2.

Full-Wave Center Tapped

Objectives Equipment Cat. No.

- The output voltage vout(t) for an ohmic load Circuit elements:

1 Resistor 100 /2W 577 32
- The output voltage as a function of the charging 1 Resistor 1 k/2W 577 44
capacitor 1 Resistor 10 k/0.5W 577 56
1 Electrolytic capacitor
- The output voltage as a function of the load
10 F/35 V 578 37
resistor
1 Electrolytic capacitor
47 F/40 V 578 38
- Determining the reverse voltage
1 Electrolytic capacitor
100 F/40 V 578 39
2 Si diodes 1N4007 578 51

Measuring devices:
1 Two channel
oscilloscope 400 575 212

Power supply units:

1 Power supply unit 521 485

Accessories:
1 Plug-in board 297x300 726 50
1 Measuring cable BNC/4mm 575 24
1 Set of bridging plugs 19 mm 501 48
1 Set of connecting leads 501 532
 Exercise 1: The output voltage vout(t) for an ohmic load

Fig. 3.1

Assemble the circuit as shown in fig. 3.1 and apply an ac voltage of VTr = 2 · 6 Vrms.
Use channel 1 of the oscilloscope to measure the peak-to-peak value of the transformer voltage at
terminals 1 and 3.
Settings on the oscilloscope:
Y1 = 5 volts/div (DC)
t = 5 ms/div.
trigger switch to "line".

Fig. 3.2
Transfer the graphs into diagram fig. 3.2 and determine the amplitude (peak value) VP,Tr and the
frequency f of the transformer voltage vTr(t).

VTr,P = 162.431 V

f = 50 Hz

Use channel 1 of the oscilloscope to measure the output voltage vout(t) and enter this into diagramfig.
3.2. Determine the amplitude and the frequency of the output voltage.

Vout,P = 80.504 V

f = 50 Hz

The second of Kirchoff's Laws is used to calculate the output voltage:

v (t)
v (t)  Tr  vF: voltage across the diode
out vF V : threshold voltage of the diode
2
TO
VP,Tr VTO  0.7 V (Si diode)
V  
P,out
VTO for v (t)/2  V
2
Tr TO

Calculate the amplitude of the output voltage.

VP,out = 56.850 V

Exercise 2: The output voltage as a function of the charging capacitor

Transfer the output voltage characteristic from fig. 3.2 into the diagram in fig. 3.3.
CAPACITANCE Vout MAX Vout MIN RIPPLE OUTPUT
(μF) (V) (V) (V)
10 0 -43.176 1.70× 10-5
47 0 -67.874 3.61× 10-3
100 0 -73.898 1.70× 10-6

Fig. 3.3
 Connect the capacitors CL1 = 10 F, CL2 = 47 F and CL3 = 100 F (polarity must be correct)
to terminals 4 and 5 in fig. 3.1 (parallel to the load resistor) one after the other. Record the
output voltages vout(t) of the different capacitors on the oscilloscope and enter the
characteristics into the diagram in fig. 3.3. The capacitor directly at the output of the rectifier
circuit is called the load or smoothing capacitor.
Label the output voltages according to the appropriate capacitor.
Comment on the relationship between the output voltage ripple and the capacitance value
of the capacitor.

Several factors influence the output voltage ripple of a circuit, including the capacitance value of
the capacitor utilized. In power supply circuits, a capacitor is typically used to smooth out the
output voltage and eliminate ripple. Therefore, When we change the capacitance value, an
interesting phenomena occurs: the voltage output ripple lowers and grows at the same time. It is
crucial to notice, however, that the capacitance keeps the voltage output at or near zero, with only
the lowest Vout having a little lower value.

Exercise 3: The output voltage as a function of the load resistor

Transfer the characteristic of the output voltage from fig. 3.2 into the diagram in fig. 3.4.
RESISTANCE Vout MAX Vout MIN RIPPLE OUTPUT
(Ω) (V) (V) (V)
100 0 -27.104 3.61× 10-5
1K 0 -67.874 3.61× 10-3
10K 0 -78.991 3.61× 10-7

Fig. 3.4

Connect the capacitor CL = 47 F between the terminals 3 and 4 shown in fig. 3.1. Connect
the load resistors RL1 = 100 , RL2 = 1 k and RL3 = 10 k parallel to the capacitor one
after the other and record the corresponding output voltages on the oscilloscope.
Enter the graphs of the output voltages in the diagram (fig. 3.4) and label these.
Comment on the relation between the output voltage ripple and the load resistor value.
Give reasons for this.

The value of the load resistor influences the output voltage ripple of a circuit. The load
resistor, generally denoted by the letter RL, is the component that controls the current taken from
the power source. The link between the output voltage ripple and the load resistor value may be
studied using the voltage division concept and the power supply's capacity to adapt to changes
in load. Also, When we changed the resistor values, we noticed a difference in the output voltage
ripple. It's worth noting, however, that despite these changes, the resistor's maximum voltage
output stays constant at zero.