyers ..................................................................................

Anex C: Interview guid with government officials ............................................................

Anex D: Interivew guid Micro and Small Scale Interprise .................................................

Anex E: Interivew guid with ........................................................................................... vii Acronyms

AU ............................................................................................................. African Union

CBO ...................................................................... Community Based Organization

CP ................................................................................... Community Participation

ECA .................................................................. Economic Commission for Africa

ENDA ........................................................... Environmental Development Action

FAO .......................................................................... Food and Agriculture Organization

ICO............................................................................ Information Commissioner's Office

ILF ........................................................................................... Independent Living Fund

MSSE ........................................................................... Micro and Small Scale Enterprise

NGO ..................................................................... Non Governmental Organization

RLDS .............................................................. Regional and Local Development Studies

SBPDA ............................ Sanitation Beautification & Parks Development Agency

SW ....................................................................................................... Solid Waste

SWM ............................................................................... Solid Waste Management

UN ............................................................................................................. United Nations

UNDP ............................................................... United Nations Development Program

UNHCR ................................................ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNICEF .................................................................. United Nations Children Fund viii Abstract

Background: inadequate solid waste management in urban areas is a major factor affecting the health of
citizens and other environmental disasters. This problem is said to exist in the capital city, Addis Ababa.
Anecdotal evidences show that specific areas like Atikilt Tera and

Merkato are believed to have low level of SWM. In addition, the low level of community participation in
SWM is frequently referred to as the main factors for the waste management crisis. Objective: the
objectives of this study was thus to investigate the solid waste management practice and assess the
level of Community Participation at Merkato and Atikilt Tera area.

The specific objectives are to assess the solid waste situation; assess the role of Community

Participation in the process of solid waste collection, transportation and disposal; identify the factors
which affect the collection and disposal of solid waste; and measure the role of the private sector,
community-based organizations and the responsible bureaus (SBPDA) in solid waste management of
Merkato and Atikilt Tera area.

Method: A semi structured interview is used with random sampling technique for sample selection for
vendors and buyers. An interview is used with purposive sampling techniques for the officials.
Observation was also used in the study.

Conclusion and recommendations: there is a serious lack of SWM in the two study areas.

Aside from the other causes for this problem the lack of community participation is the major factor
contributing to it. According to this study, the lack of awareness, lack of government concern, the
presence of information gap between government and community; lack of controlling mechanism over
the service provider are the most important factors for the absence of community participation. The
study recommends adequate government support, devising a technique to compost wastes, developing
alternative waste disposal options, involving private sectors, active community participation, and
preparing appropriate policies in SWM.
1

Chapter One

1. Background of the Study

Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia and a diplomatic center for Africa, home to

African Union (AU) and Economic commission for Africa (ECA). The city is also a seat for regional head
quarters of many organizations like UNDP, UNICEF, UNHCR, FAO,

ILF, and ICO (Å”w 2®®®:15). Although basic infrastructures and other social services are found relatively
in better situation than other cities of Ethiopia, the city is still little more than a town in many respects.
The city is full of social, economic and demographic problems. One of the major problems is the
inadequacy of the solid waste management and it is considered as the major environmental problem in
Addis Ababa. Inadequate solid waste management has resulted in the accumulation of waste in open
lands, in drains and in the residential and commercial area of many people, causing health problems,
environmental pollution (water, soil and air pollution), and clogging of drain (Tadesse,

2004:1). World Bank (1993:63) also said that environmental pollution affects human health in a variety
of ways, from itchy eyes and chest discomfort, to chronic bronchitis and asthma attacks, to premature
death.

This situation is believed to be a consequence of poor environmental conditions and an ever-present risk
of epidemics, which in turn present a formidable threat to health and productivity. There is thus a need
for improved waste management (Tadesse, 2004:1).

Currently, solid waste collection coverage has reached 81.3 % (www.addisababacity.gov.).

This indicates that, the remaining 19 percent of waste is disposed off through informal means. In this
regard, community participation (CP) is argued to be low in terms of waste removal. 2

For several reasons, improving this environmental problem in the city has to be related more directly to
the issues of enhancing community participation. Just about everyone is involved to improve the above
mentioned environmental problem. Community

Participation is intended to bring empowerment to influence priority setting in pollution management

and support for enforcement (David and Melinda, (1992:4), Glasson and etal

(1994:141-142), World Bank (1999:72)).

Involvements of private institutions, non-governmental institution and community at large, in waste

management particularly controlling generation of waste at the source, and also participation in
collection, transportation and disposal process is highly important. It is anticipated to bring the power to
exercise or ask their right (since they are taxpayers) and control over waste management service to the
point where they actually get service delivered, thereby improving accountability and effectiveness, and
promoting people's felling of ownership of the service executed in their compounds and surroundings
(Ibid) .

Therefore, community participation in improving the existing service delivery in the city is very crucial.

One of the sub-city of the Addis Ababa, Addis Ketema, meaning New Town in Amharic, located west of
Arada, is best known for its open market, Merkato, which competes with

Roque Santeiro in the Angolan capital Luanda and Oshodi market in Lagos (Nigeria) for the title of
largest market in Africa (www.addis-ababa.wantedinafrica.com). The central wholesale fruit and
vegetable market called Atikilt Tera, is located in Arada Sub City.
Local shopkeepers and stallholders live in poor conditions in the densely populated residential and
market areas on the edge of Merkato and Atikilt Tera. There are high volume of waste produced at the
time of selling and buying process.

It is clear from the above description of the activities and the whole situation of the subcity that there is
a need to strengthen the waste disposal system and devise a mechanism for community participation in
the process.

1.1. Statement of the Problem

Various researches, such as a Masters Thesis study was conducted by Solomon Asrat

(AAU- RLDS, 2008) recommended that waste management can be best delivered only when the
community takes active participation in the service. Beyene also recommended that raising public
awareness not only on the importance of creating a healthy environment but also on the mechanisms of
controlling waste generated at the source, alternative disposal mechanisms and the spirit to shoulder
responsibilities among the general public, local and traditional institutions, business community, non-
government and governmental institutions through regular campaign, education and training programs
should be stressed.

In addition to this, as with any other environmental strategy, there is a need for public involvement and
political support in the identification of priorities and the implementation of the necessary enabling
measures (World Bank 1999:31).

Also city Administration Mekuria Haile, Said all concerned bodies should exert efforts to solve the
sanitation problem since the current status of the city which is the capital of

Africa and seat of various international organizations is not up to its standard (Addis
Ababa City Administration).

According to some official records, most people do not participate in environmental cleaning campaigns
organized by kebeles (Å”w' 2®®®:15). This fact shows of the trend

on how low the participation is in terms of waste management, in most parts of the city including in the
area of Merkato and Atikilt Tera Addis Ketema Sub-City of Addis Ababa.

Inadequate municipal and business as well as household solid waste collection and disposal creates a
range of environmental problems in Addis Ketema Sub City particularly at the area of Merkato and
Atikilt Tera. Low level community participation has its own negative impact on solid waste collection.
Any person while walking around Merkato and

Atikilt Tera will able to observe, flying 'festal' (which is increasingly used for packaging), solid waste are
deposited and scattered on public spaces like road sides and open spaces.

Dumps containing a large range of waste, the bad smell and the hazards it poses for the people. The
situation is exacerbated around Merkato and Atikilt Tera area where households and businesses cannot
make use of garbage collection containers. Lack of the most basic solid waste management services in
the two areas causes negative effect on business and profitability of the vendors. The adverse effect of
inadequate solid waste service on productivity and economic development of the area of Merkato and
Atikilt Tera is expected to be significant.

Thus, attempt will be made to find out the level of community participation in the area of

Merkato and Atikilt Tera, in the solid waste management service, which is currently run under the
responsibility of Sanitation Beautification & Parks Development Agency
(SBPDA).

1.2. Research Questions

The study will attempt to address the following question:

1. What is the participation level of the community in collocating, transportation and disposing solid
wastes in the Atikilt Tera and Merkato?

2. What are the factors affecting the level of community participation in solid waste management in the
two areas?

3. How much and how well do the City Administration and Merkato and Atikilt Tera

Kebele Administrations cover waste management needs in the areas?

4. How much and how well do the private sector and community-based organizations participation in
the waste management process?

1.4. Study Objectives

General Objective:

 To investigate the solid waste management practice and assess the level of
Community Participation at Merkato and Atikilt Tera area.

Specific Objectives:

 To assess the solid waste situation in the area of Merkato and Atikilt Tera area

 To assess the role of Community Participation in the process of solid waste collection, transportation
and disposal in the area of Merkato and Atikilt Tera.

 To identify the factors which affect the collection and disposal of solid waste in the area of Merkato
and Atikilt Tera.

 To measure the role of the private sector, community-based organizations and the responsible
bureaus (SBPDA) in solid waste management of the Merkato and

Atikilt Tera area.

1.5. Methodology

1.5.1. Justification of the Case

The study population is selected from Atakilit Tera and Merkato areas. These areas are selected based
on the following criteria:
 The volume of solid waste produced: In the areas there are high volume of waste produced at the time
of selling and buying process, especially when the product is fruits and vegetables.

 Population density in the area: People from those area as well as from other areas are gathered for
shopping purpose. More people are believed to dispose more waste. 1.5.2. Methods

The data collection involves methodological triangulation and data triangulation, or a combination of
methods and data sources were important way to strengthen a study design in a single problem (Patton,
1990:187). The use of several methods (qualitative and quantitative) and different data sources (primary
and secondary) were helpful to find adequate information and to get individual, group and institutional
views (Yeraswork,

2000:296).

In general, qualitative and quantitative data were generated from primary and secondary sources. The
secondary sources include legislation and policy documents, research works and other pertinent
documents. Regarding the primary sources, fresh (qualitative and

quantitative) data were generated to supplement the secondary data reviewed. These data were
gathered by both structured and in-depth interviews from respondents at the selected areas. 1.5.2.1.
Data Collection Method

The study was applied to different techniques in course of significantly assessing the community
participation in solid waste management in the two areas. For the collection of primary data, interview
and direct personal observation were employed and secondary data from various documents were
reviewed.

1.5.2.2. Interview
Semi-structured interviews were held with randomly selected buyers and sellers in the selected areas.
Interview was also conducted with the relevant and concerned officials.

These include Addis Ababa City Administration Office (SBPDA Office), Merkato and

Atikilt Teras Kebele Chair and Micro and Small Scale Enterprises and an NGO called

Green and Clean Addis Ababa Organization. This organization was selected because it work on creating
awareness on solid waste management mechanism/techniques. Interviews were held to extract
necessary information for the study. The interviews were conducted by using recording instrument by
the data collectors or interviewer.

1.5.2.3. Observations

Personal observations through using photographs of the setting of the study were conducted to support
the data analysis with valid pictorial inputs for the study.

1.5.3. Sampling Method

The fact that the area of this study is a market place has made it difficult to acquire a complete list of all
the study population from the respective management organ, the kebele.

Hence the respondents of the interview were selected using opportunistic random sampling technique.
i.e. the people found at the study areas at the time of data collection will have equal chance of being
interviewed. Therefore the sample size is determined to be 50 taking all the time and resource
constraints of the study in to account.
Hence, since the total day of data collection is 6 days (Monday to Saturday), interviewees will be given
to an amount of four respondents for the first five days and five respondents on Saturday. One
additional respondent is included at Saturday since there were usually be more people (buyers) coming
on the day. The same techniques were used for both Merkato and Atikilt Tera areas.

A total of 50 semi structured interviews were conducted rom both the areas (twenty five from each
area). Eighteen vendors and seven buyers from each area were selected randomly and the interview had
taken place. Moreover, in-depth interview from the two areas was conducted with Kebles
administrators (Kebele 01/02/03 Administration Office from Merkato Kebele 01/02 Administration
Office from Atikilt Tera) and Addis Ketema and Arada Sub-City administration officers, SBPDA officers,
Green and Clean Addis

Ababa Organization manager, MSSE head and member and also with Atikilt Tera are venders
committees chair.

The responses from both the semi-structured interviews and In-interview incorporated with
observations are discussed and the implications are also presented. An attempt is made to include
interpretation in line with the basic research questions raised in chapter one.

Interviews that were conducted with concerned government officials, MSSEs and NGOs were selected
based on purposive sampling method. Hence the number of interviewees were determined by the
information gathered each time an interview is conducted. The interview was continued until the
information is saturated.

1.5.4. Data Analysis

Information obtained through the various document analyses was integrated with the one obtained
through semi-structured and in-depth interview. The data are presented using photgraph, frequency
tables; charts, figures and other statistical analysis tools.
1.6. Study Limitations

Due to constraints of time and resources and to make the study manageable, the primary data collection
task of the study was geographically confined to the Atikilt Tera and

Merkato areas on matters of community participation in Solid waste management. Other aspect of
waste management is not discussed in this study. Besides that study covers only aspects related to
government and the community based SWM system ignoring the contribution of individual effort and
other variables.

10

1.7. Significance of the Study

The significance of the study is to identify the strengths and weakness of CP in waste

Management and recommend some of the basic mechanisms of ensuring effective and sustainable
community participation to enhance sustainable solid waste management. To be able to achieve this
purpose the study will assess the level of community participation in solid waste management and to
identify the factors affecting the level of participation. The study will also explain the impact of the
ongoing participatory programs on solid waste management and their effect on the improvement of the
livelihood of the community and environmental protection.

1.8. Organization of the Paper

This study comprised four chapters. In chapter one, the introduction part, the researcher have deal with
the statement of the problem and objectives of the study. In this part is also presented the methodology
used to conduct the study. Chapter two presents the theoretical and conceptual framework. It discussed
the concepts of community participation and sustainability, the indicators of community participation
and the concerned bodies involved in Community Participation. It provides some information that is vital
to understand and analyze the situation of solid waste management services of the city. Chapter three
analyses and discusses the practices of community participation in solid waste management in the study
area. Chapter four summarizes the major findings, conclusions and suggests recommendations based on
the analyses and discussions.

11

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2. Definitions and Conceptual Framework

2.1. Clarifications and proposed definitions of community, participation and community participation

For the purpose of this paper, here are presents definitions and concepts more related with the study
topic.

Community is defined as “the term which is applied to societies and social groups where they are
considered from the point of view of the geographical distribution of the individuals and institutions of
which they are composed". It follows from the definition that every community is a society, but not
every society is a community. National Board of

Young Men's Christian Associations quoted (Park and et.al. 1959:24). "The community should be viewed
as a process involving social structure and cultural behavior..."

(Brokensha and Hodge, 1969:1)

Participation is defined by World Bank as “a process through which stakeholders influence and share
control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them” (qtd in
Chambers, 2005:103).

Community Participation – “By definition, community participation can only be expressed through an
activity of some kind. Hence there is always an interaction between the activity itself and the community
group involved with that activity” (Abbott, 1996:

131).

12

In the late 1960s there was some exploration of different models of participation and their relationship
to community development. Since then concern around popular and community participation in key
agencies such as the United Nations, has been part of the discourse of community development. As
Midgley et al (1986: 23) have noted, the notion of popular participation and that of community
participation were interlinked. The former was concerned with broad issues of social development and
the creation of opportunities for the involvement of people in the political, economic and social life of a
nation, 'the latter connotes the direct involvement of ordinary people in local affairs'. As such
community participation can be seen as linking with older concerns with associational democracy and
the like. In some countries the notion of community participation has reappeared in discussions around
the need to bring some local services and facilities more directly into the control of local people
(community development @ the encyclopaedia of informal education, n.d)

Shepherd (1998:7) describes it “for more than two decades development theorists and practitioners
have lectured the world about the need for participation of ordinary people in development”. According
to some, participation express “as currently understood, participation involves various communities and
interest groups having a say in and contributing to the development processes that affect them”
(Eversole and Martin, 2005:7).

One online integrated pilot project on community participation in solid waste management
(1996:3) study, express that, “Community participation is the process by which individuals and families
assume responsibility for their own health and welfare and for those of community and develop the
capacity to contribute to theirs and the community development”. In addition to this it said, “They come
to know their own situation better and are motivated to solve their common problems. This enables
them to become agents of their own development instead of beneficiaries of development aid” (Ibid).

Another writer also stated that “community participation is a process in which community members are
involved at different stages and degrees of intensity in the project cycle with

13

the objective to build the capacity of the community to maintain services created during the project
after the facilitating organizations have left” (Laroui, 2000: front page).

On the other hand, Oakley stated, “Participation emphasizes on the achievement of predetermined
targets rather than the act of participation, it is essentially a short term exercise. This is to mean that
local people are mobilized to directly involve in the existing task, but the participation evaporates once
the task is completed” (qtd. in Gebremedihin's

2004:18). The expression indicates that participation is a vehicle to achieve predetermined temporary
objectives.

A book entitled Community organization in Africa argued that “citizen participation does not just
happen. It must be sought energetically and imaginatively and developed continuously. This is a job
never completed” (1959: 260-261). This argument suggests participation as an ongoing activity which
should not be used as an instrument to achieve predetermined once short term activity.

According to Reid (2000:6) “Community participation is one of the key ingredients of an empowered
community”. He also express that “Participation is the heart that pups the community's life blood - its
citizens in to the community's business. …. Community participation is far more than a requirement; it is
a condition for success” (Ibdi)
2.1.1. The Nature and Implementation of Community Participation

Different scholars explain the nature of community participation in different ways.

According to Abbott (1996:4), “Community participation is relevant in every sector of development

whether it is education, health, conservation, agriculture, or water and

14

sanitation. When it is practiced successfully it transforms programs and provides the critical component
which can promote sustainable development”.

He gives emphasis on the understanding of the nature of community participation and said,

“In a world of rapid change, effective and meaningful community participation is a fundamental basis of
security, either of the individual or of the state. A clear understanding of the nature of participation is
central to the search for peace, social justice and democracy” (Ibid).

Abbott (1996:4) also argued that:

"As with any concept which has strong social and political implications, it is often convenient for those
who interact with the process to interpret it in a way which meets their own interest, as well as their
own particular perceptions. Thus, for example countries might see community participation simply as a
way of mobilizing community support for projects; NGOs in the field, as well as CBOs, may see it as a
vehicle through which local communities can take control of the development process and bring about
sweeping political change; development agencies may see it as a method of improving project
performance, whereas many governments and civil servants view it simply as threatening and
subversive" Yeraswork has also said that “the nature of participatory intervention is expected to bring
about has to be determined first. That is an intervention, which seeks to promote participation must be
aware and defined clearly at the start of the intervention as to the likely nature of the participation it
expects to promote. He also said that "In fact, this may change with the nature of the intervention. This
awareness might help projects or development initiatives to determine the appropriate methodologies
to promote participation” (qtd. In Gebremedin 2004:18).

Moser recognized that: “...historically, where the activity is a project, then the project has tended to
dominate and determine the nature of the participation process” (qtd in Abbott

15

1996:131). Thus it is said that the relationship between the two as one of dominance/subservience, the
basis of the end approach to participation was the dominance of the participation process over the
project (Ibid).

Apart from the above explanation in Oakley and et.al., the means and end approach has been explained.
“Participation as a means is said to imply the use of participation to achieve some predetermined
objectives. This is to say that participation is a way of harnessing the existing physical, economic and
social resources of rural people in order to achieve the objectives of development programs and
projects”. Participation as an end, on the other hand, “is seen essentially as a process which reveals
overtime and whose purpose is to develop and strengthen the capabilities of rural people to intervene
more directly in development initiatives” (qtd. in Gebremedihin, 2004: 16-17).

Moser argued that (qtd. In Abbott (1996:131):

"In reality it is not the evaluation participation either as a means or as an end which is important, but
the identification of the process where by participation as a means has the capacity to develop in to
participation as an end. Thus there is a transition from dominance of the project to dominance of the
participation process. This seems logical in theory, but it has serious practical difficulties”.

Abbott (1996:131), concludes that, “The fundamental flaw from which most research suffers is that it is
reductionist in its approach, rather than analytical. Thus it seeks to explain community participation in
terms of a single, clearly defined ideal”. He also said,
“to achieve this goal, key phrases have been developed which aim to encapsulate the essence of the
community participation process and develop a single form of participation

16

which is applicable to all situations in all parts of the world”. In his consideration “the interaction
between the activity and the beneficiary community does not operate in that way and should be seen
rather as a symbiotic relationship between two complex processes”. Abbott also put the nature of
activity in two ways as follows:

“Depending on the nature of the activity this interaction is believed to operate in two ways.

The first is limited to the beneficiary group and the activity, whereas the second is wider, embracing a
range of outside actors”. He supposes that the elements of community participation are the products of
these interactions and says that it is these elements which translate the conceptual framework from a
theoretical concept to a practical vehicle applicable to real situations” (Ibid).

2.1.2. Participation in Practice and the Elements of Community Participation

There are different ways that are believed to be right to achieve deep community involvement by
different writers. This implies that there is no one right way that applies for every community. Yet, there
are some common elements to sound participation that will be found in all communalities. These
elements as stated by Norman (2000:3-4), are:

Many people: the first and most obvious principle of participation is that many people are involved. The
work of the community is not considered to be the special province of a knowledgeable few-perhaps the
same elite leadership who has always run community affairs-but it is the business of everyone.
Participating communities engage many people in their work (Ibid).

17
Many Centered: Participating communities are open to involvement by many groups. They divide up
responsibilities in a way that draws on the special talents and interests of contributing organizations by
assigning responsibility for independent action to these groups. In short, under the overall umbrella of a
representative community board, power and responsibility are decentralized in a participating
community. The result is a community that has many centers to activity and that is capable of reaching
deeply into the natural enthusiasm and talents of its citizens (Ibid).

Open and Advertised: The business of participating communities is open to all and widely publicized.
Citizens are informed by a variety of means about the community's work, and opportunities for citizens
to find meaningful roles in contributing to that work (Ibid).

Open to All Ideas: In participating communities, there is no such thing as a bad idea. All ideas are
welcomed and treated with respect. This not only honors the person whose idea is put forward, but it
also sets a welcoming tone (Ibid).

Inclusive and Diverse: In a participating community, no distinctions are drawn among various groups and
types of personalities who offer themselves to community involvement. All should be welcomed into
useful roles. Participating community do not sit by passively, waiting for a diverse groups of citizens to
present themselves for involvement (Ibid).

Open Mind, Open Process: Participating communities operate so that it is clear to all that they are not
controlled by any one organization, do not represent

18

any one group of people, and are not limited to any one philosophy or way of doing business (Ibid).

Another writer, (Abbott, 1996:132), on the other hand has generated a total of 11 elements which
appear to be important and need to be accounted for the community participation structure. These are:

 The objectives of the activity;

 The intensity of participation;

 The instruments of participation;

 The wider surround or environment which influences the participation process;

 The specific arena within which the participation process operates;

 Identification of the primary actors;

 The roles, agendas and relationships of the different actors;

 The point of input into the participation process, and who decided this;

 The practical implantation the participation framework;

 The differing needs of the community;

 The needs of the other actors.

2.1.3. The Needs and Benefits of Community Participation

It has been described in Barratt et.al, the need to participate in the analysis of the situation, to bring
about awareness of the problem, is essential. When interventions are undertaken with the community,
to meet their own needs, the people respond readily. Their taboos, cultures and values can not be
broken down when they participate. But if the people had not been involved, they would have felt that
their traditions were being undermined as usual, which is the response to many imposed interventions
(1976:60).

19

Among the various benefits of community participation the following are the few that benefit mostly to
the society that are identified by a solid waste specialist, A. Subash (n.d):

 Building local capacities and capabilities. for instance increase awareness of knowledge and capacities,
may improve the ability to negotiate as equals with authorities and other stakeholders to promote
common objectives and increase responsiveness to conflicts with the community

 Involvement in decision making. Participation can ensure that the different needs and problems of the
community are integrated in any interventions.

 Empowerment. Community participation may give people the opportunity to devise and initiate
strategies to improve their situation.

 Involving the community in the project may increase local ownership of projects and enhance a sense
of responsibility for maintaining services provided by projects.

These aspects are both essential for the durability and continuity of interventions.

Reid (2000:35) has also explains the benefits of community participation as:

Community participation is not an idle principle. Communities that have chosen to follow it find that not
only do they derive more satisfaction from the joy that comes from open community involvement, but
they also said to achieve more results, more rapidly, and with greater benefit to the community as a
whole. In short, participating communities succeed better than those that only talk about this important
principle ... communities that engage their citizens and partners deeply in the work of community
development are believed to raise more resources, achieve more results, and develop in a more holistic
and -ultimately-more beneficial way.

20

2.2. Solid Waste Management

2.2.1. Concepts of Waste Management

Pollution and waste accumulation have plagued human beings ever since man started living in
permanent settlements, and a multitude of solutions have been developed throughout the centuries
reflecting contemporary attitudes toward sanitation and ideas with respect to a decent environment
(Grava, 1969:1).

Issue of waste management is not a problem of modern times only, but it is an old aged problem of
mankind that did not get a lasting solution so far. Most people have mostly been careful to remove
wastes from their own private dwelling, but the wastes are usually dumped immediately outside. This
inherent public irresponsibility is a curious, human characteristic which was in evidence in the ancient
advanced civilizations and is still with us today (Biruck 1969:17). Thus an organized community must
therefore protect itself against the negligence of its own members through regulations, public works
programs, and enforcement of quality levels as defined by itself (Grava, 1969:1).

In Ethiopia solid waste and solid waste management has been defined by Federal Negarit

Gazeta (No. 13, 12th February, 2007… page3525) 12th ) as follows:

"Solid Waste means any thing that is neither liquid not gas and is discarded as unwanted";

"Solid Waste Management means the collection, transportation, storage, recycling or disposal of solid
waste, or the subsequent use of a disposal site that is no longer operational. 21
The level of industrialization increases or even simply as a result of growing access to packaged and
consumer goods, waste disposal becomes an increasing problem in virtual societies. The problems are
typically associated with nonbiodegradable or bioaccumulative substances such as waste pesticides,
solvents, heavy metals, adn chemical sludges. These are often production wastes, but they can also arise
from inapproprte application

(pesticides) or poor consumer behavior (waste motor oils). The development and widespread use of
new substances such as plastics and the products that they have made possible have improved the
standard of living for millions, but they have also introduced new threats to the environment (World
Bank, 1998:30). Thus appropriate waste management techniques as to apply.

Wentz (1989:117) point up waste management techniques accordingly. "Solid waste management is an
all-encompassing term. It can be used to describe several distinct processes: the elimination or
reduction of waste; the recycling or reuse of waste material; the treatment or destruction of waste".

Wikipedia one of online free encyclopedia put in plain words and diagram about the concepts of waste
management as follows:

 "Waste hierarchy - the waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify
waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste
minimization"(en.wikipedia.org/wiki).

Wentz (1989:117) also state waste minimization as "the optimum choice of waste management
techniques".

22

(en.wikipedia.org/wiki).
"The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to
generate the minimum amount of waste" (en.wikipedia.org/wiki)..

 Extended producer responsibility - Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), as stated in the wikipedia,
is a strategy designed to promote the integration of all costs associated with products throughout their
life cycle (including end-of-life disposal costs) into the market price of the product. It is also described
that extended producer responsibility is meant to impose accountability over the entire lifecycle of
products and packaging introduced to the market. This, according to this explanation, means that firms
which manufacture, import and/or sell products are required to be responsible for the products after
their useful life as well as during manufacture (Ibid).

 Polluter pays principle – the third concept which is Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the
polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. This is suggested with respect to waste
management, which generally refers the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate
disposal of the waste (Ibid).

Prevention

Minimization

Reuse

Recycling

Energy recovery

Disposal

most favoured option least favoured option 23

Some are put the wastes management refers to the “4 Rs” in the following ways:

Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle, Reduce) to be followed for waste management

(http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htm):

1. Refuse. Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that are in the house. Refuse
to buy new items though you may think they are prettier than the ones you already have.

2. Reuse. Do not throw away the soft drink cans or the bottles; cover them with homemade paper or
paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small vases.

3. Recycle. Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute, which can be used over and over again [will this
come under recycle or reduce?].Segregate your waste to make sure that it is collected and taken for
recycling.

4. Reduce. Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste, e.g. carry your own shopping bag when you go
to the market and put all your purchases directly into it.

These solid waste management mechanisms/techniques were found to be adopted by the

Green and Clean Initiative Addis Ababa as the 4 "S" rules (¾îÆ“ ›[”ÕÈ ›Ç=e ›uv

Tu`, 2®®1).

2.2.2. Types of Solid Waste

Solid waste can be classified into different types based on different criterions. For instance, solid waste
products may be described according to particle size as rubble, gravel, grit, ash, or dust; or according to
their origin as overburden or spoil from mining operations, or slag or clinker from industrial processes.
The chemical constituents of wastes are loosely classified into organic or inorganic substance. The
imprecise term 'organic' is used for compounds of carbon, other than its oxides, metallic carbonates and
related compounds.

24

Many organic waste compounds originate from living organisms, but others are manufactured. All other
chemical compounds are described as non-organic or inorganic in composition. Small quantities of so-
called biological wastes are produced by some food processing plants and medical and research
institutions. These solid and effluent wastes are characterized by the presence of micro-organisms and a
wide range of complex organic compounds (John and etal. 1981:21).

The previously cited book on the other hand classifies wastes based on their production sectors. There
are eight broad sectors, according to the type of producers or industry from which the solid waste
originates. These are:

 Domestic sector, commercial and retail trade sector, industrial manufacturing sector, construction
industry sector, extractive industry sector, agricultural sector, nuclear industrial and power sector, food
processing industry sector (Ibid)

2.2.3. Methods of Waste Management

It is inevitable that as there are different types of waste there will be varying methods of waste disposal.
Briefly most solid wastes are deposited on land as tips or spoil heaps, or as land infill to quarries and
mine shafts, or as dumps containing a large range of materials.
Waste is produced continually so there is often a need for some sort of storage facility. In respect of
environmental pollution the quantity, the treatment, and disposal methods of waste are of prime
importance (John and et.al. 1981: 84).

As has been stated in the Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (en.wikipedia.org/wiki) there are three major
methods of waste management:

1. Disposal methods: there are two methods of waste disposal (Ibid).

25

 Landfill method: involves waste to dispose it off, and are often established in abandoned or unused
quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.

 Incineration: is a disposal method that involves combustion of waste material and converts waste
materials into heat, gas, steam, and ash

2. Recycling methods: is the process of extracting resources or value from waste.

There are three methods of recycling (Ibid).

 Physical reprocessing: reuse of every day waste materials such as empty beverage containers are
collected and sorted into common types so that the raw materials from which the items are made can
be reprocessed into new products.

 Biological reprocessing: waste materials that are organic in nature, can be recycled using biological
composting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter that can then be recycled as
mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping method.
 Energy recovery: the energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a
direct combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type of full.

3. Avoidance and reeducation methods: is the prevention of waste material being created, also known
as waste reduction. Methods of avoidance include reuse of second-hand products, repairing broken
items instead of buying new, designing products to be refillable (Ibid).

Waste avoidance and utilization can be seen as part of a broader hierarchy of approaches to achieving
sustainable development. At the highest level are approaches that seek to satisfy human needs and
requirements in ways that do not waste resources or generate harmful by

26

products or residuals. These approaches include changing consumer behavior and reexamining the
range and character of the products and services produced. At a slightly lower level are efforts to
redesign products and services and to raise consumers' awareness about the impacts of their decisions
(World Bank, 1998:30).

2.3. Community Participation in Solid Waste Management

Like any other intervention there is a need for community participation in solid waste management. The
disposal of garbage is a worldwide problem and a nightmare for many authorities.

Some municipalities fall behind in collecting garbage, which then piles up in the streets.

As good citizens, Christians are among the first to respond and comply with Caesar’s laws without
complaining (Watchtower 2008:11).

Keeping any solid waste management systems running, at a minimum participation of the community is
required in putting the garbage at the street in a proper way at the right time
(Subash, n.d). It is written by William apart from removal there is no question that society must prepare
for extensive recovery and reuse of wastes if waste generation is to be substantially reduced (qtd. in
Biruck, 1996:37).

Consumers in some of the wealthier countries are moving toward a greater awareness about the need
for waste reduction, as shown by participation in recycling schemes and some demand for
environmentally friendly products (World Bank 1998:30).

27

In addition to individual responsibility, people are believed to be collectively responsible in more or less
organized activities, like meetings, clean-up campaigns, and awarenessraising activities (Subash, n.d.).

William has also stated that society will have to considered balances and choices within the
environment as a whole and take full advantage of natural process to destroy harmlessly those residual
wastes which can't be recycled (qtd. in Biruck, 1996:37).

Watchtower (2008:11), the family may decide to clean the house regularly each week and to schedule a
thorough cleaning once or twice a year. And how about outside the house?

True Christians are willing to go the extra mile to make a contribution in this regard. They are interested
in a clean environment and take the initiative in cleaning up, …they understand that cleanliness is a
reflection of good training and responsible behavior. It starts with each individual and each family.
Simple application of sanitation and cleanliness around the house will lead to better health as well as
improve the overall appearance of the neighborhood.

Subash (n.d) said that community participation may involve making material, financial or physical
contributions to activities of solid waste management, for instance working as cart operator or sweeper,
and paying fees for waste collection. The success of community participation in solid waste management
depends on other actors involve, such as the municipality, community-based organizations (CBOs),
micro enterprises and local leaders.
Community participation of any kind is not also an end by itself; if its’ sustainability is not assured by
other means. Subash has considered the following factors to favor the

28

sustainability of community participation and hence of services, like waste collection and separation: 
Communication strategies are said to be essential to generate a broad-based understanding of solid
waste issues among community members on the one hand and responsiveness of the stakeholders to
the demands of the community on the other.  Representative local leaders and Community-based
organizations (CBOs) are believed to stimulate community participation and ensure that community
needs are taken into account.

 Women are also believed to play a determining role in waste management and they form important
channels of communication.

 Community initiatives and CBOs are said to be less durable if they are not, at some point, recognized
and supported by the local authority.

 Cooperation between the CBO and the local authority to maintain and operate the service system
according to formal agreements with stakeholders.

 Follow-up support should also be given after project implementation to reinforce awareness and new
practices and assist when required with operation and management of new organization.

Regarding effective and sustainable waste management, each and everyone has to involve in cleaning,
collecting and appropriate disposing of waste. Attitude of the community, such just clean their closed
environment and put out of their mind about their neighborhood as to change. And, the involvement of
each and everyone, in cleaning their around one self's home as well as keeping clean their surround in
continuous manner that improve the problem of waste management.
29

Environmental Development Action in Third World Enda-Ethiopia believes that individual efforts have a
sustainable impact in so far they combine with the actions of others. And it says that, the participation
of all those involved at different levels in the development process is sought (www.geocities.com).

2.4. Empirical Literature

2.4.1. Practices of community participation in solid waste management

Community participation has been vital instrument in response to environmental pollution caused by
inadequate solid waste management in many developing countries. The major reasons of raising the
issues of community participation in line with solid waste management in different countries are to
improve their inappropriate solid waste management through creating awareness, initiatives &
mobilizing the community.

In the city of Luanda- Angola, a pilot initiative was implemented to develop and test a model for the
sustainable management of solid waste in the musseques that are not served by environmental
sanitation programmes. The project was conducted with assistance from

Canadian and Swiss organizations. Active participation of the community was a key component. Another
pilot project was conducted by Subash (n.d) on community participation in

Bangalore- India on waste management the fourteen wards of Bangalore, Nagapura, was chosen. The
ward is mostly residential with some major commercial centers, which are described to be the major
waste generators. Besides other things community participation was the most crucial component of the
project to clean the ward. Community members have participated in different ways, such as paying
collection fees, offering waste at the

30
appropriate time and separating recyclable materials. Furthermore, community members have involved
in awareness-raising activities, participate in meetings to influence the process of the project or be part
of committees that manage waste services. It is proposed in the paper that appropriate time frame,
achievable objectives and adaptive planning can effect community participation in a positive way
(A.Shabash n.d).

Since community participation is unquestionable for improving the problem of solid waste management,
city administration is indispensable for a consistent path of environmental protection by increasing
necessary ongoing awareness of the environmental problem due to in adequacy of solid waste
management at stake in the community, and mobilizing them to bring valuable community
participation.

Moser put important implications for the way in which community participation as a means and end,
“participation is interpreted as a means, it generally becomes a form of mobilizations to get things done,
as an end the objective is not a fixed quantifiable development goal but a process whose outcome is an
increasingly meaningful participation in the development process” (qtd. in Abbott, 1996:36).

In short community participation is both a means and an end by itself.

31

Chapter Three

3. Community Participation in Solid Waste Management in Merkato and Atikilt Tera Areas

The study was conducted in two areas namely Merkato, which is located in Addis Ketema sub city; and
Atikilit Tera which is located in Arada sub city. This chapter deals with the presentation of facts; and the
interpretation and implications of each result.
The presentation begins with brief description of the background information of the respondents and
the presentation of data in photograph, tabular and graph form using frequency counts and
percentages.

3.1. Socio-demographic background of respondents

The background information of the major study subjects’ (interviewed venders and buyers) is briefly
discussed as follows.

Both Venders and buyers respondents from the two study area were asked to identify their background
information through semi structured interview. In this respect the collected data were examined to
describe the characteristics of the respondents’ in terms of sex, age and educational background.

A total of 50 respondents were contacted through semi-structured interview, from Merkato area (9
male and 9 female venders) and (4 male and 3 female buyers) from Atikilt Tera area (11 male and 7
female venders) and (1 male and 6 female buyer).

32

Graph 1 Respondents sex

From the graph, it can easily be understood that the number of male venders contacted around Atikilt
Tera area is grater than females. In addition, there are more female buyers in the area when compared
to that of

Merkato area. An attempt was made to balance these numbers but there were less number of female at
the time of data collection.

Most of venders (33.33%) respondents of Merkato area found to be between the age 26 –
35. A large number of vender respondents (38.89%) of Atikilt

Tera areas found between the ages

15 – 25. (See graph 2A and graph

2B) This indicates that the majority of vender respondents were within in the range of the productive
age group in both the areas. Graph 2A respondents age (Merkato)

33

Educational background

As far as education status of the sample interviewee is concerned,

11.11% of Merkato area venders and 16.67% of Atikilt Tera area venders have never attended school.
Also 11.11% of venders from Merkato and 5.56% Atikilt

Tera area respondents can read and write.

Most vender respondents (44.44%) and (38.89%) from Merkato and Atikilt Tera area respectively have
attend secondary school.

Only one male vender have firs degree and one buyer have second degree from Merkato area. Atikilt

Graph 2B respondents age (Atikilt Tera)

34

Table 1A respondent educational background (Merkato)

No. Item

Respondents

Merkato

Venders Buyers

Male Female Total % Male Female Total %

1 Illiterate 0 2 2 11.11 0 0 0 0.00

2 Read & Write 2 0 2 11.11 0 0 0 0.00

3 Primary school level 2 1 3 16.67 0 0 0 0.00

4 Secondary School 4 4 8 44.44 2 1 3 42.86

5 12th completed 0 2 2 11.11 0 1 1 14.29

6 Technique & vocational School graduate 0 0 0 0.00 0 1 1 14.29

7 College diploma 0 0 0 0.00 1 0 1 14.29

8 First degree 1 0 1 5.56 0 0 0 0.00

9 Second degree 0 0 0 0.00 1 0 1 14.29

10 Oher 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00

Total 9 9 18 100 4 3 7 100

Also one male and one female buyer have first degree and 3 female buyers have college diploma at the
area of Atikilt Tera.

This indicates that most of vender respondents in both of the study area have not gone a long way
through education, which may be the reason for the prevailing situation of SWM.

(Table 1A and 1B)

35

Table 1B respondent educational background (Atikilte Tera)

No. Item
Respondents

Merkato

Venders Buyers

Male Female Total % Male Female Total %

1 Illiterate 0 3 3 16.67 0 0 0 0.00

2 Read & Write 0 1 1 5.56 0 0 0 0.00

3 Primary school level 3 1 4 22.22 0 0 0 0.00

4 Secondary School 5 2 7 38.89 0 0 0 0.00

5 12th completed 3 0 3 16.67 0 2 2 28.57

6 Technique & vocational School graduate 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00

7 College diploma 0 0 0 0.00 0 3 3 42.86

8 College degree 0 0 0 0.00 1 1 2 28.57

9 MA 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00
10 Other 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00

Total 11 7 18 100 1 6 7 100

3.2. Evaluations of solid waste management problem at the two study area

Prior to assessing the level of community participation in SWM at the area of Merkato and

Atikilt Tera, the study investigated venders & buyers evaluation of SWM problem.

Accordingly 44.44% of vender respondents and 57.14% of buyer respondents said that the problem of
SWM in Merkato area is very serious, while at the area of Atikilt Tera 83% venders and 100% of buyers
said that the problem is very serious and 16.67% of venders said that the problem is serious. Only
16.67% of Merkato area venders said the problem is not serious.

This indicates that in the two study areas there is no adequate solid waste collection, transportation and
disposal service. Particularly at the area of Atiklet Tera, the problem is much more exacerbated. (See
Table 2)

36

Picture 1 Merkato area

Picture 2 Atikilt Tera area

Table 2. Respondent evaluations of solid waste management problem

No

Item

Respondents Respondents

Merkato Atikilte Tera

Venders Buyers Venders Buyers f % F % f % f %

1 Very serious 8 44.44 4 57.14 15 83.33 7 100

2 serious 4 22.22 3 42.86 3 16.67 0 0

3 moderate 3 16.67 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0

4 not serious 3 16.67 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0

Total 18 100 7 100 18 100 7 100

3.3. Causes of the SWM problem

In order to have detail analysis of community participation in SWM problem, the study assessed causes
of the problem.
As can be clearly seen from table 3, from all respondent 83.33% of venders and 100% of buyers from
Merkato area; and 94.44.33% venders and 71.43% buyers from Atkilt Tera area said that wastes are
thrown out illegally in to drainage, ditches and on the asphalt road because of absence of the waste
containers.

From all respondent 66.67% of venders and 57.14% of buyers from Merkato area; and 55.56% of
venders and 85.71

% of buyers from Atikilt Tera area have also thought that the problem is due to lack of awareness (see
Table – 3).

37

Picture 3 Merkato area

Picture 4 Atikilt Tera area

While from all venders respondent 66.67% from Merkato area and 58.82% of vender respondent from
Atikilt Tera area said that there is also other cause in addition to all above mentioned problem. (see
table 3)

According to some of the respondents from Merkato area, since the road is not asphalted it made it
difficult to clean the area. The respondents also said that the lack of proper drainage system in the area
has resulted in the accumulation of waste carried by flood especially in the summer times.

As reported by most respondents from both areas the cause is not only absence of container or lack of
awareness. It is also negligence of the government official. According to them, the government does not
carry out its responsibility of controlling illegal venders which produce most of the solid wastes and
dump it irresponsibly around the area.
Though the legal venders pay fees for sanitation services for the government yearly, but those illegal
venders do not pay sanitation fees. They also pay tax unlike the illegal venders.

In addition to the yearly payments of sanitation service, they are obliged to pay collection fees for MSSE
in order to clean those areas which are not yet cleaned. This is due to the fact that

38

the MSSEs collect the waste but do not put it in the appropriate location. They just put the waste which
is collected from vender's shop on their cart in front of venders shop and/or in the middle of the road
until the waste collector tuck is available. (See picture 3 & 4)

These situations, according to most respondents, have resulted in high accumulation of wastes in those
areas and it creates very bad smell which causes chest discomfort, chronic bronchitis and asthma attack.

Some government officials and the MSSEs have also admitted the aforementioned situations. However,
SBPDA and Addis Ketema sub city administrator do not agree with the opinion that there is government
negligence. According to them the major cause is a capacity problem. They said that the government is
doing its level best to solve the problems. The MSSEs members have not only accused the government
but also the venders for their negligence to solve the situation which aggravated the existing problem.

This implies that the causes of SWM problem around Merkato and Atikilt Tera area are
multidimensional. Also the waste is jeopardizing the community health. Yet the health impact of the
existing waste situation particularly at the area of Atikilt Tera is not well recognized. 39

Table 3-Respondent view on the cause of solid waste management problem

No Causes of the problem

Response
Respondents Respondents

Merkato Atikilt Tera

Venders Buyers Venders Buyers f % f % f % f %

Wastes are thrown out illegally in to drainage ditches and on the asphalt road because of absence of the
containers yes 15 83.33 7 100 17 94.44 5 71.43

No 3 16.67 0 0.00 1 5.56 2 28.57

1. Total 18 100 7 100 18 100 7

100.0

2.

People throw their waste near the full container because of the containers not being empty on time yes
0 0.00 0 0.00 2 11.11 1 14.29

No 18 100.00 7 100 16 88.89 6 85.71

Total 18 100 7 7.00 18 100 7 7.00

3.

Because of luck of awareness, people pay very little attention to solid waste management, so they are
throwing their waste everywhere yes 12 66.67 4

57.1

4 10 55.56 6 85.71

No 6 33.33 3

42.8

6 8 44.44 1 14.29

Total 18 100 7 100 18 100 7 100.0

4. Others yes 12 66.67 0 0.00 10 58.82 0 0.00

No 6 33.33 7

100.

00 7 41.18 7
100.0

Total 18 100 7 100 17 100 7 100

3.4. The responsibility

The entire vender respondents from the two area and a considerable number (71.43% and

85.71%) buyer respondents of Merkato and Atikilt Tera area respectively, have said that the government
is responsible for the above mentioned problem. From all respondents,

(38.89% and 11.11%) of vender; and (71.43% and 100%) of buyers from Merkato and

Atiklt Tera area respectively agreed venders are responsible. On the other hand from

Merkato area 17% vendors and 43% buyers agreed buyers are responsible. Among all the vender
respondents, from Merkato 72.22% and from Atikilt Tera area 88.89% of respondent assumed that
MSSE are responsible for those problems (See Table 4).

40

In general, the responses indicate that all people in the area are responsible but the government’s
responsibility is much more than the others.

Table 4 - Respondent opinion on responsible body for waste problems

No Item

Response

Respondents Respondents

Venders Buyers Venders Buyers f % f % f % f %

In your opinion who is responsible for this problem 11

Gov't

yes 18 100 5 71.43 18 100 6 85.71

No 0 0.00 2 0.29 0 0.00 1 14.29

Total 18 100 7 71.71 18 100 7 100

12

Venders yes 7 38.89 5 71.43 2 11.11 6 85.71

No 11 61.11 2 28.57 16 88.89 1 14.29

Total 18 100 7 100.00 18 100 7 100

13

Buyers yes 3 16.67 3 42.86 0 0.00 1 14.29

15 83.33 4 57.14 7 100.00 6 85.71

Total No 18 100 7 100.00 7 100 7 100

Micro and small scale enterprises yes 13 72.22 0 0.00 16 88.89 1 0.14

No 5 27.78 7 1.00 2 11.11 6 0.86

Total 18 100 7 1.00 18 100 7 100

3.5. Awareness on solid waste management mechanism/technique

Awareness is a major means of community participation in order to reduce the SWM problem. This
section deals with issues related to awareness of the respondents in line with SWM mechanisms or
techniques.

At the area of Merkato and Atikilt Tera, the data collected indicate that most of the respondents are not
aware of some mechanisms/techniques of SWM. Majority of the respondent (77.78% and 94.44%)
Merkato and Atikilt Tera area venders respectively; and
(85.71% and 100%) Merkato area and Atikilt Tera area buyers respectively are not aware of SWM
mechanisms/techniques (see Table 5A).

41

This indicates that one of the major problems of community participation is Lack of awareness. Table -
5A. Respondent awareness regarding the SWM mechanisms/techniques

No

Awarnesses on solid waste management mechanism/techniques Respondents

Merkato Atikilt Tera

Venders Buyers Venders Buyers f % f % f % f %

Awarness

Yes 4 22.22 1 14.29 1 5.56 0 0.00

No 14 77.78 6 85.71 17 94.44 7 100

Total 18 100 7.00 100 18 100 7 100

Among the respondents who are supposed to have awareness of SWM techniques;
Two vendors (50%) from Merkato area and one (100%) vender and buyer from Atikilt

Tera area stated waste separation, while 3(75%) venders from Merkato area. Know waste reduction and
3 (75%) venders respondents reported that waste disposing (see Table 5B) .

Table 5B. Respondent awareness regarding waste separtation, reduction and desposing

No Item

Response

Respondents

Merkato Atikilt Tera

Venders Buyers Venders Buyers f % f % f % f %

1 Waste separation yes 2 50 1 100 1 100 0 0.00

No 2 50 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

Total 4 100 1 100 1 100 0 0.00

2 Waste reduction yes 1 25 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

No 3 75 1 100 1 100 0 0.00

Total 4 100 1 100 1 100 0 0.00

Waste desposing yes 3 75 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00

No 1 25 1 100 1 100 0 0.00

Total 4 100 1 100 1 100 0 0.00

42

Among those people who reported to know waste separation, a response forwarded from one of the
respondents to question presented by interviewer for what they do with the separated waste;

"I used this grass grappling reputedly to protect my potter being broken".

Another respondent said that, "I separate unused pieces of garment and I put it in front of my shop then
people with low income particularly children take it and they sell it. The price for 1 kilogram of pieces of
garment is 0.50 cents. It is used to make pillow".

Others used separate wastes such as chat, papers, and cartons as source of fuel.

As far as the view of respondents on awareness raising responsibility is concerned, 77.78% of venders
and 100% of buyers from Merkato area and 100% of venders and 57.14% of buyers from Atikilt Tera
area replied that the government is responsible for awareness raising. 14.29% of buyers respondents
from Atikilt Tera area said it is the responsibility of

Private Institutions to create awareness among the community; where as 22.22% of

Merkato area venders and 28.57% of Atikilt Tera area buyers said that it is the responsibility of
community based organization/venders association (see Table 6).

This indicates that majority of the community expect awareness raisings program concerning solid waste
management mechanisms from the government.

43

Table 6-respondents opinion on awareness raising responsibilities

No

Who do you think is responsible for awareness raising

Respondents

Merkato Atikilt Tera

Venders Buyers Venders Buyers f % F % f % f %

Government 14 77.78 7 100 18 100 4 57.14

1 NGO's 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

2 Private institution 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 14.29

Community based organization 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

4 Venders association 4 22.22 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 28.57

Total 18 100.00 7 100.00 18 100.00 7 100.00

Currently, the sanitation and Beautification Agency’s gives the municipality’s solid waste management
service. A response forwarded by staff of SBPDA, who is integrated SWM process owner, to the
question, how do you attempt to create awareness in line with SWM mechanisms/techniques? She said
that deferent techniques like media coverage, exhibitions, and other possible ways are tried to increase
the public awareness about SWM.

Similarly Green and Clean Addis Ababa Initiative distributes brochures, posters and stickers to the
community member through the sub-cities in order to raise the public awareness with respect to solid
waste reduction, reuse, recycle and refuse (refuse to by new item and use the ones that are in the
house). According to the manager they distribute 400 brochures, 200 stickers, 50 posters and 400
flyers/pamphlets. In addition to this the Green and Clean Addis Ababa Initiative also distributes to the
program participants T-shirt by the

44

name of Green week from Sene 29 to Hamle 5 and by the name of Clean Week from Hidar
12 to Hidar 18 for a week.

On the other hand a respondent who is a vendor has said that venders are so busy they don’t have
time,..... their day to day life is limited to trading process.... they are tax payers.... they are contributors
to development so awareness raising responsibility is the government’s. The government should reach
venders and aware them through venders representative or vender association or other appropriate
means.

One of the buyer respondents added;

“ in my opinion awareness raising means not talking about solid waste problem and its solution via
media in a fashionable word, it should be in practical manner,.... for instance, providing appropriate and
on time solid waste management system can create awareness among the community. Otherwise, how
can we say venders are aware or not aware with out providing the appropriate facilities and
infrastructures?”

This indicates that there is an information gap between the government officials and the community.
Although the governmental and non-governmental institutions were made awareness raising efforts, it
is, according to opinions survey, insignificant.

3.6. Types of the solid waste at the two study area

From the two study area produce dissimilar types of wastes. In Merkato, there are different types of
wastes mostly festal, pieces of paper, khats and the like thrown every where, in the middle of the road
and on the edges of the asphalt. In this regard almost all respondents said that there are packaging
items like festal and paper types of waste are thrown on the road, while other respondents said that
there are wastes of chat on the road side; and few

45
respondents added that there are grass clippings, plastic plates and broken glasses types of waste
thrown on the road. In the area of Atikilt Tera the waste types are almost homogeneous. The entire
respondents said that organic types of wastes like fruit and vegetable waste are abundantly found on
the asphalt road.

A respondent from Merkato area, who is a member of MSSE, pointed that metals are not considered as
wastes in the area. According to the respondent, although the community disposes the wastes without
separation, especially low-income groups, including some

MSSE members separate waste and they used as financial sources. Even pieces of metals thrown in the
waste containers are said to be separated by using a magnet by these people.

Mostly children will sort the waste and make sure that they get the benefit, whether in terms of cash
(will be sold to "koralie"), and interms of equipment (will be exchange with

"lewach"). He also added that festal are also for sale, although their price is cheap. Of course, the
researcher has witnessed the absence of metals in the wastes stored in the container during
observation.

This case implies that the amount of waste accumulation will be minimized if the wastes were
marketable. Even from the marketable ones, those wastes which produce better income are preferred
by those which use the waste for generating income. Such practices have to be encouraged because
they contribute to reducing the quantity of waste that needs to be carried to the collection containers
and transported to the disposal site.

Generally at the two studies area most of recyclable, reusable and compostable items are dumped on
the road and affect the health of the community instead of utilizing for other

46

0
50

100

121.11 9 3 2 2 18

50.00

16.67 11.11 11.11

100

0.00 13 5 0 0 18

72.22

27.78

0.00 0.00

100

Venders Respondent Merkato f

Venders Respondent Merkato %

Venders Respondent Atikilt Tera f

Venders Respondent Atikilt Tera % purposes. Only wastes are separated and utilizes as sources of
income by low- income groups around Merkato.

3.7. Solid waste collection transportation and disposal service provider to the community Adequate
SWM service is important to solve the existing problem. In Merkato and Atikilt

Tera area, the study assessed how the solid waste collection and disposal service is rendered and the
time when the services are provided. As responses of 50% and 72.22% venders from Merkato and Atikilt
Tera respectively, most of the waste collection service covered by MSSE (see graph- 3).

Graph-3. SWM service provider

According to SBDA officials, government grant most waste collection activity for micro and small scale
enterprises (MSSE) recently. This is intended to create jobs for those who were unemployed and street
children. MSSE have got permission through kebles and perform the activities of solid waste collection
from each household.

Their role is restricted on waste collection and they have no temporary waste handling mechanism.
Providing transportation is government responsibility.

47

The finding of the study shows that they simply collect wastes in irregular time and fill the wastes in a
sack or put on their trailer until the government provide truck for final transpiration. On the other hand
the government has shortage of waste collection truck.
Due to this fact the waste is not transport in appropriate time and the waste is mostly accumulated on
the road side. This situation aggravates the problem of SW on the two study areas especially at the area
of Atikilt Tera area. This situation discussed in detail manner in the subsequent sub topics as follows.

3.8. Timeliness of the services

Timely delivery of service is vital to ensure adequate solid waste collection, transportation and disposal.

Graph - 4. Timeliness of the service

In practice, in Mercato and Atikilt Tera areas, time of collection and transportations are the major
problem the communities faced. Respondents were asked the frequency of waste collection service.
About 57.14% of respondent from Merkato and 46.15% from Atikilt

20

40

60

80

100 f % f %
Merkato Atikilt Tera

Venders Respondents

57.14

46.15

0004000000000

28.57

15.38

14.29

5
38.46

14

100

13

100

Once in a day Twice a day Once in a week

Twice in a week Three time in a week other

Total

48

Picture 5 Atikilt Tera area Picture 6 Merkato area

Tera said that services is provided once in a day; while 28.57% of respondent from

Merkato and 15.38% of respondent from Atikilt Tera said that it is three time in a week.
Among respondents, some said that;

“the service is given in irregular bases, but it is mostly provided once in two days”.

The timely waste collection does not guarantee timely waste reduction. In line with this one respondent
said;

“Even if the waste collectors collect the waste from our shop, MSSE don’t have their own temporary
storage place and transportation service, they put the waste in the middle of the road or in the corner of
the road until the government waste collector trucks are available”. In line with this idea, the role of
MSSE is to collect waste from individual vendors and put it somewhere so that a government truck come
and transport it to dumping areas. As in the case of Merkato, the vendors will fill their wastes in a sack
and the MSSEs will collect

49

and lay it until it is taken by the government collectors. These actions of the MSSEs are said aggravate
the problem for they only change the area of waste accumulation rather than removing it.

There are complains that MSSEs are considering the work as only a means to get money, that their
contribution is negatively affecting the SWM. The government officials whom the researcher has
contacted have agreed on this idea. On the other hand, some respondents from the vendor side have
suggested that the government should have intruded and regulated the situation with the MSSEs.

Edget Behberet and Brihan Micro and Small Scale solid waste collector enterprise head and member
from Merkato and Atikilt Tera respectively said that their duty is to collect wastes mainly for those who
paid the waste collection fees. Transportation service is provided by government. However on the side
of the government there is the problem of timely transportation of collected wastes by MSSEs. This in
turn creates another problem in the two study area.

Interview with, both Kebeles chair (Kebele 01/02/03 from Merkato Kebele 01/02 from
Atikilt Tera), and SBPDA reveal that there is shortages of trucks. A major constraint encountered with
SBPDA is a shortage of trucks of waste transportation and disposing service. SBPDA has about 90 trucks.
Even if it owns 90 trucks out of this only 60 truck are currently functional. Addis Ketema sub city have 10
trucks out of this only 5 waste collector trucks are currntly functional and Arada Sub-City have 10 trucks
however only 3 waste collector trucks are currently functional.

50

The kebele 01/02/03 chair from Merkato, specifically added;

“although there is shortage of trucks, , the MSSEs members are given trainings on how to take care of
the waste until the transportation service is rendered. This will at least give a temporary solution to the
problem.”

An Integrated Solid Waste Disposal Owners from SBPDA emphasized this point by saying; “ in current
situation we have shortages of trucks and manpower. Most of our trucks are old and they barely work
on regular terms. They mostly malfunction and the time it takes to fix their problems is relatively
elongated. The nature of the waste has also contributed its share for this problem.”

Generally speaking, the mode and timing of the service does not consider the volume of the wastes
which is produced in the two trade centers and the interest of the community. It also indicates that
there is no well integrated and planned solid waste collection, transpiration and disposal services.

3.9. Participation in Solid Waste Management

Community participation in SWM is believed to play important role. Communities can participate in
various ways. Paying fees and extra financial contribution for waste collection, labor and material
contribution, keeping and sorting waste in proper manner are way of community participation to
contribute to the efforts of ensuring SWM
(Subash, n.d).

51

Picture 5 Merkato area

With this regard, the study tries to assess the community view on participation in SWM in the study
areas. In line with these, respondents were asked what they do with the solid waste if they found the
container is full or absences. Among all vender respondent,

11.11% from Merkato and 55.56% from Atikilt Tera as well as 28.57% buyers from Atikilt

Tera area replied that they dispose it near to full containers. (See Table 6)

At the same time, 50% of venders and 71.43% of buyers from Merkato area and 33.33% of venders and
57.14% of buyers from Atikilt Tera said they dump it on the road side. Only 16.67% of vender from
Merkato area and 11.11% of venders from Atikilt

Tera area respondents said that they store it with their own temporary handling until a replacement
container available while the rest 22.22% of Merkato area vender respondents said other ways among
which one of them said;

“We dump it on the rive, because we have no any temporary waste storage place……sure we are not
expected store our waste in our shop? That’s why we pay extra money per month for MSSE in addition
to pay in each year for sanitation service for the government.

We don’t have any alternative than to dump the waste in the rivers” (see picture 5)

52
Table-7 Respondent action if they found the container full or absences from the study area

No Item

Respondents

Merkato Atikilt Tera

Venders Buyers Venders Buyers f % F % f % f %

1 dispose it near to full containers 2 11.11 0 0 10 55.56 2 28.57

2 dump it on the road side 9 50.00 5 71.43 6 33.33 4 57.14

store it with your own temporary handling until a replacement container is available 3 16.67 0 0 2 11.11
00

4 specify/ any 4 22.22 2 28.57 0 0.00 1 14.29

Total 18 100 7 1 18 100 7 100

As responses, indicate more than half respondents forced to dump there waste in improper way. So
maintaining the quality of the SWM service is urgent problem in the two study areas hence it needs
caution.
3.10. Payments for SWM Service

Respondents were further enquired whether they made financial contribution to dispose waste they
generate or not. It is to be noted that the payment in this context does not include the taxes and the
annual payments for sanitation service to the government.

77.78% (Merkato) and 72.22% (Atikilt Tera) respondents is replied that they made additional payments
to MSSE to dispose their waste they generate.

Table -8 Payments for SWM service

Among those respondents who said they pay fees to MSSE at the area of Merkato the most of

No Item

Vender Respondents

Merkato Atikilt Tera f % f %

1 Payer 14 77.78 13 72.22

2 None payer 4 22.22 5 27.78

Total 18 100.00 18 100.00

53
respondents (28.57%) made payment between the amount ranges of 16-20 per each shop per/month.
While at area of Atikilt Tera the majority (53.85%) of respondents made payment between the amounts
26-30 not per each shop it is per each person (See Table 9).

Table - 9 Amount of fee per month for waste disposal

Thus from the above response it is understood that the amount and mode of payment in the two
studies areas is different from each other. It may be because of the rate and type of waste produced in
the two areas.

3.11. Level of solid waste disposing service in Merkato and Atikilt Tera

It is obvious that the overall goal of urban solid waste management is to collect, transport and dispose
of solid waste generated by all urban population groups in an environmentally and socially satisfactory
manner using the most economical means available.

Among those respondents who are paid waste collection fees to their service provider only

22% of Merkato area respondents are satisfied but the majority of service receivers are unsatisfied. (See
Table 10)

Amount

of fee

Respondents
Merkato Atikilt Tera f % f %

5 -10 2 14.29 0 0.00

11-15 3 21.43 1 7.69

16-20 4 28.57 3 23.08

21-25 3 21.43 0 0.00

26-30 2 14.29 7 53.85 above 30 0 0.00 2 15.38

Total 14 100 13 100

54

20

40

60

80
100

f%f%

Merkato Atikilt Tera

Venders Respo ndent

28.57

46.15

10

71.43

53.85
14

100

13

100

1 Yes 2 No 3 Total

Table -10. Vender respondent view on the service they get is satisfactory or not

No

Respondents views on the service they get is satisfactory or not

Venders Respondents

Merkato Atikilt Tera f % f %

1 Satisfied 0 0 0 0

2 Accepted 5 27.78 0 0

3 Dissatisfied 13 72.22 18 100

Total 18 100 18 100

This indicates that MSSE do not play vital role in providing satisfactory solid waste management at the
two study areas. This could also mean that the government official particularly Kebele administrations
do not have any controlling mechanism over such enterprises whether they are carrying out their
function properly or not. According to some respondents the government does not have any regulation
mechanisms except for giving license to such institution.

Graph 5. Respondent answers weather they ask their rights or not

The respondents were also asked whether they informed the responsible organs about their
dissatisfaction with the service they get or not. In this regard 46.15% respondents from Atikilt Tera area
and 28.57% of respondent from Merkato area have found to report to the situation to responsible body
(See graph 5).

55

This indicates that most of the respondent do know the existence of problems, and accomplish their
duties. However most of them have difficulties to get proper services and to get their right to live in
clean environment is protected.

3.12.Community participation other than paying fees for SWM service

A large number (72%) of Atikilt Tera area vender respondents unlike Merkato’s (11.11%) have
participated in financial contribution other than paying SWM service to MSSE monthly and sanitation
service in annually to the government. (See Table 11A).

Table – 11A Vender Respondent contributions

NO Item

Venders Response

Response Merkato Atikilt Tera f % f %

22.1

. financial contribution other than paying fees for waste collection/disposal services yes 2 11.11 13 72.22

No 16 88.89 5 27.78

Total 18 100 18 100

22.2

labor contribution to activities of solid waste management yes 0 0.00 2 11.11

No 18 100 16 88.89

Total 18 100 18 100

22.3 material contribution yes 0 0.00 0 0.00

No 18 100 18 100
Total 18 100 18 100

22.4 no contribution yes 14 77.78 5 27.78

No 4 22.22 13 72.22

Total 18 100 18 100

22.5 other yes 0 0.00 1 5.56

No 18 100 17 94.44

Total 18 100 18 100

According to A.Subash (n.d), in addition to paying fees for waste collection service and other financial
contributions, the community involved in awareness raising campaigns and meetings by establishing a
committee that control solid waste management services.

56

However, in the study areas, besides participating in awareness raising and clean-up campaigns, the
communities do not play any further role. They believe that awareness rising is only the government’s
responsibility.

In Merkato unlike Atikilt Tera, the community does not have any self controlling mechanisms over solid
waste facility. Surprisingly, the waste situation in Atikilt Tera area is worse than Merkato. Atikilt Tera
area venders attempt efforts to ask their right from responsible bodies through their representatives.
44.44% respondents explain that they providing communities meeting throughout the process for solid
waste collection, transportation and storage or disposal facilities, and express their concerns over solid
waste management service through their representatives (see Table 11B). In this regard buyers
participation were insignificant only 1 respondents tried to express his concern over solid waste problem
for the vender (See Table 10C).

There is venders association in the area of Atikilit Tera which has “legal vendor” members.

The association established new committee to solve the various problems the vendors are facing in their
work. Among the issues handled by this association is SWM. Even if the majority of venders respondent
not participate in the meeting because of time constraint, as one of the respondent explanation they are
willing to accept and perform the committee decisions over the solid waste controlling facilities and the
like.

As this committee chair from Atikilt Tera area presented it, all venders paid 148 birr per month for trade
license to municipal service in addition to the monthly payments of waste collection fees for MSSE. This
committee has gone through a lot of work to change the situation in the surrounding. Almost all shop
owners agreed to contribute 100-500 per

57

month. This is temporary remedy for the encountered problem. He also added that we need the
government support or else solving this problem is not essay for us.

Table – 11B. Vender respondent contributions other than financial, labor and material

A particular location which is found around the traffic light square besides Atikilt Tera areas then
cleaned and promoted into a “park” or green area. Also the committee tried to make new contract with
other two private enterprises which is believed to have better facilities and potential than the MSSE to
give not only waste collection service but also transportation service to the disposal area in order to
clean Atikilt Tera area.
But still the volume of waste produced in a day and the available transpiration service is not
corresponding and the solution to the problem is said to lacks sustainability, that the initiative lacks
continuity.

No Item response Venders respondent

Merkato Atikilt Tera f % f %

providing communities meeting throughout the process for solid waste collection , transportation and
storage or disposal facilities, and express their concerns over solid waste management service through
their representative yes 0 0.00 8 44.44

No 18 100 10 55.56

Total 18 100 18 100

providing awareness-raising activities by the community yes 0 0.00 0 0.00

No 18 100 18 100.00

Total 18 100 18 100

3
preparing clean-up campaigns by the community yes 0 0.00 0 0.00

No 18 100 18 100

Total 18 100 18 100

4 Specify if any yes 0 0.00 0 0.00

No 18 100 18 100.00

Total 18 100 18 100

58

Table – 10 C. Buyer Respondent contributions

No Participation

Buyers Respondents

Merkato Atikilt Tera

F%F%
1

express your concern over solid waste problem for the vender 0 0.00 1 14.29

express your concerns over solid waste problem of this area for the responsible officials 0 0.00 0 0.00

by keeping your waste until you get waste container 4 57.14 3 42.86

4 nothing 3 42.86 3 42.86

5 other/specify 0 0.00 0 0.00

Total 7 100 7 100

As opposed to this view, the SBPDA officials said they are responsible for this improvement. She said
“the extra ordinary smell coming from the hill type waste which was accumulated around the area calls
for us. It is not because the community has communicated us about the situation.”

On the other hand, the Arada sub city chair, supporting the idea of committee chair said the committee
has played the major role on the beautification of the area, that the community participation is the vital
player. According to him the Atikilt Tera area waste production is very high, they have only 3 trucks.
MSSEs haven’t their own transpiration mechanism.
Their roles were collection solid waste from the venders shop. Providing transpiration was our role. Yet
we have shortage of track in addition to this the track loading capacity is only

10mc if we transport the waste 4 times in a day only120mc waste can transported to disposal site at
Ripe area, the remaining is live there so the waste become buildup. Thus the problem is become very
serious. At the moment Atikilt Tera area community make an effort to improve this problem. So that
particular place now change in to a green area the community spend hug amount of money for this.

59

As a result the level of community participation in SWM problem is very significant at the area of Atikilt
Tera unlike in the cases of Merkato area. As the researcher consistent observation the researcher also
witnessed improvements in the area of Atikilt Tera. In addition to this the government support is
fundamental to ensure sustainability of the community participation.

60

Chapter four

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

4. Summary,

This study tried to assess solid waste management practice and assess community participation in SWM
at the area of Merkato and Atikilt Tera.

The focus areas of the study include the solid waste situation; the role of the community participation in
the process of SWM; identify factor affecting the community participation; measure the role of the
private sector, community-based organizations and the responsible offices (SBPDA) in solid waste
management of the Merkato and Atikilt
Tera area.

4.1. Major findings;

4.2. Factors Affecting Community Participation

From the two study area the entire investigation can be deduced that the following are,

Factors affecting participation

 The existence of illegal venders with legal vendors who don’t pay fees for waste collection  Lack of
time and awareness of the venders on solid waste management mechanisms/techniques such as waste
separation, waste reduction, and reuses of waste instead of buying new items.

 Lack of controlling mechanism over the service provider is the major barriers.

61

 Information gap between government and community

 Lack of awareness about the importance of support and mutual cooperation among the stakeholders.

 Lack of adequate temporary waste storage place.

 Lack of alternatives of waste disposal mechanism.

 Lack of guarantee to get a response after asking for their rights.

 Lack of government concern.

 Mismatch of waste production rate and governments waste collection capacity.

 The restriction of role of MSSE to waste collection that transportation and disposal.

4.3. Conclusion

The major factor that has been revealed in the study which has affected the prevailing situation in both
the study areas is lack of awareness. The community both the areas haven’t been introduced to the
current SWM techniques and the appropriate facilities are not established. This has resulted in the
accumulation of waste which in response tends to be a risk factor for the physical and mental well being
of the community; the waste should have been recycled and used as a source of income for the
government rather than additional cost. In general terms the solid waste situation in the area is worsen
by the absence of consciousness about the consequences. The responsible government and
nongovernmental organs have hardly given their attention to this end.

Among which, lack of awareness on solid waste management such as waste separation, waste
reduction, and reuses of waste instead of buying new items; lack of government concern, the presence
of information gap between government and community; lack of

62

controlling mechanism over the service provider are the most important factors. Only an informed,
educated and conscious community can have a significant impact on the performance of the community
role in line with SWM.
Private sectors and responsible offices have also their share on the reduction of the solid waste
management. MSSEs as an instance have helped the community providing a temporary disposal of the
wastes. However, these groups have not been empowered financially to do all the SWM. The
responsible offices did not give a practical solution to the problems faced by the community.

According to this study participation has been witnessed from both the areas although the degree of
participation varies. Specifically, the Atikilt Tera vendors have done their best to overcome the problem
concerning solid waste from their area. On the contrary the situation is aggravated in this area. The
reason is partly from the load of waste produced from the area. However the major contribution is from
ignorance of the government. The community lacks support from the government. It can be concluded
from this case that no matter how well community participated in the issue, the absence of support
from the government has negatively affected the SWM.

4.4. Recommendation

 Community participation in solid waste management should be considered as crucial element to

ensure the sustainability of the solid waste problem. The government support for new and existing
community participation will improve overall solid waste problem. Therefore government should have
to support them.

63

 Active community participation in SWM must be ensured through effective mobilization and
awareness creation on the mechanisms of solid waste reduction at the source, waste separation; waste
minimization and reduction and the like. In this regard government should have to increase awareness
of the community by reconsidering its awareness raising mechanism. The public should be made aware
by arranging awareness site that the waste should not be spread on streets, roads, etc. People should be
made aware of the fact that if the waste is properly disposed off from the house/shop then the
environmental will not get polluted. Many severe diseases can spread by improper disposal of SW.

 Waste disposal options/equipment/ should be available in proper manner. By providing proper and
plenty alternatives of solid waste avoidance or disposal mechanism also can create awareness in
practical way such as how to and where to the community dispose their solid wastes. Thus the number
of staff members should be adequate according to the population of the area and the waste production
rate, provision of bins, containers, trolleys and trucks. Their number should be sufficient and the
government should take care that the number of these equipments and material of the containers
should be okay. Proper finances and system to system coordination is an important issue.

 Community members also should be encouraged to demand and fight for their right.

 The government should have to be concerned and give due attention for the community in order to
alleviate the existing problem of the two study areas.

 Government should have to provide alternative mechanisms or place to dispose the solid wastes and
have to prepare temporary waste storage mechanism or temporary waste storage place very close to
the two areas.

64

 Government should have to assess new mechanisms to change the solid waste become marketable. 
Composting could also be an economic feasible alternative. By composing solid waste can be utilize
organic fertilizer instead of using chemical fertilizers. Proper marketing by government so that the
organic fertilizer produced should be sold out.

 Opportunities and concepts for private sector involvement require special consideration

 A wide-ranging policy framework is needed at the local level to link public health, environmental,
privatization, delegation (transfer the service provision to local government) and financially viable
mechanism policies to the needs of the solid waste sector so that they are mutually supportive.

65

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›Ç=e ›uv” îÆ “É`Òƒ' ¾îǃ XU”ƒ IÇ` 12 - 18/2001 ¯.U w`H”“ cLU T}T>Á É`σ /wag`e/

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