RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICSENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Second Semester, School Year 2022 – 2023

ELECTRONIC COMPONENETS AND THEIR SYMBOLS

EXPERIMENT TITLE

Experiment Number 1

Name BAUTISTA, RALEIGHN R.

:________________________________Room/Building ITC - 309B
:___________________
nd
Course/Year BSEE 2 Year
: _______________________________ Date Performed February 18, 2023
:___________________

Subject ECE01
:________________________________Date Submitted February 24, 2023
:___________________

Day/Time TF 4:30p – 6:00p

:________________________________Instructor Engr. Ricardo Nasuli
:___________________

Status Check Evaluation Criteria Poor Fair Good Excellent

Advance Reasoning
Accuracy
On Time Completeness
Analytical Ability
Late Neatness of Work

Remarks:

Rating Signature

Date: February 24,

2023
 Experiment Number One

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND THEIR SYMBOLS

OBJECTIVES:

1. To identify electrical and electronic components from their physical appearance.

2. To be able to draw the circuit symbol for each of these components.
3. To give a physical description and electrical characteristics for each of these
components.

COMPONENTS:

1. Vacuum Tube 12. NPN Transistor

2. Semiconductor Diode 13. PNP Transistor
3. Silicon-Controlled Rectifier 14. Diac
4. Uni-junction Transistor 15. Zener Diode
5. Triac 16. Varactor Diode
6. Fixed Resistor 17. Tunnel Diode
7. Variable Resistor 18. Fixed Capacitor
8. Photo-Sensitive Resistor 19. Variable Capacitor
9. Photo-Sensitive Diode 20. Coil (Air Core)
10. Light Emitting Diode 21. Coil (Iron Core)
11. Field-Effect Transistor 22. Speaker

Procedures:

1. Study, then briefly describe in table 1 the physical feature of the components
listed.
2. Draw the circuit symbol for each part and label them appropriately.
3. In describing the component, give its shape and characteristics markings and
facilities for mounting.
4. Lastly, give a brief electrical description of the component including characteristic
graph and ratings if possible.
 Table 1

Components Symbol Description Electrical

Characteristics
1. Vacuum Tube
Two or more electrodes A vacuum tube is a High transconductance,
suspended in a vacuum device that regulates the low capacitances, high
and enclosed in an
airtight container make up passage of electric input resistance, and
a vacuum tube. The current between good noise figure are the
majority of tubes feature
glass envelopes with a electrodes with an electric primary qualities that
glass-to-metal seal based potential difference vacuum tubes used in
on kovar sealable
borosilicate glasses, but applied while the broad-band intermediate
ceramic and metal environment is highly frequency amplifiers
envelopes (on top of
insulating bases) have vacuumed. should possess.
also been employed.

2. Semiconductor
Diode It has the property of only
A diode is a
allowing current to flow in
A semiconductor diode, semiconductor gadget
one direction. When no
often constructed of that essentially switches
voltage is supplied across
silicon. The anode, which current in a single
the junction, electrons
has an intrinsic positive direction. By significantly
diffuse through it to the p-
charge and carries an limiting current flow in the
side and holes diffuse
excess of holes, is placed opposite direction, it
through it to the n-side,
next to the cathode, which permits easy flow in one
where they combine.
is negatively charged and direction.
contains an excess of
electrons. A depletion
area without holes or
electrons develops at this
juncture.
3. Silicon-
Controlled
Rectifier
A four-layer solid-state SCRs are mostly utilized
A silicon-controlled current-controlling device in equipment where it is
rectifier (SCR) is a three- called a silicon-controlled necessary to control high
terminal, four-layer solid rectifier or semiconductor- power, sometimes in
state current regulating controlled rectifier is used conjunction with high
device. Like a typical in electronics. A particular voltage. They can be
diode, they feature anode kind of thyristor is known used in medium- to high-
and cathode terminals, as
well as a third control
terminal known as the
Gate.
4. Uni-junction
Transistor
An emitter is located in
the middle of a unijunction
transistor, which has two
bases (B1, B2) that are
connected to a silicon
resistive bar. It may
transition between high
and low resistance
because to the E-B1
junction's negative
resistance characteristics.
5. Triac
Terminal 1 (T1) and
Terminal 2 (T2) are
TRIAC terminals. The
terms "anode" and
"cathode" are not used.
The main switch
terminals, T1 and T2,
allow for bidirectional
current flow. At all
voltages, terminal 1 both directions.
serves as the reference.
6. Fixed Resistor
The two basic
components of a fixed
resistor are the resistive
element, which is typically
wire wrapped into a coil,
and the outer casing,
which, depending on the
application, may be
made of plastic, ceramic,
or metal.
commercially under the
name "silicon-controlled
rectifier" by General
Electric.
A three-lead electronic
semiconductor device
known as a “unijunction
transistor” (UJT) function
solely as an electrically
controlled switch and has
just one junction.
A TRIAC is a three-
electrode, bidirectional
AC switch that enables
electrons to move either
way. It is comparable to
two SCRs connected in
reverse parallel with their
gates coupled together. A
gate signal similar to that
of an SCR initiates the
conduction of a TRIAC in
An electrical resistor with
a predetermined, fixed
resistance that is not
changeable. A perfect
resistor in an ideal
environment would
always have a constant
ohmic resistance.
Temperature, voltage,
frequency, and other
variables would not affect
this resistance.
voltage AC power
management applications
including lamp dimmer,
power regulators, and
motor control due to how
they operate.
The primary feature of a
UJT is that, upon
activation, the emitter
current grows
regeneratively until it is
constrained by the emitter
power source. It is utilized
in applications like
switching pulse
generators and saw-tooth
wave generators because
of its unique feature.
A three terminal electrical
component known as a
TRIAC (triode for
alternating current; also
known as a bidirectional
triode thyristor or bilateral
triode thyristor) carries
current in either direction
when stimulated.
The voltage and current
are directly proportional in
a fixed resistor. An
increase in energy
entering the resistor
causes the current to flow
through it twice as
quickly. Ohm's Law states
that since a resistor's
resistance is fixed, this
relationship pertains
(because the temperature
does not change).
 7. Variable A resistor whose electric The relationship between
resistance value may be the resistance ratio and
Resistor changed is referred to as the mechanical position of
The components of a a variable resistor. A the moving terminal
variable resistor are a variable resistor, which defines the variable
resistance track with functions typically by resistor's most crucial
connections at either end gliding a contact (wiper) feature. The resistor is
and a wiper that moves over a resistive element, labeled as having a taper.
down the track as the is essentially an electro- Typically, only two forms
spindle is turned. A coil of mechanical transducer. of taper—linear and
wire, cermet (a ceramic logarithmic taper—are
and metal alloy), or marked.
carbon may be used to
make the track (for low
resistances).
8. Photo-Sensitive
Resistor
Modern light-dependent Semiconductors are used Photoresistor LDRs are
resistors are typically to make photoresistors, light-dependent
constructed of cadmium commonly known as electronics whose
sulfide and cadmium LDRs (light-dependent resistance increases in
selenide, but can also be resistors). A photoresistor the dark and decreases
made of lead sulfide, lead is light-sensitive. More with exposure to light. A
selenide, indium brightness causes a light-dependent resistor
antimonide, and lead reduction in its resistance. has a very high resistance
selenide. The common Many applications exist when kept in complete
varieties of cadmium for photoresistors, such darkness. This opposition
sulfide are frequently as automatic door is referred to as dark
identified as CdS opening. opposition.
photoresistors.
9. Photo-Sensitive
Diode A photodiode is a The reverse bias
Many materials, including semiconductor device that condition governs
silicon, germanium, and transforms photons (or photodiode operation.
indium gallium arsenide, light) into electrical Reverse voltages and
among others, can be current through a P-N currents are shown on the
used to make junction. There are lots of X and Y axes,
photodiodes. Each holes (positive) in the P respectively, in volts and
material makes use of a layer and lots of electrons microampere,
particular set of in the N layer (negative). respectively. Reverse
characteristics to achieve voltage has no effect on
reverse current. Reverse
cost savings, higher
current will be practically
sensitivity, wavelength
zero when there is no
range, low noise levels, or
illumination.
even faster response
times.
 10. Light Emitting
Diode
An epoxy lens or case, a
wire bond, a reflecting
cavity, a semiconductor
wafer or diode, a lead
frame with two leads, an
anode, and a cathode are
typically found inside of
an LED light. The
semiconductor wafer or
diode that is covered with
impurities is the essential
component of an LED
light.
11. Field-Effect
Transistor
Through the use of an
electric field, the FET
transistor (field-effect
transistor) regulates the
shape and subsequently
the conductivity of the
charge carrier in a
semiconductor. These
FET transistors are also
known as unipolar
transistors since they
perform an operation of
the single-carrier kind. All
FET configurations have
a high input impedance.
12. NPN Transistor
A P-type semiconductor is
sandwiched between two
N-type semiconductors in
a bipolar junction
transistor known as an
NPN (negative-positive-
negative) transistor.
13. PNP Transistor
A light-emitting diode LEDs only let current flow
(LED) is, to put it simply, in one direction—forward
a semiconductor device —and stop it from going
that, when an electric the other way. P-n
current is conducted junctions in light-emitting
through it, emits light. The diodes are highly doped.
current-carrying particles, When forward biased, an
called as electrons and LED will generate colored
holes, unite with one light at a certain spectral
another inside the wavelength depending on
semiconductor material to the semiconductor
produce light. material employed and
the amount of doping.
A three-terminal active A Field Effect Transistor
semiconductor device (FET) is a three-terminal
known as a field effect Active semiconductor
transistor (FET) controls device in which an electric
its output current through field produced by the
an electric field created by input voltage regulates
the input voltage. the output current.
The goal of the NPN Emitter, base, and
transistor is to allow collector are the three
electrons to move from terminals on an NPN
the emitter to the collector
transistor. This transistor
(so conventional current
has two diodes that are
flows from collector towired in series. Emitter-
emitter). The base, which
base diode refers to the
regulates the number ofdiode seen between the
electrons the emitter
emitter-base terminal.
"emits," receives
Collector-base diodes are
electrons from the emitter.
the type of diode that
connects the collector and
base terminals.
One n-type material is The base current that
Three terminals make up
a PNP transistor: Base
(B), Emitter (E), and
Collector (C). Both the
collector and the emitter
are p-type
semiconductors. N-type
base is used.
14. Diac
The result of combining
two antiparallel SCRs
without the gate terminals
is the five-layer DIAC. It
only has MT1 and MT2 as
its endpoints. Its structure
is symmetrical, with the
areas at both endpoints
being the same width and
doping level.
15. Zener Diode
A silicon semiconductor
device called a Zener
diode allows current to
flow either forward or
backward. When a voltage across the load
specific voltage is
attained, the diode's
unique, severely doped p-
n junction is designed to
conduct in the opposite
direction.
16. Varactor Diode
Anode and cathode are
the two terminals on the
diode. The diode is shown
at one end of the symbol,
and the capacitor's
conducting plates are
shown as two parallel
lines at the other. Their
dielectric is seen in the
space between the plates.
doped with two p-type flows into the collector of
materials in a transistor a PNP transistor is
known as a PNP amplified. The base
transistor. It is a machine normally regulates the
that the current regulates. current flow. In the base,
The tiny base current current moves in the
governed both the emitter opposite direction. The
and collector currents. In emitter of a PNP
the PNP transistor, two transistor releases
crystal diodes are coupled "holes," which the
side by side. collector then collects.
The DIAC (diode for Due to the symmetrical
alternating current) is a switching characteristics
type of diode that for each polarity of the
conducts electricity only applied voltage, it
after momentarily resembles the letter Z. Up
reaching its breakover until its switching limit is
voltage, VBO. It is reached, the DIAC
possible to use three-, operates like an open
four-, and five-layer circuit. The DIAC
architectures. Behavior is operates in that position
comparable to a Triac until its current
without a gate terminal approaches zero.
experiencing a voltage
breakdown.
Shunt voltage regulators, Features of a Zener
such as Zener diodes, are diode. While in the
employed to control forward-bias mode, Zener
voltage across tiny loads. diodes function similarly
When the Zener diode to regular diodes. Their
reaches knee voltage, the bias turn-on voltage
ranges from 0.3 to 0.7V.
will stabilize. The Zener In the majority of
diode is connected in applications, there is a
parallel to the load to modest leakage current
create reverse bias. flow when connected in
the reverse mode.
A varactor diode is a In forward bias mode, the
particular kind of diode diode allows current to
whose internal flow while providing very
capacitance changes low resistance because to
depending on the reverse its non-linear V-I
voltage. Being a characteristics, which
semiconductor device that only allow current to flow
is voltage-dependent, it in one direction. Similar to
always functions under how it inhibits current flow
reverse bias conditions. in forward bias mode, the
diode provides extremely
high resistance.
 17. Tunnel Diode
Germanium, gallium
antimonide, silicon, and
gallium arsenide are the
components used to
create tunnel diodes. This
diode has two terminals,
the cathode and the
anode. The p-type
semiconductor material
acts as a cathode in this
case, whereas the n-type
acts as an anode.
18. Fixed Capacitor
It is made out of
aluminum and paper
sheets. To shield it from
the damaging effects of
the outer environment,
the paper sheet is treated
with wax or oil. Paper
capacitors offer mixed
capacitance because they
are fixed type capacitors.
A paper sheet is
sandwiched between two
sheets of aluminum to
create the paper
capacitor.
19. Variable
Capacitor
The ease of fabrication
makes variable air
capacitors more popular.
Traditionally, they are
constructed from two sets
of air gaps separating two
semicircular metal plate
sets. The user can rotate
the assembly to adjust the
capacitance by rotating
one set, which is
stationary, and the other
set, which is coupled to a
shaft.
A severely doped p-n Ip and Vp are the
junction diode known as a maximum current and
tunnel diode is one in voltage that a diode can
which the electric current handle, respectively.
drops as the voltage When greater voltage is
rises. Electric current in a provided, the current
tunnel diode is produced value decreases. Current
via "Tunnelling." In continues to drop until it
computers, the tunnel reaches a very low value.
diode is a highly quick Iv is the lowest value of
switching component. In current.
high-frequency oscillators
and amplifiers, it is also
utilized.
A form of capacitor known Fixed capacitors are ones
as a fixed capacitor offers whose capacitance is
a fixed quantity of fixed and not changing,
capacitance (capacitance as their name suggests.
means ability to store Charge is stored in a fixed
electric charge). In other amount by a specific
words, a fixed capacitor is capacitor. Fixed
a type of capacitor that capacitors come in a
cannot be adjusted and variety of types
stores a fixed quantity of depending on the
electric charge. dielectric used. In fixed
capacitors, the separation
between parallel sheets is
fixed.
A capacitor with In general, variable
adjustable capacitance capacitors are made up of
falls under the category of two sets of intertwined
variable capacitor. Its metallic plates, one of
capacitance adjusts in which is fixed and the
line with variations in the other variable. These
relative effective area capacitors offer
between the pole metal capacitance values
plate or the distance ranging from 10 to 500
between the plates. pF. The two capacitors
Typically, a radio combined into the ganged
reception circuit uses it as capacitor in this
a tuning capacitor. illustration.
 20. Coil (Air Core)
An inductor without a
magnetic core made of
ferromagnetic material is
referred to as a "air core
coil." The coils are coiled
on nonmagnetic materials
including plastic, ceramic,
and even those with air-
filled windings.
21. Coil (Iron Core)
Iron or ferrimagnetic
compounds, such as
ferrites, are used to
create iron cores. The
magnetic field lines are
concentrated in the core
material due to the
increased permeability in
comparison to the
surrounding air.
22. Speaker
One end has the speaker
cone's center attached to
it, and the moving coil
drives that end back and
forth. Its cone's edges are
maintained in place by an
airtight surround or
suspension. The air
around the cone is
pushed and pulled as it
moves, which causes
sound waves—pressure
waves in the atmosphere
—to form.
For switch mode
magnetic requirements,
air core inductors offer
practical answers,
particularly when focusing
on high linearity, high
frequency, and decreased
core loss. These
inductors are also the
best option when space
isn't a concern.
As the best
electromagnets, we
should tightly wind the
coils around the core
because when the space
between them is
minimized, a greater
magnetic is created in the
core. Thus, we can state
that the magnetic field
strength of a coil carrying
current will grow when an
iron core is added into the
coil.
In sound reproduction, a
loudspeaker, also known
as a speaker, is a device
that transforms electrical
energy into acoustic
signal energy that is
emitted into a space or
the open air.
An air coil inductor,
sometimes known as an
air core inductor, is an
inductor that contains
simply air inside of the
coil rather than a
magnetic core. Typically,
copper material, insulated
wire, stripped and non-
stripped ends, and tinned
or bare ends are used to
construct coils.
A component for
producing inductance, a
quality that contains
electrical circuits or
components like coils, is
an iron core, also known
as a magnetic core or
magnetic core. As a
result, transformers also
use it. By altering the
magnetic flux density,
electromagnetic induction
creates an electric field.
Electrical impedance as a
function of frequency is a
dynamic loudspeaker's
primary electrical feature.
The impedance curve,
which is a graph that
represents it, can be
seen. An electro-
mechanical transducer
using a voice coil coupled
to a diaphragm or cone is
the most popular kind of
loudspeaker.