UNIT 5

Hydraulic turbine
Those machines which converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy

Hydraulic Pump
Those machines which converts mechanical energy in to hydraulic energy.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES

• According to the type of energy at inlet

Ø Impulse turbine
Ø Reaction turbine
• According to the Direction of flow
Ø Tangential flow turbine(PELTON WHEEL)
Ø Radial flow turbine(No More used)
Ø Axial flow turbine(Kaplan)
Ø Mixed flow turbine(Francis)
• According to the Head under which turbine works
Ø High head turbine (Pelton)
Ø Medium head turbine(Francis)
Ø Low head turbine(Kaplan)
 CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES

• According to the specific speed of the turbine

Ø High specific speed turbine(Kaplan)
Ø Medium specific speed turbine(Francis)
Ø Low specific speed turbine (Pelton)
• According to the position of shaft
Ø Horizontal shaft turbine (Pelton)
Ø Vertical shaft turbine(Kaplan)
• According to the Name of the Originators
Ø Pelton turbine
Ø Francis turbine
Ø Kaplan turbine
Layout of Hydropower Installation
 PELTON WHEEL OR PELTON TURBINE

• Named after American Engineer L.A.Pelton

• Energy available at inlet is only kinetic energy.
• Used for high heads.
PELTON WHEEL
PELTON WHEEL-VELOCITY TRIANGLE
Expression for Maximum Efficiency
Contd..
Contd..
Contd..
Contd..
 PELTON WHEEL-FORMULAS
Velocity triangle at the inlet:
u1 u2 u
V1 VW1 Vr1 u1
DN
V1 Cv 2gH u  2gH 
60
Velocity triangle at the outlet:
u2 VW2
cos  Vr2 Vr1
Vr2
VW2 Vr2 cos u2

 1800 angleof deflection

Contd..
Force exerted by jet of water: Fx  aV1 VW1 VW2 

Work done by jet per second: W  aV1 VW1 VW2 *u

aV1 VW VW *u

Power P 1 2
KW
.
1000
2VW1 VW2 *u 2(V1 u)(1cos)*u
Hydraulic efficiency h  2
*100 (OR) h 
V1 V12
D Diameterof peltonwheel
Jet Ratio(m): m 
d Diaof jet
 EFFICIENCY OF THE TURBINE
1.Hydraulic efficiency:
Runner Power(RP . ) gQH
h  WP
. 
Water Power(WP . ) 1000
2.Mchanical efficiency:
Shaft Power(SP
. )
h 
Runner Power(RP . )
3.Volumetric efficiency:
Volumeof water actuallystrikingtherunner
h 
Volumeof water sup pliedtotheturbine
4.Overall efficiency:
Shaft Power(SP
. ) P
o  0 m *h 0 
Water Power(WP. ) gQH
 1000 
 Problem : 1
A pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10m/s with a jet of water
flowing at the rate of 700 ltr/s, under a head of 30m.The buckets deflects the
jet through a angle of 160O . Calculate the power by water to the runner and
the hydraulic efficiency of turbine. Assume co-efficient of velocity is 0.98.
Solution:
Give Data:
u 10m/ s VW1 V1

Q0.7m3 / s V1 Cv 2gH

H 30m V1  23.77 m/ s
angle of  0
Deflection  160 VW1 V1  23.77 m/ s
 
Cv 0.98  1800 angleof deflection
To find: Power,h 180160   200
Contd..
VW2 &Vr2 : aV1 VW VW *u
Power  1 2
KW
.
Vr2 Vr1 V1 u2 1000
QVW VW *u
u1 u2 u Power  1 2
KW
.
1000
Vr2 Vr1 V1 u Power :

Vr2 Vr1 13.77m/ s Power 186.97KW

.

VW2 : Hydraulic efficiency

VW2 Vr2 cos u2 2VW1 VW2 *u
h  2
*100
V1
VW2 13.77cos2010
VW2  2.94m/ s h 94.54%
Problem : 2
A pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specification shaft
power=11772KW, Head=380m Speed=750 rpm, overall efficiency=86%,jet
diameter is not to exceed one sixth of the wheel dia. Find 1.wheel diameter
2.no of jet required 3.dia of jet take Kv1=0.985, Ku1=0.45

Give Data: Solution:

d 1 D
SP
. 11772000W  d
D 6 6
H 380m DN
u  2gH 
N 750rpm 60
3.14*D*750
overall 86% u0.45 2*9.81*380 
60
To find: 3.14*D*750
u38.85
D, d, n 60 D0.9899 d 0.164m
Contd..

No of jet: Shaft Power(RP

. ) P
o  0 
Q
Water Power(WP. ) gQH
n  1000 
q
P*1000
q  a*V1 Q
0 *gH
V1 Cv 2gH V1  23.77 m/ s 11772000*1000
Q
 2 1000*9.81*380*0.86
a  d 0.02112m2
4
q 1.818 m3 / s Q3.67m3 / s
Q
n n  2 jets
q
Problem : 3
Contd..
Contd..
Problem : 4
A pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of 1m and is running at
1000rpm.The net head on the pelton wheel is 700m. If the side clearance
angle is 150 discharge through nozzle is 0.1m3/s Find 1.Power available at
nozzle 2.Hydraulic efficiency
Give Data: Solution:
Power available at nozzle:
D1m gQH
WP
.  WP
. 686.7KW
N 1000rpm 1000
Hydraulic efficiency:
H 700m
2(V1 u)(1cos)*u
3
Q0.1m / s h  2
If Cv is not given take as 1
V1
 150 V1 Cv 2gH V1 117.192 m/ s
DN
To find: Power,h u u 52.36m/ s h 97.18%
60
REACTION TURBINE
 REACTION TURBINE

• Energy of fluid partly transferred into kinetic energy before it enters the
runner

• It enters the runner with excess pressure.

• Pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy as water passes through

runner.

• The difference in pressure between inlet and outlet of runner (reaction

pressure) is responsible for motion of runner.

• Eg: Francis turbine, Kaplan Turbine

 FRANCIS TURBINE COMPONENTS

• Penstock
• Scroll/Spiral casing
• Speed ring/Stay ring
• Stay vanes
• Guide vanes/Wicket gate
• Runner blades
• Draft tube
Contd..
INWARD FLOW REACTION TURBINE
(FRANCIS TURBINE)
RADIAL INWARD FLOW TURBINE-FORMULAS

Tangential Velocity of the wheel at the inlet:

DN
u1  1
60
Tangential Velocity of the wheel at the outlet:
DN
u2  2
60
Work done

workdone/ s  aV1 VW1u1 or QVW1u1

Power
aV1 VWu1
P 1
KW
.
1000
Contd..
Hydraulic efficiency
VW1u1
h 
gH
Discharge
Qat inlet DBVf
1 1 1

Qat outlet DBVf

2 2 2

QDBVf
1 1 1 DBVf
2 2 2

1 V22
Head at the inlet of the turbine: H  Vw1u1 
g 2g

Relative velocity at the inlet Vr1  Vf1 Vw1 u1

2 2
IMPORTANT RELATIONS FOR FRANCIS TURBINE

B1
Ratio of width of wheel to its diameter n 
D1
Vf1
Flow ratio Flowratio 
2gH
u1
speed ratio speed ratio 
2gH
Degree of reaction(R)
Degree of reaction is a ratio of change of pressure energy inside
turbine to the change of total energy inside turbine.
change of pressure energy inside turbine
R
change of total energy inside turbine
 Problem : 1
A Reaction turbine works at 450rpm under a head of 120m.Its diameter at
inlet is 120cm &the flow area is 0.4m 2 .The angle made by absolute and
relative velocity at the inlet are 200 am 600 respectively with the tangential
velocity. find 1. the volume flow rate 2. power development 3. Hydraulic
efficiency.
Solution:
Give Data: Discharge QDBVf
N  450rpm 1 1 1

H 120m Vf1 DN

tan  u1  1
u1  28.26m/ s
Vw1 u1 60
D1 1.2m
Flowarea DB  0.4m2 0.364Vw1
1 1 0
tan60  Vw1 35.789m/ s
  200 Vw1 28.26
 600 Vf1 Vf1 0.364Vw1
tan 
To find: Q, Power,h Vw1 Vf1 1.302m/ s
Contd..

Discharge QDBVf
1 1 1 Q5.21m3 / s

aV1 VWu1
Power P 1
KW
.
1000
P 5272.402KW
.

Hydraulic efficiency   VW1u1

h
gH
 Problem : 2
An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal dia as 0.9m
&0.45m respectively. The turbine is running at 200rpm and width of
turbine at inlet is 200mm.The velocity of flow through runner is constant &
is equal to 1.8m/s. The guide blades make an angle of 100 to the tangent
wheel & the discharge is radial at outlet. Find
1.Absolute velocity at inlet of runner Give Data:
2.Whirl velocity at inlet D1 0.9m
3.relative velocity at inlet
4.The runner blade angle D2 0.45m
5.Width of the runner at outlet N  200rpm
6.Mass flow through runner per second
7.Head at the inlet of turbine Vf1 Vf2 1.8m/ s
8.Power  100
9.Hydraulic efficiency
B1  200mm
To find: V1 ,Vw1 ,Vr1 ,,, B2,Q, H, P,h
 Contd..
Solution:
1.Absolute velocity
Vf1 Vf1
sin  V1  V1 10.365m/ s
V1 sin10
2.Whirl velocity
Vf1
tan  Vw1 10.208m/ s
Vw1
3.Relative velocity at the inlet
DN
Vr1  Vf1 Vw1 u1
2 2
u1  1 u1 9.42m/ s
60
Vr1 1.963m/ s DN
u2  2 u2  4.712m/ s
60
Contd..

4.Runner blade angle

Vf2
Vf1 tan 
tan  u2
Vw1 u1 V
1  f2 
  tan  
 u2 
 66.350
  20.90

5.Width of the runner blade at outlet

QDBVf
1 1 1 DBVf
2 2 2 Vf1 Vf2
DB
B2  1 1 B2  400mm
D2
Contd..
6.Mass flow rate through runner
QDBV
1 1 f1 Q1.0178m3 / s

m0  *Q 0
m 1000*1.0178 m0 1017.8kg / s

7.Head at the inlet of the turbine

1 V22 V2 Vf1 Vf2
H  Vw1u1 
g 2g
H 9.97m
8.Hydraulic efficiency:
Vw1u1
h  *100
gH h 98.34%
 Problem : 3
The external ,internal diameters of an inward flow reaction turbines are 1.2m
&0.6m respectively. The head on the turbine is 22m & velocity of flow
through the runner is constant &equal to 2.5m/s. The guide blade angle is 100
and runner vanes are radial inlet. If the discharge at the outlet is radial. Find
1.speed of the turbine 2.vane angle at outlet 3hydraulic efficiency.
Solution:
Give Data:
Discharge
D1 1.2m If the runner vanes are radial mean
D2 0.6m  0,Vr Vf ,Vw u1
1 1 1

H  22m Discharge radial mean

Vf1  2.5m/ s Vw1 0,Vf1 Vf2 V2

 100 DN 60*u1

u1  1 N
To find: N,,h 60 D1
Contd..

From inlet triangle

Vf1 Vf1
tan  u1  u1 14.178m/ s Vw1
u1 tan10 N  225.65rpm
Vane angle at outlet:
Vf2 DN
tan  u2  2 u2 7.089m/ s
u2 60

Vf2 
  tan  
1
 19.420
 u2 
Hydraulic efficiency:
Vw1u1
h  *100 h 93.14%
gH
 Problem : 4
A Francis turbine with an overall efficiency of 75% is required to produce
148.25KW power. It is Working under a head of 7.62m.the peripheral velocity
u1 0.26 2gH & the radial velocity of flow At inlet is Vf 1 0.96 2gH the wheels
runs at 150RPM. The hydraulic losses in the turbine are 22% of the available
energy. Assuming radial discharge find 1.The guide blade angle 2.Wheel vane
Angle at inlet 3.Diameter of wheel at inlet 4. Width of wheel at inlet.
Give Data: 1.Guide blade angle:
Vf1 VWu1
0 0.75 h   gH
tan 
1
VW1  h
gH u1
Vw1
H 7.62m
HHydraulicloss 7.62(0.22*7.62)
h  h 
N 150rpm H 7.62
h 0.78
Vf 1 0.96 2gH
u1 0.26 2gH u1 3.17m/ s VW1 18.34m/ s
To find:
,, D1 , B2  32.620
Contd..

2.Vane angle at inlet: 4.Width of the wheel at the inlet

Vf1 QDBVf Q
tan  Vf 1 0.96 2gH 1 1 1 B1 
Vw1 u1 DV
1 f1
P P*1000
0  0 
 Vf1  gQH gQH
  tan 
1
  37.730  1000 
Vw1 u1 
3.Diameter at inlet: P*1000
Q Q 2.644m3 / s
0gH
DN u1 *60
u1  1
D1 
60 N
B1 0.177mm
D1 0.4047m
Degree of reaction(R)

changeof pressureenergyinsidetherunner
R
changeof total energyinsidetherunner

 cot 
R1 
2(cot  cot) 
 RADIAL OUTWARD FLOW TURBINE

The only difference between inward and outward radial turbine is

--- In radial inward maximum dia value taken as D1
--- In radial outward minimum dia value taken as D2
 Problem : 1
The internal and external diameters of an outward flow reaction turbine are 2m and
2.75m respectively .The turbine running at the speed of 250rpm & rate of flow is
5m 3 /s. The width of the runner is constant at the inlet & outlet is equal to
250mm.The head on the turbine is 150m. Radial discharge at outlet. find 1.Vane
angle at inlet and outlet 2.velocity of flow at inlet, outlet
Q
Give Data: QDBV Vf 1  Vf 1 3.183m/ s
1 1 f 1 DB
D1  2m D2  2.75m 1 1
Q V2 Vf2 3.183m/ s
H 150m QDBV
2 2 f Vf 2 
2
DB
2 2
N  250rpm
Vane angle: Vf2
Vf1 tan 
Q5m3 / s tan  u2
B1  B2 0.25m Vw1 u1
Vf2 
To find:  Vf1    tan  
1

  tan   u2 
1

,,Vf1 ,Vf2 Vw1 u1 
Contd..

DN u1  26.1799m/ s
u1  1
60  Vf1  Vf2 
  tan 
1   tan  
1
DN u2 35.99m/ s 
u2  2
Vw1 u1   u2 
60
Vw :
1
1 V22  6.060  3.670
H  Vw1u1 
g 2g
1 V22
Vw1u1  H 
g 2g
1 2.3142
Vw1 *26.17991 150
9.81 2*9.81
Vw1 56.16m/ s
 KAPLAN TURBINE

• Developed by Austrian Engineer V. Kaplan.

• Kaplan turbine is a reaction turbine in which water enters and leaves the
runner blades axially-Axial flow turbine
KAPLAN TURBINE
 KAPLAN TURBINE- COMPONENTS

v Scroll casing
v Guide Vanes
v Runner Vanes
v Draft tube
v The shaft of an axial flow reaction
turbine is vertical.
v The lower end of the shaft is made
bigger and is known as hub or boss.
v The runner vanes are fixed on the
hub or boss.
 KAPLAN TURBINE-FORMULAS
DN
Tangential Velocity of the wheel : u1 u2  0
60

Velocity of the flow at the inlet & outlet: Vf1 Vf2

 2 2
Area at the inlet & outlet: Ainlet  Aoutlet  D0 Dh  D0 Outer diaof runner
4
Dh  diameterof Hub

Discharge  2 2
Q Area*Vf1 Q D0 Db *Vf1
4
 Problem : 1
A Kaplan turbine under a head of 20m develops 11772KW shaft power. The outer
diameter of the runner 3.5m & hub diameter 1.75m.The guide blade angle of the
runner is 350 .The hydraulic and overall efficiency are 88% & 84% respectively. If
the velocity of the whirl is zero at the outlet. find 1. Runner vane angle at inlet and
outlet 2. Speed 3. Specific speed
Give Data: Solution:
H  20m Runner angle at inlet
P  11772KW Vf1
tan 
D0  3.5m Vw1 u1
FindVf1 ,Vw1 ,u1
Dh  1.75m
  350 Vf1 : Q Area*Vf1
h  0.88 
Q  D02  Db2  *Vf1
0  0.84 4
Q *4
To find: ,,N  Vf1
 D0  Db 
2 2
 Contd..
P P*1000
0  Q Speed :
gQH
3
0gH Q  71.428m /s
 1000  DN
u 0
60
Q*4 u*60
Vf1  Vf1 9.9m/ s N
 D02 Db2  D0
Vw1 : N 66.63rpm
Vf1 SpecificSpeed :
tan  Vw1 14.14m/ s
Vw1
N P
Vw1u1 Ns 
u1 : h  hgH 5

H
gH u1  V
4

u u2 12.21m/ s
w 1 Ns 170.92RPM
1
Problem : 2
Contd..
 Unit Quantities

In order to predict the behavior of a turbine working under varying

conditions of Head,speed,output and gate opening ,the results are expressed
in terms of quantities which may be obtained when the head on the turbine is
reduced to unity.
1. Unit speed of the turbine Nu
2. Unit Discharge of the turbine Qu
3. Unit Power of the turbine Pu
Contd..
Unit speed (Nu)
It is defined as the speed of the turbine working under a unit head.
N
Nu 
H
Unit Discharge (Qu)
It is defined as the discharge passing through a turbine ,which is working
under a unit head. Q
Nu 
H
Unit Power (Nu)

It is defined as the power developed by the turbine working under a

unit head. P
Nu  3
H
2
 SPECIFIC SPEED Ns
Defined as the speed of a turbine which is similar in all aspect with actual
turbine, but the size which will develop UNIT POWER UNDER UNIT
HEAD.
Usually used to compare types of turbine and is a deciding factor while
selection
E.g.
Specific speed (S.I. Units)
1.85 to 30 : Pelton wheel with single jet. N P
2.30 to 51 : Pelton wheel with two or more jets Ns  5
3.51 to 225 : Francis turbine
H4
4.355 to 860 : Kaplan or propeller turbine
Specific speed is an index used to predict desired pump or turbine performance.
i.e. it predicts the general shape of a pumps impeller. It is this impeller's "shape"
that predicts its flow and head characteristics so that the designer can then select a
pump or turbine most appropriate for a particular application.
 Characteristic curves of a Turbine
Characteristic curves of turbine are defined as those curves which are
plotted from the results of a number of test on the turbine.

Ø These curves are necessary to predict the behavior & performance of the
turbine
• These are curves which are characteristic of a particular turbine which
helps in studying the performance of the turbine under various
conditions.
• These curves pertaining to any turbine are supplied by its manufacturers
based on actual tests.
The data that must be obtained in testing a
turbine are the following:
1. The speed of the turbine N
2. The discharge Q
3. The net head H
4. The power developed P
5. The overall efficiency η
6. Gate opening (this refers to the percentage of the inlet passages provided
for water to enter the turbine)
 Characteristic curves

The characteristic curves obtained are the following:

a) Constant head curves or main characteristic curves
b) Constant speed curves or operating characteristic curves
c) Constant efficiency curves or Muschel curves
 Constant head curves

• Constant head curves: Maintaining a constant head, the speed of the

turbine is varied
• admitting different rates of flow by adjusting the percentage of gate
opening. The power P developed is measured mechanically. From each
test the unit power Pu, the unit speed Nu, the unit discharge Qu and the
overall efficiency are determined.
 Characteristic curves

The characteristic curves drawn are

• a) Unit discharge vs unit speed
• b) Unit power vs unit speed
• c) Overall efficiency vs unit speed
Main Characteristic curves of a Pelton turbine
Main Characteristic curves of a Francis turbine
Main Characteristic curves of a Kaplan turbine
 Constant speed curves

• Constant speed curves: In this case tests are conducted at a constant

speed and constant head.
• The power developed P,efficiency is measured with the discharge Q

The characteristic curves drawn are

• Unit power Vs unit Discharge
• Overall efficiency Vs unit Discharge
Operating Characteristic curves of a turbine
 Constant Efficiency curves

v For obtain the This curve first we have

to obtain curve between N vs efficiency
and speed Vs Q for different gate
opening
v By Combining these two curves constant
efficiency curves are obtained.