SCH4U: Course Review NAME:

This handout contains selected problems from each unit studied this semester in SCH4U1. This is just a sampling
of skills and concepts; to study completely go through your notes, problem sets, and past assessments as well.

Skills and Concepts by Unit

Structure and Properties of Matter
Know the various scientists and their experiments that led to modern atomic theory
Understand how light and electrons may interact
Be able to define an electron’s placement in an atom using quantum numbers
Can write various forms of electron configurations
Draw Lewis and VSEPR structures
Identify the hybridization occurring with an atom for the purposes of bonding
Organic Chemistry
Can draw and identify organic functional groups and overall molecules as both Lewis and line structures
Understand how the structure of a molecule can affect its chemical and physical properties
Be able to identify reactants, products, and reaction type for organic reactions
Know the types of polymers and polymerization reactions
Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction
Use calorimetry data to determine energy exchange between the system and surroundings
Can calculate approximate enthalpy of a system using bond energy, enthalpies of formation, or Hess’s law
Understand the factors that affect the rate of reaction
Know how to determine the rate law (including the constant with appropriate units) with data
Analyze a reaction mechanism to determine if the mechanism is plausible and, if so, the overall rate law
Chemical Systems and Equilibrium
Can form an equilibrium law expression from a given system
Understand how to use Le Châtelier’s principle to qualitatively determine equilibrium shift
Be able to quantitatively analyze an equilibrium shift and determine a new equilibrium position
Analyze the solubility of an ionic salt and determine whether or not a precipitate would form given conditions
Know the various definitions of acids and bases and the difference between strong and weak
Able to calculate the pH of both strong and weak acids and bases, as well as salt solutions
Analyze a titration at various points of titrant added and can determine the pH along those points
Know how buffer systems operate and what salts can be added to acids and bases to create a buffer solution
Electrochemistry
Understands the difference between reduction and oxidation reactions
Can balance redox reactions with oxidation numbers and by half-cells
Be able to use standard reduction potentials to predict redox reactions
Know how to calculate the standard cell potential of a galvanic cell
Able to explain how corrosion works with the use of redox reactions
 Constants, Definitions, and Equations

6.022 × 1023 𝐾w = 1.0 × 10−14 SATP: 25℃ and 100 kPa

𝑚 𝑛
𝑛= 𝑐= 𝑐1 𝑉1 = 𝑐2 𝑉2
𝑀 𝑉

𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 ∆𝐻system = |𝑞system | ∆𝐻 = 𝐻products − 𝐻reactants

∆𝐻 = 𝑛∆𝐻r ∆𝐻 = ∑ 𝑛𝐷 bonds − ∑ 𝑛𝐷 bonds

broken formed

∘ ∘ ∆[A]
∆𝐻r∘ = ∑ 𝑛f(products) ∆𝐻products − ∑ 𝑛reactants ∆𝐻f(reactants) rateA =
∆𝑡

𝑚 [B]𝑛 [C]𝑐 [D]𝑑 [H3 O+ −

(aq) ][A(aq) ]
rate = 𝑘[A] 𝐾= 𝐾a =
[A]𝑎 [B]𝑏 [HA(aq) ]
+ −
[BH(aq) ][OH(aq) ]
𝐾b = 𝐾w = [H3 O+ −
(aq) ][OH(aq) ] 𝐾w = 𝐾a 𝐾b
[B(aq) ]
+
[H(aq) ] +
percentage ionization = × 100% pH = − log[H(aq) ]
[HA(aq) ]

+ − −
[H(aq) ] = 10−pH pOH = − log[OH(aq) ] [OH(aq) ] = 10−pOH

∘ ∘ ∘
pH + pOH = 14 ∆𝐸r(cell) = ∆𝐸r(cathode) − ∆𝐸r(anode)

Organic Nomenclature: Names Based on Number of Carbon Atoms

meth- (1) eth- (2) prop- (3) but- (4) pent- (5)
hex- (6) hept- (7) oct- (8) non- (9) dec- (10)

Greek Prefixes
mono- (1) di- (2) tri- (3) tetra- (4) penta- (5)
hexa- (6) hepta- (7) octa- (8) nona- (9) deca- (10)

Roman Numerals
I (1) II (2) III (3) IV (4) V (5)
VI (6) VII (7) VIII (8) IX (9) X (10)
Structure and Properties of Matter
1. How many electrons and neutrons are in a neutral atom of each of the following?
a. 31
15P
79
b. 35Br

2. Describe the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom and its shortcomings.

3. Is the following set of quantum numbers possible? If not, explain why.

1
𝑛 = 4, 𝑙 = 2, 𝑚𝑙 = −3, 𝑚𝑠 = + 2

4. Write the full electron configuration of an atom that is isoelectric to Cl− .

5. Draw Lewis structures and use the VSEPR approach to predict the structures of each of the following
molecules or ions. Determine if the molecule or ion is polar.
a. PF3
b. ClO2−

6. Describe the hybridization of the central atom in each molecule. Then name the geometry of each
molecule.
a. NF3 c. BF2
b. BF3 d. PCl5

7. List the following substances in order of increasing melting points: NaBr, HBr, Br2 . Explain your answer.

8. Across the fourth row of the periodic table, why should each additional electron to an atom fill up the 4𝑠
orbital before starting the 3𝑑 orbitals?

9. Define the term “electron probability density”.

Organic Chemistry
10. Name each of the following compounds.

a. b. c.

11. Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. If you think a statement is false, rewrite
it to make it true.
a. The hydrogenation of the aldehyde produces a primary alcohol, and the hydrogenation of a ketone
produces a secondary alcohol.
b. Stereoisomers have the same kind and number of atoms bonded in the same order but have
different arrangements in space.
c. Esterfication is the formation of a carboxylic acid from an ester and an alcohol.
d. Addition polymers are polymers formed when monomers join during addition reactions; a small
molecule, such as water or hydrogen chloride, is also produced during the reaction.
e. Not all plastics are polymers but all polymers are plastic.
12. Draw a structure for each of the following compounds.
a. benzene-1,3-diol
b. methyl 2-methylhexanoate
c. 3.5-diethyldecan-4-ol

13. What is the difference between homopolymers and copolymers? Give an example of a natural
homopolymer and a natural copolymer.

14. Complete the following table for simple organic compounds and their reactions.

Reaction Reactants Products

methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
ethene + hydrogen
substitution chlorobenzene
dehydration propanol
methanol + ethanol methoxyethane + water
ethanol + oxyegn ethanal + water
esterfication methyl propanoate + water
methyl ethanoate + water ethanoic acid + methanol
condensation ethanoic acid + ammonia

Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction

15. A 30.0 g sample of metal was heated to 80.0°C and then transferred to a coffee-cup calorimeter. The
calorimeter contained 100.0 g of water at an initial temperature of 20.0°C. The final temperature of the
contents of the calorimeter was 25.0°C. What is the specific heat capacity of the metal?
Note: the specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/(g‧°C)

16. Use the thermochemical equation below and the standard enthalpies of formation to determine the standard
enthalpy of formation of iron (II) oxide, FeO(s).
1
2FeO(s) + O2(g) → Fe2 O3(s) + 280.0 kJ
2

17. Consider the following thermochemical equations:

C(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆𝐻1 = −393.5 kJ
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2 O(g) ∆𝐻2 = −483.6 kJ
2C(g) + 3H2(g) + 2O2(g) + N2(g) → 2CH3 NO2(g) ∆𝐻3 = −226.2 kJ
Calculate the ∆𝐻 for the reaction represented by the following equation:
4CH3 NO2(g) + 3O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2N2(g) + 6H2 O(g)

18. For the chemical reaction represented by the equation:

2NO(g) + H2(g) → N2 O(g) + H2 O(g)
The rate of disappearance of nitrogen monoxide, NO(g), is 2.6  10–2 mol/L∙s at 45 s. What is the rate of
appearance of dinitrogen monoxide at the same point in time?
19. Ethene gas reacts with hydrogen gas in the presence of a solid
platinum surface to form ethane gas, according to this
equation:
Pt(s)
C2 H4(g) + H2(g) → C2 H6(g)
Is platinum a heterogenous or homogenous catalyst in this
reaction? Explain.

20. The graph to the right illustrates the energy of a system during
a chemical change. Sketch a new diagram showing how the
energy of the system would change if a catalyst were added.
Explain your answer.

21. The reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid is represented by the following
equation:
2HCl(aq) + Na2 S2 O3(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + S(s) + H2 O(l)
The solid sulphur formed in this reaction turns the colourless solution cloudy. A student predicts that
decreasing the initial concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution will decrease the rate of formation of
sulphur. Is the student’s prediction correct? Explain why or why not.

22. A chemist was studying the reaction: 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g), and obtained the data below.

Initial [𝐍𝐎(𝐠) ] Initial [𝐎𝟐(𝐠) ] Rate

Run
(mol/L) (mol/L) (mol/(L‧s))
1 0.22 0.15 0.45
2 0.22 0.30 0.90
3 0.44 0.15 1.80

a. Determine the order of the reaction with respect to nitrogen monoxide.

b. Determine the order of the reaction with respect to oxygen.
c. Determine the total order of the reaction.
d. Does the mechanism proposed below agree with the proposed rate law? Support your answer.
NO(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) + O(g) fast
NO(g) + O(g) → NO2(g) slow

Chemical Systems and Equilibrium

23. The following reaction is at equilibrium:
2CO2(g) + energy ⇌ 2CO(g) + O2(g)
Describe how the equilibrium responds to the following changes. Explain your answers.
a. The volume of the container is decreased.
b. The temperature of the container is increased.
c. More O2(g) is added to the system.
d. The concentration of carbon monoxide, CO(g), is decreased by removing the product.

24. Determine the solubility product constant, 𝐾sp , for iron (III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3(s). The solubility of
Fe(OH)3(s) is 2.00  10–10 mol/L at 25°C.
25. The equilibrium constant, 𝐾, has a value of 2.4  10–3 at a given temperature for the reaction represented
by the balanced equation:
2H2 O(g) ⇌ 2H2(g) + O2(g)
At equilibrium, it is found that the concentrations of water vapour and hydrogen gas are 1.2  10–2 mol/L
and 1.8  10–1 mol/L respectively. What is the equilibrium concentration of oxygen gas?
+ −
26. Calculate [H(aq) ] and [OH(aq) ] in blood, which has a pH of 7.42.

27. Calculate the pH of each of the following strong acid or base solutions.
a. 2.5  10–4 mol/L solution of nitric acid, HNO3(aq)
b. 0.15 M barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2(aq)

28. Calculate the percent ionization of 1.00 mol/L solution of hydrocyanic acid, HCN(aq) , with a pH of 2.65.

29. Consider the titration of 100.0 mL of 0.200 mol/L ethanoic acid, HC2 H3 O2(aq) (𝐾a = 1.8 × 10−5 ), by a
standard solution of 0.100 mol/L potassium hydroxide, KOH(aq) . Calculate the pH, at SATP, of the
resulting solution after each of the following volumes of potassium hydroxide solution has been added:
a. 0.0 mL
b. 200.0 mL (equivalence point)
c. 250.0 mL

30. A buffer solution contains 0.400 mol/L of methanoic acid, HCHO2(aq) (𝐾a = 1.7 × 10−4 ), and a
concentration of 0.400 mol/L sodium methanoate, NaCHO2(aq) . Calculate the pH of the buffer solution.

Electrochemistry
31. Write the oxidation and reduction half-reaction equations for the following redox reactions:
a. Fe2 O3(aq) + 2Al(s) → 2Fe(s) + Al2 O3(aq)
+
b. Cu(s) + 2H(aq) → Cu2+
(aq) + H2(g)
c. SnCl2(aq) + 2HgCl2(aq) → SnCl4(aq) + 2HgCl(aq)
d. 4NaClO(aq) + H2 S(aq) → 4NaCl(aq) + H2 SO4(aq)

32. Balance the following equations in the solutions indicated.

a. Fe2+ 3+
(aq) + H2 O2(l) → Fe(aq) + H2 O(l) (acidic)
− −
b. Br2(g) → BrO3(aq) + Br(aq) (basic)
2+
c. Mn(aq) + H2 O2(l) → MnO2(s) + H2 O(l) (basic)

33. Which of the following equations represents spontaneous reactions?

a. Sn(s) + 2Cu2+ 2+ +
(aq) → Sn(aq) + 2Cu(aq)
b. Mg 2+ +
(aq) + 2Ag (s) → Mg (s) + 2Ag (aq)
c. Ca(s) + Cd2+ 2+
(aq) → Ca (aq) + 2Cd(s)
−
d. 2Br(aq) + Sn2+(aq) → Br2(g) + Sn(s)

34. Predict the cell potential of the following cells at standard conditions.
a. Mg (s) |Mg 2+ 3+
(aq) ‖Au(aq) |Au(s)
b. Zn(s) |Zn2+ 2+
(aq) ‖Sn(aq) |Sn(s)
c. Cu(s) |Cu+ 2+
(aq) ‖Mg (aq) |Mg (s)
35. A silver oxide cell is often used as an alternative to mercury cells, since the chemicals used are not as
toxic. The following half-reaction equations occur in this cell.
−
Ag 2 O(s) + H2 O(l) + 2𝑒 − → Ag (s) + 2OH(aq) 𝐸° = +0.35 V
− −
Zn(s) + 2OH(aq) → Zn(OH)2(s) + 2𝑒 𝐸° = −1.25 V
a. In which direction does the electric current flow: silver to zinc or zinc to silver?
b. Which is the anode and which is the cathode?
c. Write the net redox equation for the discharging of the silver oxide cell.

Answers
1. a. 𝑒 − = 15, 𝑛0 = 16 27. a. 3.6
b. 𝑒 − = 35, 𝑛0 = 44 b. 13.48
3. no, it is not 28. 0.224%
4. 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 29. a. 2.72
6. a. 𝑠𝑝3 b. 8.78
b. 𝑠𝑝2 c. 12.2
c. 𝑠𝑝 30. 3.8
d. 𝑠𝑝3 𝑑 31. a. oxidation: 2Al(s) → 2Al3+ (aq) + 6𝑒
−

7. NaBr, Br2 , HBr reduction: 2Fe3+ −

(aq) + 6𝑒 → 2Fe(s)
10. a. 3-bromo-3,6-dimethyloctane 2+
b. oxidation: Cu(s) → Cu(aq) + 2𝑒 −
b. N-ethyl-N-methylpentan-3-amine +
reduction: 2H(aq) + 2𝑒 − → H2(g)
c. 3,4-dimethylhex-1-ene
11. a. T c. oxidation: Sn(aq) → Sn4+
2+
(aq) + 2𝑒
−

b. T reduction: 2Hg 2+ −
(aq) + 2𝑒 → 2Hg (aq)
+

c. F 2− 6+ −
d. oxidation: S(aq) → S(aq) + 8𝑒
d. F reduction: 4Cl+ − −
(aq) + 8𝑒 → 4Cl(aq)
e. F
15. 0.871 J/(g‧°C) 32. a. 2Fe(aq) + H2 O2(l) + 2H(aq) → 2Fe3+
2+ +
(aq) + 2H2 O(l)
− − −
16. –272.1 kJ/mol b. 3Br2(g) + 6OH(aq) → BrO3(aq) + 5Br(aq) + 3H2 O(l)
2+ −
17. –2088.8 kJ c. Mn(aq) + H2 O2(l) + 2OH(aq) → MnO2(s) + 2H2 O(l)
18. 1.3  10–2 mol/L∙s 33. a. spontaneous
19. heterogenous catalyst b. not spontaneous
22. a. 2 c. spontaneous
b. 1 d. not spontaneous
c. 3 34. a. 3.87 V
d. no, it does not b. 0.62 V
23. a. shift left c. 2.89 V
b. shift right 35. a. zinc to silver
c. shift left b. anode: Zn(s)
d. shift right cathode: Ag (s)
24. 4.32 × 10–38 c. Ag 2 O(s) + H2 O(l) + Zn(s) → 2Ag (s) + Zn(OH)2(s)
25. 1.1 × 10–5 mol/L
+
26. [H(aq) ] = 3.80 × 10−8 mol/L
−
[OH(aq) ] = 5.25 × 10−10 mol/L