CHROMOSOME:

is microscopic structure within cells that

carries the molecule deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)- the hereditary material that influences
the development and characteristics of each
organism.
• AUTOSOMES

•GONOSOMES
• a. Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes that are the
same
number and kind between sexes.

b. Gonosome (Sex Chromosome) determine if the

individual is
male or female. Sex chromosomes in the human
female are
XX and those of the male are XY. Males produce X
containing and Y-containing gametes; therefore, males
determine the sex of offspring.
I. OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the physical nature and function of genetic
traits.
2. Solve genetic human traits using Punnett square to
show the genotypic and phenotypic ratio expressed by
the offspring.
3. Appreciate the importance of inheritance and
expression of human traits
How are Traits Inherited?
-This happens when gametes unite. When an egg is
fertilized by a sperm, for each chromosome pair, we receive
one chromosome from our father and one from our mother.
Genetics
• is the study of how traits are inherited in
offspring.
What Kinds of Traits Are There?
• Traits are either Dominant or Recessive.
Dominant Trait

• A dominant trait is a trait that is always expressed, or

shown.
• Examples are brown hair, brown eyes, right handed

• The allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the

expression of an alternate allele; the trait appears in the
heterozygous condition.
Recessive Trait

• A recessive trait is a trait that is covered up or seems to

disappear.
• Examples are blonde hair, blue eyes, left handed

• an allele that is masked by a dominant allele; does not

appear in the heterozygous condition, only in
homozygous.
• Dominant a trait requires at least one dominant allele for
the trait to be expressed, e.g. Dd. On the other hand,
recessive is a trait that requires two recessive alleles for
the trait to be expressed, e.g. dd.
Where Do Traits Come From?
• Factors that make up an individual come from both
parents.
• The trait information is passed on from generation to
generation in the form of genes.
What are Genes?
• A gene is a specific location on a chromosome that
controls a certain trait.
• Segment of chromosome (DNA) that codes for a trait
• Genes carry the information that determines your traits ,
which are features or characteristics that are passed on to
you — or inherited — from your parents.
Where Do Genes Come From?
• An individual needs 2 genes for each trait – one gene
from each parent.
• This gene pair is called an allele.
• Allele-Different form of the same gene
• One gene comes from the sperm cell (from the Father)
• One gene comes from the egg cell (from the Mother)
• How Do We Write Our Genetics?
• The name of the dominant trait determines what letter is
used to represent the gene.
• Use a capital of the first letter of the dominant trait to
represent the dominant gene.
• Use a small version of the first letter of the dominant
trait for the recessive gene.
• Example: Right-handedness is the dominant trait so use
R for the dominant gene and use r for the recessive gene
for Left-handedness.
• Example 2: Tall is the dominant trait so we use T and we
use t for the recessive gene for Short.
How Do We Predict Offspring?
A Punnett Square is a way to show the possible
combinations of genes that offspring of parents could have.

Probability is the likelihood or chance of an event occurring.

Mendel’s Principles

1.Principle of Dominance:
One allele masked another, one allele was dominant over
the other.

2. Principle of Segregation:
When gametes are formed, the pairs of hereditary factors
(genes) become separated, so that each sex cell
(egg/sperm) receives only one kind of gene.
For example:
let's suppose that there are two versions of a
gene, or alleles, that determine whether or
not a person can roll their tongue.
One allele, the dominant one, is symbolized
by a big 'T'. The other allele, the recessive
one, is symbolized by a little 't'. Let's
suppose two tongue rollers get married,
each of whom is heterozygous (has two
different alleles) for the trait.
This would be represented as (Tt) for each.
Using a Punnett Square
STEPS:
1. determine the genotypes of the parent organisms
2. write down your "cross" (mating)
3. draw a p-square

Parent genotypes:
Tt and T t

Cross
T,t T,t
4. "split" the letters of the
genotype for each parent &
put them "outside" the p-
square
5. determine the possible
genotypes of the offspring Genotype:
TT=1
by filling in the p-square Tt=2
6. summarize results tt=1
Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1
(genotypes & phenotypes of
Phenotype:
offspring) Can tongue roll-3
Can’t tongue roll=1
Phenotypic ratio: 3:1
• Curly hair is dominant, and straight hair is recessive. A
woman with homozygous for curly hair marries a man
with heterozygous for curly hair. Is it possible to have
children with straight hair? Predict the outcomes for
their children.
Example:
Example:
Dominant: C straight hair: c
Curly hair is dominant, and straight hair is recessive. A woman with
homozygous for curly hair marries a man with heterozygous for curly hair. Is it
possible to have children with straight hair?Predict the outcomes for their
children.
 Example:
Dominant: C straight hair: c
Curly hair is dominant, and straight hair is recessive. A
woman with homozygous for curly hair marries a man with
heterozygous for curly hair. Is it possible to have children
with straight hair?Predict the outcomes for their children.
♀CC X ♂Cc ♀
♂
C c
C,C C,c C CC Cc
Genotype: 2-CC Phenotype: All of the offsprings are
curly hair
2-Cc
Genotypic ratio: 2:2
C CC Cc
What are Common Dominant and Recessive
Traits in Humans?
These are some of the common dominant and recessive
traits in humans that can be easily observed in people
around you.
• Widow's Peak
• Earlobe Attachment
• Cleft Chin
• Dimples
• Natural Curly Hair
• Freckles
Widow's Peak
• A widow's peak or the mid-digital hairline
is due to expression of the gene for
hairline.
• This gene has two alleles, one for widow's
peak and one for straight hairline.
• The widow's peak allele is dominant and
the straight allele is recessive. When two
widow's peak alleles are present, the
individual will have a peak.
• Then one widow's peak and one straight
allele is present, it will give rise to Source:
https://www.advancedhair.com.au/wpcontent/uploads/2018/04/Wi

expression of a peak. dows-Peak.jpg

Earlobe Attachment

• Some people have their

ear lobes attached to the
side of the head and some
people have free ear lobes.
This is due to a gene that
is dominant for unattached Source:http://udel.edu/~/mythpix/mythears.jpg

ear lobes and recessive in

case of attached ear lobes.
Cleft Chin

• People who have a cleft

chin have inherited a
dominant gene and those
with smooth chin have
recessive gene.

Source: http://udel.edu.mythpix/mythchins.jpg
Dimples

• Have you fallen for the

cute dimples of Julia
Baretto? Well, Julia
Barretto and people all
over the world with
dimples are expressing the
dominant gene for dimples.
Whereas, people without
dimples have recessive
genes. Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/358599189056494626/
Natural Curly Hair

The gene for naturally curly

hair is dominant and the
gene for straight hair is
recessive.

Source: https://i0.wp.com/www.hadviser.com/wpcontent/uploads/2019/02/16-loose-curls-with-layers
BdPxu5glHAx.jpg?resize=1015%2C1028&ssl=1d
Freckles

• All those with freckles, you

have inherited at least one
pair of dominant gene for
freckles. Those without
freckles have inherited two
recessive genes for
freckles.
Source: https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg- prod.s3.amazonaws.com/images/close-up-of-thoughtful-
woman-with- freckles-on-face-royalty-free-image-