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A Study of The Preparation of Soap Using Coconut Oil or Any Vegetable Oil
A Study of The Preparation of Soap Using Coconut Oil or Any Vegetable Oil
COCONUT OIL”
By
Grade 12
Date: 2079/10/18
i
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
ii
RECOMMENDATION LETTER
Supervisor
Mr Yubraj Ghimire
Department of Chemistry
Date: 2079/10/18
iii
DECLARATION
I, “Amrit Kumar Mishra” hereby declare that the project work entitled “A
STUDY OF PREPARATION OF SOAP USING COCONUT OIL” under
the supervision of “Mr Yubraj Ghimire, Tilottama Secondary School,
Nepal”, presented hereby is genuine work done originally by me and has
not been published or submitted elsewhere for the requirement of any
degree program. Any literature, data or works done by others and cited in
this project work has been given acknowledgement and listed in the
reference section.
Signature
Grade: 12
Date: 2079/10/18
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would also like to express my heartfelt thanks to the principal prof. Dr.
Ram Chandra Acharya of Tilottama Campus for providing the essential
materials for my project. I would like to thank my friends and family for
the constant support and help in this project.
Class: 12 ‘B’
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval Sheet…………………………………………..ii
Letter of recommendation……………………………….iii
Declaration………………………………………………iv
Acknowledgements……………………………………...v
Table of Contents……………………………………….vi
Chapter 1: Introduction………………………...........vii
Chapter 4: Procedure………………………………....xii
Chapter 5: Observation……………………………..xiii
Chapter 7: Conclusion……………………………….xiv
References……………………………………………..xvi
Appendices…………………………………………...xvii
vi
1. INTRODUCTION
On the basis of types of bond present between the carbon atoms of the
fatty acids, they are classified into 2 broad categories.
1. Saturated fatty acids: Those fatty acids which have no C=C double
bonds are classified under it. They have formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH, for
different n. An important saturated fatty acid is stearic acid (n = 16),
which when neutralized with sodium hydroxide is the most common form
of soap. Some examples of such type of fatty acids are stearic acid
(CH3(CH2)16COOH, palmitic acid (CH3(CH2)14COOH), etc.
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2. Unsaturated fatty acids: those fatty acids which have one or more
C=C double bonds are called unsaturated fatty acids. The C=C double
bonds can give either cis or trans isomers. Some examples of such fatty
acids are oleic acid (CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH), linoleic
acid(CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH), etc
The cleaning action of soap is due to the formation of micelle by the soap
molecules in such a way that the hydrophobic part is in the oil droplet
(dirt) and the hydrophobic part projects out. Since the polar interacts with
viii
water surrounded by soap ions is pulled from the surface and pulled into
the water. In water, the soap molecule is uniquely oriented which helps to
keep the hydrocarbon part outside the water. When the clusters of
molecules are formed then the hydrophobic tail comes at the surface of
the cluster and this formation is called micelle.
When the soap is in the form of micelle then it has the ability to clean the
oily dirt which gets accumulated at the center. These micelles remain as
colloidal solutions. Therefore, the dirt from the cloth is easily washed
away. The soap solution appears cloudy as it forms a colloidal solution
which scatters light.
ix
2. PRINCIPLE
x
3. MATERIALS
i. Coconut oil
ii. 20% sodium hydroxide solution
iii. Common salt
iv. Measuring cylinders
v. Glass beakers (250 ml)
vi. Glass rod
vii. Bunsen burner
viii. Wire gauze
ix. Tripod stand
x. Spatula
xi
4. PROCEDURE
xii
5. OBSERVATIONS
xiii
6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Pure coconut oil was used in this experiment to prepare soap. The soap so
formed had cleansing properties as the soap available in the market. It
produced generous amount of lather with water.
7. CONCLUSION
xiv
8. LIMITATION OF STUDY
The preparation of soap was only done from coconut oil. Meanwhile,
many other oils which could form better quality soap were not used in
course of this experiment due to availability issues. Meanwhile, the
quality of soap was compromised due to adulteration in the vegetable oils.
The coconut oil used in the experiment may not be 100% pure which
could alter the quality of soap thus formed. Meanwhile, the appropriate
quantity of reagents like common salt and sodium hydroxide may not be
maintained throughout the experiment. The saponification may not be
fully completed which could compromise the quality of the soap formed.
This project work could be a crucial insight for the preparation of high
quality soap from other various types of vegetable oils available in the
market.
xv
REFERENCES
Mishra, A.D., Kaulani, S.K., Joshi, R.D., Pal, K.B., Pandey, A. Pioneer
chemistry Grade XII, Dreamland Publication, Dillibazar, Kathmandu
Ethesis: http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/
amrita.olabs.edu.in
scienceprojects.org
slideshare.net
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xvii
APPENDICES:
xviii
xix
xx