BS 4465 (1989) Passenger & Material Hoist

BSI BS*:L14b5 89 Ei Lb2Llbbî 01i4b0 5 7 4 m
BS 4465 : 1989
UDC 621.876.1-83 :69.057.7
0 British Standards Institution. No part of this publication may be photocopied or otherwise reproduced without the prior permission in writing of BSI
British Standard Specification for
Design and construction of electric hoists

for both passengers and materials
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Conception e t construction des élévateurs de personnel e t monte-charge électriques - Spécifications
Ausführung und Konstruktion von elektrischen Personen- und Lastenaufzügen
fl-Rritish Standards Institution ,

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BSI B S * 4 4 6 5 87 W 362LIbbî 0 3 4 6 0 5 8 6
BS 4465 : 1989
Foreword e
This British Standard, prepared under the direction of the
Mechanical Handling Standards Policy Committee at the
request of the Health and Safety Executive, is a new edition
of BS 4465 : 1986, which i s withdrawn. This edition intro-
duces technical changes to bring the standard up-to-date
but it does not reflect a full review of the standard, which
will be undertaken in due course. It specifies requirements
for hoists carrying both passengers and materials used in
construction work and applies to machines employing
rope suspended cages driven by drum and traction, and also
to rack and pinion drive machines.
The primary object of the standarci is to promote reliability
and safety without placing undue restrictions on the general
design of hoists or methods employed in their construction
and erection.
The standard follows closely the requirements specified in
draft European Standard prEN 109. It was originally
a
envisaged that EN 109 would be directly implemented as
the revision of this British Standard but, owing to adminis-
trative problems, final publication of the European Standard
cannot be anticipated for some considerable time. However,
upon the publication of EN 109 this standard may be
revised to implement that European Standard.
The design practice in this specification is based upon that
for cranes and thus the structural requirements specified in
this standard are similar to those specified in BS 2573 :
Part 1.
Account has also been taken of BS 5655 : Part 1 for electric
lifts. There are however some radical departures from lift
design practice in this standard, these being necessitated by
such factors as the open air environment of the hoist,
and the need for i t s periodic dismantling, re-erectionand
extension in service.
It i s assumed that a base structure and other supports will
be provided on the construction site which will support and
resist all loads, moments and overturning forces which may
develop due to the use of the hoist, wind forces and other
O
incidental forces on the mast or tower.
I t is acknowledged that a hoist designed to carry both
passengers and materials may have a cage larger than that
required for passengers only in order to carry bulky but not
necessarily heavy objects. It is essential, therefore, that users
of these hoists exercise adequate control over their loading.
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Consideration should be given to the installation of over-

load warning devices. It is anticipated that a code of practice
will be prepared on the safe installation and use of the
hoists covered by this standard.
BS 7212 makes recommendations for the selection of
appropriate types of hoist, for laying down safe systems
of work and for the management and planning of the
installation, testing, examination, operation and mainte-
nance of all construction hoists as well as giving guidance
on the selection and training of erectors and operators.
Appendix A lists legislation, regulations and related
documents that may be applicable to electric hoists.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself
confer immunity from legal obligations.
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- BSIB S X 4 L i 6 5 89 II l b 2 4 6 b î 0 1 4 6 0 5 7 8 m
BS 4465 : 1989
Contents
Page Page
Foreword Inside front cover E Basic formula for calculation of C, 50
Committees responsible Back cover F Text deleted
G Certificate of type test for safety gear
50
51
I
Specification
Section one. General Tables
1 Scope 2 1 List of loads 3
2 Definitions 2 2 Load combinations 3
3 Design considerations 2 3 impact factors 3
4 Design wind pressures 4
Section two. Structural design and construction 5 Force coefficients C, 5
4 Loads and load combinations 3 6 Shielding factors @ 5
5 Selection of steel, minimum thickness and 7 Basic stresses in structural members 9
working stresses 6 8 Values of Robertson constant (Y for struts of
6 Stresses in structural components 8 various sections 10
7 Basic stresses in connections 21 9 Values of Fcripfor steels complying with
8 Proportions of structural components, plates BS 4360 11
and web stiffeners 24 10 Values of K I 13
9 Fluctuating loads: permissible fatigue stresses 29 11 Values of K2 13
12 Values of A and 5 t o be used for calculating
Section three. Mechanical design and construction values of C, ?5
36 13 Basic stress Pbc,bas for different values of
10 Hoist cage and enclosure
36 critical stress C, 16
11 Hoistway enclosure and gates
36 14 Basic average shear stress Pq,bas in stiffened
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12 Interlocking of gates
13 Rope suspension 37 webs of steel complying with Ei5 4360 18
14 Rack and pinion suspension system 38 15 Basic stresses in welds 22
15 Driving machinery 38 16 Basic stresses in rivets as a percentage of Y, 24
16 Brake 39 17 Effective lengths of parts in compression 24
17 Counterweights 39 18 Effective lenath with no lateral bracing 26
18 Safety gear 40 19 Maximum width of plates in compression 27
19 Overspeed governors 40 20 Projection of unstiffened compression flange
20 Buffers 40 plates 27
21 Hoist cage overrun 41 21 Values of P for fluctuating stresses for various
22 Safety switches 41 classes of constructional details 31
23 Guarding 41 22 Size of perforation or opening in cage enclosure
24 Notices 42 related to clearance 36
23 Clearance between turns of rope on helically
Section four. Electrical design and construction grooved drums 38
24 Type of safety gear for counterweights 40
25 Mains supply isolating switch
43 25 Governor tripping speeds 40
26 Cables and wiring 43
27 Protection against the effects of external
influences 43 Figures
28 Earthing 43 1 Conversion chart for wind speed and pressure 6
29 Control circuits, panels, equipment and systems 43 2 Definitions: aerodynamic slenderness, section
30 Suppression of radio and television interference 45 ratio, solidity ratio and spacing ratio 7
3 Design throat thickness of fillet welds 23
Section five. Testing 4 Design throat thickness of deep-penetrátion
31 General 46 fillet welds 23
5 Effective length with lateral bracing 25
Section six. Instruction manual 6 Typical class E weld details 32
48 7 Typical class F weld details CI"
ClJ
32 General
8 Typical class F and class G weld details 94
9 Typical class G weld details 35
Appendices
10 Angle of fleet 37
A Legislation and related documents 49
I B Text deleted
49 Index 52
C Derivation of design wind pressures 49
D The use of steels of higher tensile strengths than
r
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B S I B S * 4 4 b 5 i39 m Lb24669 O346060 4 m
BS 4465 : 1989
Specification, Section one
Section one. General
2 Scope 2.8 rated speed. The speed of the hoist cage for which the
equipment has been built and for which normal operation
is guaranteed by the vendor.
This British Standard specifies requirements for the design
and construction of hoists that are intended to be used as 2.9 safety gear. A mechanical device for stopping and
temporary installations during construction work. They are maintaining stationary on the guides the hoist cage or
primarily intended for the carriage of personnel but may counterweight in the case of overspeeding in the downward
also carry materials. The hoist cage is restrained against direction.
lateral movement by a guide or guides and is suspended or
2.10 stopping distance. The distance the cage will fall
supported by either steel wire ropes or a rack and pinion(s).
during a safety gear test, measured from the point of
The maximum speed of travel of the hoist cage is 2 m/s.
release of the stationary cage to the point of arrest.
NOTE. The titles of the publications referred t o in this standard are
listed on the inside back cover. 2.11 terminal stopping switch. A switch or combination of
switches arranged to bring the cage to rest automatically
a t or near a terminal landing, independently of the func-
2 Definitions tioning of the operating control device.
2.12 tower. A structure that supports and guides the cage
For the purposes of this British Standard the following
definitions apply. (and the counterweight when provided) within the tower
structure.
2.1 in service. A condition when the cage(s) is in any
position other than at the lowest landing position of i t s
2.13 ultimate limit switch. An emergency switch arranged
to stop the hoist automatically, in the event of the cage
travel (whether it is laden or unladen), and when the
travelling a predetermined distance beyond a terminal
cage(s) i s a t the lowest landing position and laden.
landing.
2.2 text deleted
2.3 mast. A structure that supports and guides the cage 3 Design considerations
(and the counterweight when provided) outside of the mast
structure. 3.1 Design features
2.4 out of service. A condition when the cage(s) i s a t the All components shall be correctly designed and of sound
lowest landing position and unladen. construction using materials that are free from patent
defects and that are of adequate strength and suitable
2.5 passenger. Any person, including the driver, transported quality. The construction and reliability of the equipment,
by a hoist. in whole or part, shall be appropriate to its intended use,
2.6 progressive safety gear. A safety gear in which decelera- operating environment and design life.
tion is effected by a braking action, and for which special Materials used in the construction of the hoist shall not
provisions are made so as to limit the forces on the sus- support combustion.
pended part to a permissible value.
3.2 Accessibility
2.7 rated load. The load for which the equipment has been
built and for which normal operation is guaranteed by the The hoist shall be designed, constructed and installed in
vendor. such a manner that periodic examination, testing, mainte-
nance or repairs may be readily and safely carried out.
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BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Section two. Structural design and construction

O
4 Loads and load combinations Table 3. Impact factors
4.1 Loads and load combinations to be considered in design
Rope suspended masses 1.25
4.1.1 General. The structure as a whole and each part of it Progressive safety gear application 1.40
including ties shall be designed t o withstand the loads listed Rack and pinion suspended masses 1.40
in table 1 in the combinations given in table 2. Collision with resilient buffers:
(a) rope suspended cages 2.0
Tab!o 1. List of loads see note
(b) rack and pinion supported cages
Symbol Description of load
NOTE. Take into account the kinetic energy of the drive
unit when calculating the impact factor. Such factors can
Loads due to static components, e.g. masts, be in excess of I O .
ties and other appendages
Loads due to moving components, e.g. cage, 4.1.4 Wind loads
d counterweight, ropes, moving cables 4.1.4.1 Windaction. It shall be assumed that the wind can
blow horizontally from any direction a t a constant velocity,
Rated load and that there is a static reaction to the loadings it applies
to a hoist structure.
(L2 + L g ) x impact factor
4.1.4.2 Windpressure. The dynamic wind pressure shall be
(L2 x impact factor) + ( L 3 x impact calculated from
factor x load spectrum factor) q = O.613Vs2
where
Load due t o in-service wind acting horizontally
in any direction on the mast or tower, cage anc q is the dynamic pressure (iii N/m2 1;
auxiliary items when applicable V, is the design wind speed (in rn/s).
Load due to out-of-service wind acting A conversion chart covering V, in knots, mile/h and m/s,
horizontally in any direction on the mast or and g in Ib/ft2, [\i!ni2 and kgf/m2 is given in figure 1.
tower, cage and auxiliary items when 4.1.4.3 Design wind conditions. Two design wind condi-
appl icable tions shall be taken into account in calculating wind loads
on hoists, as follows.
(a) In-service wind. This is the wind pressure, irrespective
Table 2. Load combinations (see 5.3)
of height, in which the hoist is designed to operate.
a (1) Hoist in use without wind

(2) Hoist in use with in-service wind
The wind loadings, which shall be assumed to be applied
in the least favourable direction in combination with the
appropriate service loads specified in 4.1.1, shall be not
(3) Hoist in out-of-service condition less than the pressures specified in table 4.
(4) Hoist being erected or dismantled
(b) Out-of-service wind. This is the wind pressure that a
(5) Hoist cage in collision with overrun hoist is designed to withstand when in an out-of-service
buffers condition.
(6) Hoist with application of safety gear
For hoists used in the UK, the out-of-servicewind
(7) Fatigue check (for each member in
pressures specified in table 4 shall be used as the basis
which fluctuating stresses occur
of design.
when tested in accordance with
clause 9) 4.1.4.4 Wind load calculations. For mcst complete and
part structures, and individual members used in hoist
4.1.2 Impact factor, In calculating live loads in members of structures, the wind load shall be calculated from:
the structure, forces due to moving masses, inertia forces f =AqCf
and shock shall be multiplied by an impact factor (see where
table 1). The appropriate impact factor shall be as given in
table 3. f i s the wind load (in N);
A is the effective frontal area of the part under
4.1.3 Loadspectrum factor. The load spectrum factors K, consideration, i.e. the shadow area of i t s solid parts
required t o take account of the state of loading of the hoist
a throughout its lifetime, as used in the treatment for fatigue
design as specified in clause 9, shall be as follows:
g
projected onto a plane perpendicular to the wind
direction (in m2);
is the wind pressure corresponding t o appropriate
(a) masses of constant magnitude, e.g. cages, 1 .O design condition (in N/m2);
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.p
c (b) masses of variable magnitude, e.g. payload, 0.6 Cf i s the force coefficient in the direction of the wind,
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6s 4465 : 1989
Section two
NOTE. I t is acceptable f o r A and Cf for specific designs to be and DV, 2 6 m2/s where D is the diameter of the section in
determined by full scale experimental testing. metres) the appropriate force coefficients shall be applied
The total wind load on the structure shall be taken as the to the corresponding frontal areas.
sum of the loads on i t s component parts. 4.1.4.6 Multiple members, multiple frames, etc: shielding
In calculating wind moment for out-of-service conditions, factors. Where parallel frames or members are positioned so
either: that the windward parts have a shielding effect on those
(a) the wind pressure a t the top shall be taken as behind them, the wind load on the unsheltered parts shall
constant over the entire height of the structure; or be calculated from the formula given in 4.1.4.4, takingA as
the area in square metres of the windward frame or member
(b) the structure shall be divided into the horizontal
plus the unsheltered parts of those behind it. The wind load
zones of assumed constant pressure given in table 4 and on sheltered parts sha¡l be calculated from:
the appropriate value used for each zone.
F, = AsqCf @
4.1.4.5 Individual members, single lattice frames, etc: force where
coefficients. Force coefficients for individual members,
single lattice frames, machinery houses, cages, etc. shall be q and Cf are as defined in 4.1.4.4;
as given in table 5. F, i s the wind load on the sheltered parts (in N);
NOTE. The values for individual members vary according to the A, is the area of the sheltered parts under consideration
aerodynamic slenderness and, in the case of large box sections, (in m');
with the section ratio. Aerodynamic slenderness and section ratio
are defined in figure 2. @ is the shielding factor given in table 6 according to the
Where a frame is made up of flat-sidedand circular sections, solidity ratio of the front frame and the spacing
or of circular sections in both flow regimes (DV, 6 m2/s < ratio; these ratios are defined in figure 2.
Table 4. Design wind pressures
Height
In-service' Out-of-service*
AI¡ zonest Zone 17 Zone 2 t
N/m2 N/m2 N/m2

Parts of hoist under 30 m from ground level 250 731 1167
Parts of hoist over 30 m and up to 60 m 250 868 I 384 1625 1884

from ground level
Parts of hoist over 60 m and up to 90 m

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from ground level

from ground level 250 I 998 I 1593
from ground level
~~
Parts of hoist over 150 m and up to 200 m 1102 1759 2064 2394
from ground level
*See appendix C for details of the in-service and out-of-service wind speeds and the methods used to calculate the design pressures.
tZone 1 : Greater London.
Zone 2: Remainder of England and most of Wales and the southern half of Northern Ireland (see also zone 3).
Zone 3: Lowlands of Scotland, the extreme south-western tip of Wales and most of the northern half of Northern Ireland
(see also zone 4 ) .
Zone 4: Highlands and Islands of Scotland and the extreme northern tip of Northern Ireland.
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BSI BSm4465 87 W 11624669 Ol146063 T
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 5. Force coefficients Cf
Description I Aerodynamic slenderness 116 or 110'
15 10 20 30 10 50
Individual Rolled sections, rectangular hollow sections, 1.3 1.35 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.8
members flat plates, fabricated box sections with
b and D not greater than 0.5 m
Section
ratio
b/d*
Fabricated box sections with b or d >2 1.55 1.75 1.95 2.1 2.2
greater than 0.5 m 1 1.4Q 1.55 1.75 1.85 1.9
0.5 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.35 1.4

0.25 Q.8 0.9 0.9 1.o 1.o
Circular sections:
where DV, < 6 mZ/s Q.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 1.o 1.1
where DV, 2 6 m2/s Q.60 O. 65 0.70 0.70 0.75 0.8
Flat-sidedsections 1.7
Single
lattice Circular sections:
frames where DV, 6 m2/s < 1.2
where D Vs2 6 mz/s 0.8
Cages Rectangular clad structures 1.Q

and
counter-
weights,
etc.
*See figure 2.
4.1.4.7 Lattice towersofsquare crosssection. In calculating N O T E 2. Attention is drawn t o the fact that the laws or require-
the 'face-on' wind load on square towers, the solid area of ments of a country may require the inclusion of earthquake forces.
the windward face shall be multiplied by the following Such forces should be determined in accordance with those require-
ments and included in the loads t o be considered in design.
overall force coefficients:
for towers composed of flat-sided sections 1.7q(1 + $1 Table 6.Shielding factors
for towers composed of circular sections
where D V, < 6 m2/s 1.29(1 +@I Spacing
ratio" ~
Solidity ratio* A/AJ
where DV, 2 6 m2/s 1.4q a/b 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 a0.6
The value of $ shall be taken from table 6 for a/b = 1
according to the solidity ratio of the windward face. Q.5 0.75 0.4 0.32 0.21 0.15 0.1
The maximum wind load on a square tower, which occurs l.Q 0.92 0.75 0.59 0.43 0.25 0.1
when the wind blows on to a corner, shall be taken as 2.0 0.95 0.8 0.63 0.5 0.33 0.2
1.2 times the face-on load. 4.0 1 0.88 0.76 0.66 0.55 0.45
5.Q 1 0.95 0.88 0.81 0.75 0.68
4.2 Loads due to climatic conditions and natural 6.0 1 1 1 1 1 1
phenomena
For conditions of service outside the UK, loads due to wind, *See figure 2.
snow and temperature variation shall be taken into account
as appropriate.
NOTE 1. These should be the subject of agreement between the
purchaser and the manufacturer.
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B S I BS*114b5 87 W l b 2 4 b b î OlLibOb4 I
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Velocity V
Dynamic
pressure
Figure 1. Conversion chart for wind speed and pressure
NOTE, For further information regarding selection of steels to

5 Selection of steel, minimum thickness counter brittle fracture see chapter 2 of BS 449 : Part 2 : 1969.
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and working stresses

5.2 Minimum thickness of plates and sections
5.1 Selection of steel The proportioning of members of hoist structures shall
5.1.1 Steel shall be selected from either: follow from consideration of the stresses engendered by
(a) structural steels complying with BS 4360; or service conditions, and shall have regard to other practical
considerations including the requirements of manufacturing
(b) other steels, provided that the hoist manufacturer processes, vulnerability to accidental damage, the incidence
shows that they have comparable properties to steels of corrosion in relation to protective coatings used, etc.
complying with BS 4360 and they have been subjected NOTE. This standard does not impose minimum thicknesses.
to equivalent tests. Attention is drawn to the requirements laid down in BS 4395 for
the thicknesses of members a t joints made with high strength friction
5.1.2 Where thicknesses of steel are specified that exceed grip bolts.
the maximum values given in BS 4360 for Charpy V-notch
impact tests, the impact value derived from standard t e s t 5.3 Permissible working stresses
pieces shall be not less than that given in BS 4360 for the
The calculated stresses in each part of the structure due to
type of steel under consideration on the standard test piece.
the load combinations listed in table 2 shall not exceed any
5.1.3 Where hoists are to be used a t low temperatures such of the following.
that brittle fracture might occur, the material used for load- (a) Under load combination (1). The basic stress
bearing members shall have specified low temperature multiplied by the duty factor 0.95.
impact properties, adequate to meet the service conditions
(b) Under load combination ( 2 ) . The basic stress
inherent in the design.
multiplied by the duty factor 1.07.
5.1.4 For temperate or tropical conditions, steels having no (c) Under load combination ( 7 ) . The permissible fatigue
specified impact properties are acceptable, with the excep- stress.
tion of the following, which shall not be used unless impact
(d) Under separate load combinations (3),(4), ( 5 )
or other tests show that the material is suitable for service:
and (6). The.basic stress multiplied by the duty factor
(a) plates and sections above 30 mm thickness where 1.36.
brittle fracture might occur under tension loads;
(b) plates and sections above 25 mm thickness where
brittle fracture under tension loads would result in major
structuraI co I Iapse.
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BSI B S * 4 4 b 5 8 9 = 1624bbï 014bOb5 3 H
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
length of member I l
Aerodynamic slenderness =
breadth of section across wind front
= - or
b D
-
breadth of section across wind front b
Section ratio = =-
(for box sections) depth of section parallel to wind flow d
(a) Aerodynamic slenderness and section ratio
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I I
L I
Solidity ratio
A
- =
area of solid parts (shown shaded) - ZAmembers
As enclosed area bX1
(b) Solidity ratio
distance between facing sides --a

Spacing ratio =
breadth of member across wind front b
(cl Spacing ratio
Figure 2. Definitions: aerodynamic slenderness, section ratio, solidity ratio and spacing ratio
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BSI BS*q4L5 i39 B L b 2 4 b b î OL4bObb 5

BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
6 Stresses in structural components s is the slenderness ratio (= l / r ) ;

so is the limiting slenderness ratio for stub columns
6.1 Individual members, rolled sections, hollow sections (= 0 . 2 7 f ~ E / Y s ) ;
and members with plated webs: verification relative to the r is the radius of gyration ab'out the appropriate axis;
yield stress 1 is the effective length relative to the same axis,
6.1.1 Basic stresses, Basic stresses for steels complying with as defined in 8.1.
BS 4360 for use in the application of this standard shall Tabulated values of Fc,ip for the range of steels covered by
comply with 6.1.2 to 6.1.8. BS 4360 are given in table 9 for the values of a given in .
NOTE I.In general, the basic stress is expressed as a proportion table 8.
of the yield stress of the grade of steel under consideration.
The formulae for deriving basic stresses and tabulated values are
For slenderness ratio less than so, ïcrip= Y,.
both given. The effective and maximum widths of plates in compres-
NOTE 2, Members subjected to secondary stresses. Relaxations in sion are specified in 8.2.1 and 8.2.2 respectively.
some of the requirements of 6.1.2 to 6.1.8 are allowed in cases
where secondary stresses are calculated and taken into account in
The slenderness ratios for any strut shall be obtained by
the design (see 6.3). dividing i t s effective length I as given in 8.1 by the minimum
radius of gyration r of any cross section within the middle
I f steels with higher tensile strengths than those of BS 4360
third of the length. Where the end fixing conditions of the
steels are used, the specific'requirements of appendix D
strut in the X and Y planes are different, i t s effective lengths
shall be met.
in these planes will also differ.
6.1.2 Members subject to simple axial tension (see 5.3).
6.1.4 Members subject to bending (see 5.3)
The basic tensile stress Pat,bas (in Nimm') shall not exceed
the value 6.1.4.1 Areas in tension. The basic tensile bending stress
Pat,bas (on net section) = O.6Ys &bas (in N/mm2) shall not exceed the following values:
where for plates, flats, tubes, rounds,
square and similar sections
Y, is the yield stress of the steel under consideration bending about their minor axis;
(in N/mm2 1.
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for rolled beams, channels

Tabulated values of Pat,bas for the range of steels covered by
angles and tees, and for plate
BS 4360 are given in table 7. girders with single or multiple
The maximum widths of tension flange plates with stiffened webs with:
or unstiffened edges are specified in 8.2.3.
d l lt not greater than 85 for
6.1.3 Members subject to simple axial compression steel of grade 43;
(see 5.3). The basic compressive stress Pac,bas shall not dl l t not greater than 75 for
exceed Pat,bac as defined in 6.1.2 or the value (in N/mm2) steel of grade 50;
obtained from d l lt not greater than 65 for
steel of grade 55;
Pac,bas = 0.6Fcrip
where for plate girders wlth single
or multiple webs with:
Fcrrpis the applied stress a t failure of a member
(in N/mm2 1 d l lt greater than 85 for stec
of grade 43;
subjected to overall flexural buckling due to axial compres- d l lt greater than 75 for steel
sion as given by the equation: of grade 50;
dl lt greater than 65 for steel
of grade 55;
where where
7T2 E Y, is as defined in 6.1.2 and dl and t are as defined in
Co is the Euler critical stress = -
S2 table 7 for parts in bending. Tabulated values of
Pbt,bas for the range of steels covered by BS 4360
Y, i s the yield stress of the steel under consideration;
are given in table 7.
for sections fabricated from plate by welding,
the yield stress Y, is reduced by 25 N/mm2. The maximum widths of tension flange plates with stiffened
NOTE. This provision need not be applied to welded compound or unstiffened edges are specified in 8.2.3.
rolled sections or to rolled sections with welded flange cover plates.
6.1.4.2 Areas in compression
E is Young's modulus (= 205 O00 N/mmz 1;
6.1.4.2.1 Maximum widths of plates. The maximum widths
7) is the Perry coefficient (= a(s - so) x but not
of plates in compression shall be as specified in 8.2.2.
less than zero),
a is the Robertson constant from table 8;
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- 2003; British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards
Y 8 Document provided by IHS Licensee=/5943408001, User=, 09/28/2003 00:03:18 MDT
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BSI B S U 4 4 b 5 8 3 m I b Z q b b ï OL4bOb7 7 m
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
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B S I BS*44b5 A9 Is L b 2 4 b b î OZitbObA '
i
BS 4465 : 1989
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Section two
6.1.4.2.2 For sectional shapes with I , equal to or greater

Table 8. Values of R o b e r t s o n constant a for struts
than I , .
Where
of various sections
I y is t h e m o m e n t of inertia of t h e w h o l e section a b o u t
Type of section Thickness of Axis of (Y t h e axis l y i n g in t h e plane of bending ( t h e y-y axis), a n d
flange or plate buckling
I, is t h e m o m e n t of inert ia of t h e w h o l e section a b o u t
Rolled I section xx 2.0 t h e axis n o r m a l t o t h e plane of bending (t he x-x axis),
(universal beams, UB) YY 3.5 t h e basic compressive bending stress shall not exceed t h e
value of &bas given in 6.1.4.1.
Rolled H section Up t o 40 m m xx 3.5
(universal columns, YY 5.5 6.1.4.2.3 For sectional shapes with I, smaller than I,.
UC) (see note 1 ) Over 40 mm xx 5.5
YY 8.0 6.1.4.2.3.1 WhereI, a n d I x a r e a s d e f i n e d in6.1.4.2.2,
t h e basic compressive bending stress shall not
Welded plate I or H Up t o 40 m m xx 3.5 exceed Pbt,bas as defined in 6.1.4.1, or t h e value of &,bas
sections YY 5.5 corresponding to C,, t h e crit ical stress in t h e compression
(see notes 1, 2 and 3) Over 40 mm xx 3.5 element ( i n N/mm') calculated as set out in 6.1.4.2.3.2
YY 8.0 a n d 6.1.4.2.3.3.
Rolled I or H sections xx 3.5 6.1.4.2.3.2 F o r sections with a single web, including I
w i t h welded flange YY 2.0 sections with st if f ened or unst if f ened edges, channels,
cover plates angles, tees, etc., but excluding I sections where t h e thi.ck-
(see notes 1 and 4) ness of one flange is m o r e t h a n 3 t imes t h e thickness of t h e
ot her flange, t h e critical stress C, shall b e calculated as
Welded box sections Up t o 40 mm 3.5
follows.
(see notes 1 , 3 and 5) Over 40 m m 5.5
(a) Where t h e flanges have equal m o m e n t s of inertia
Rolled channel 5.5 a b o u t t h e v-v axis
I .
sections, rolled angle

sections and T-bars C s = ( 1 6 4 4 ~ ) ' J{lt$(-$)'} =A
(rolled or,cut f ro m
UB o r UC) except t h a t t h e value of C, shall be increased by 20 % for
r o l l e d beams, channels, a n d plat e girders provided t hat:
Hot-rolled structural 2.0
hollow sections T / t is not greater t h a n 2;
d l/ t is not greater t h a n 85, for steel of grade 43
Rounds, square and U p t o 40 mm 3.5 c o m p l y i n g with BS 4360;
flat bars Over 40 m m 5.5
(see note 1) dl / t is not greater t h a n 75, for steel of grade 50
c o m p l y i n g with BS 4360;
Compound rolled 5.5 dl /t is not greater t h a n 65, for steel of grade 55
sections (t wo or more c o m p l y i n g with BS 4360;
I, H or channel
sections, I section where
plus channel, etc.) 1 is t h e effective length of t h e compression flange
(see 8.1.3);
T w o rolled angle, 5.5
r, is t h e radius of gyrat ion a b o u t t h e y-y axis of t h e
channel or t e e section!
back-to-back gross section of t h e member, a t t h e point of
m a x i m u m bending m o m e n t ;
T w o rolled sections 5.5 D- is t h e overall d e p t h of member, a t t h e point of
laced or battened m a x i m u m bending m o m e n t ;
Composite members 2.0 T is t h e effective thickness of t h e compression
of closed lattice flange; i.e. K I x mean thickness of t h e horizon ta l
construction portion of t h e compression flange a t t h e point
of m a x i m u m bending m o m e n t .
NOTE 1. For thicknesses between 40 mrn and 50 rnrn the value of
Pcrlpmay be taken as the average of the value for thicknesses less NOTE. For rolled sections, i = Ki X thickness given i n
than 40 rnm and the value for thicknesses greater than 40 rnrn. reference books, The coefficient K1 makes allowance for
NOTE 2. For welded plate I or H sections where it can be reduction in thickness or breadth of flanges between
guaranteed that the edges of the flanges will only be flame-cut, points of effective lateral restraint and depends on N ,
( Y =3.5 may be used for buckling about the y-y axis for flanges up the ratio of the total area of both flanges a t the point of
to 40 mm thick and a = 5.5 for flanges over 40 mrn thick. least bending moment to the corresponding area a t the
NOTE 3, Yield strength for sections fabricated from plate by weld. point of greatest bending moment between such points
ing reduced by 25 N/mrn*. of restraint.
NOTE 4. To qualify under the category 'rolled I or H section with dl a n d t are as def ined in table 7 for parts in bending.
welded flange cover plates' the widths of the flange and the plate
have to be within the greater of 25 rnm or 25 % o f the larger width Flanges shall not b e reduced in breadt h to give a value
If the smaller width i s less than 25 % o f the larger, the category
'welded plate I or H sections' shall apply, otherwise tho category of N lower t h a n 0.25.
shall be taken as 'rolled I section' or 'rolled H section' as appro-
priate,
NOTE 5. 'Welded box sections' include those fabricated from four
plates, two angles or an I or H section and two plates but not box
sections composed of two channels or plates with welded longi-
tudinal stlffeners.
J-- -
10
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at 1-800-451-1584.
B S I BS*1(465 89 W L b Z 4 6 b 9 0346069 O W
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
for steels complying with BS 4360

Table 9. Values of Fcrip
~ ~
Slenderness ratio Ilr ûrade 43 steel with a yield Grade 50 steel with a yield Grade 55 steel with a yield
itress in N/mm2 of: stress in N/mm2 of: stress in N/mm2 of:
215 230 245 280 325 340 355 400 415 430 450
Limiting slenderness ratio so below which Fcrip= Y,
19 19 18 17 16 15 15 14 14 14 13
--
(a) (Y = 2.0 (see 6.1.3) N/mm2 iV/mm2 \/mm2 \/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mmz
SO 215 230 245 !80 325 340 355 400 41 5 430 450
20 213 228 243 277 322 337 350 394 409 424 444
30 208 223 237 !7 1 314 329 342 385 399 413 432
40 203 217 23 1 264 305 319 33 1 372 386 399 417
50 197 210 224 254 293 306 317 354 366 378 394
60 190 202 214 242 276 288 297 327 337 346 358
70 180 191 202 226 253 262 268 290 296 302 310
80 168 178 186 !O5 225 230 234 248 251 255 259
90 155 162 168 181 194 198 200 208 210 212 215
1 O0 139 145 149 158 166 169 170 175 176 278 179
110 124 128 131 137 143 144 145 148 149 150 151
120 110 112 115 119 123 124 124 127 127 128 129
130 97 99 101 104 106 107 108 1 o9 110 110 111
140 86 87 89 91 93 93 94 95 95 96 96
150 77 78 79 80 82 82 83 83 84 84 84
160 68 69 70 71 72 73 73 74 74 74 74
170 61 62 63 64 65 65 65 66 66 66 66
180 55 56 56 57 58 58 58 59 59 59 59
190 50 51 51 52 52 52 53 53 53 53 53
200 46 46 46 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 48
210 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 44
220 38 38 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40
230 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37
240 32 33 33 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34
(b) (Y = 3.5 (see 6.1.31
SO 215 230 245 280 325 340 355 400 415 430 450
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
20 21 1 226 241 275 320 334 346 390 405 419 439
30 204 218 232 265 307 321 332 374 388 402 420
40 195 209 222 253 292 305 316 354 367 380 396
50 186 198 21 1 239 275 286 295 329 340 351 365
60 175 186 198 223 253 263 270 297 306 314 325
70 163 173 183 203 228 235 241 260 266 272 279
80 150 158 166 182 201 206 210 223 227 231 235
90 136 143 149 161 174 178 181 190 192 195 197
1 O0 123 128 132 141 151 153 155 161 163 164 166
110 110 113 117 124 130 132 133- 138 139 140 141
120 98 101 103 108 113 114 115 118 119 120 121
130 87 89 91 95 99 1O0 1 O0 103 104 104 105
140 78 79 81 84 87 88 88 90 90 91 92
150 70 71 72 75 77 77 78 79 80 80 81
160 63 64 65 67 68 69 69 70 71 71 71
170 57 57 58 60 61 62 62 63 63 63 .64
180 51 52 53 54 55 55 56 56 57 57 57
190 47 47 48 49 50 50 50 51 51 51 52
200 43 43 44 44 45 46 46 46 46 47 47
210 39 39 40 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 43
220 36 36 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 39
230 33 33 34 34 35 35 35 35 36 36 36
240 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33
at 1-800-451-1584.
BSI B S x 4 4 6 5 8 9 II Lb24bb9 OL4bO70 7
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 9 (concluded)
Slenderness ratio ilr Grade 43 steel with a yield Grade 50 steel with a yield Grade 55 steel with a yield
stress in N/mm2 of: stress in N/mm2 of: stress in N/mm2 of:
215 230 245 280 325 340 355 400 415 430 450
Limiting slenderness ratio so below which Fcrip= Y,
19 19 18 17 16 15 15 14 14 14 13
(c) (Y = 5.5 (see 6.1.3: Nlrnm' N/rnrn2 N/mrn2 N/mm2 N/rnrn2 Nlrnrn' N/mrn2 Nlrnrn' N/rnrn2 N/rnrn2 N/rnm2
SO 215 230 245 280 325 340 355 400 415 430 450
20 210 224 239 273 317 33 1 342 385 399 414 433
30 198 21 1 225 257 298 31 1 32 1 36 1 374 387 405
40 186 198 21 1 240 277 289 298 334 345 357 373
50 173 185 196 222 254 265 272 303 313 322 336
60 160 170 180 202 230 238 244 268 276 283 293
70 147 155 164 182 204 21 1 215 233 239 244 251
80 133 140 147 162 179 184 187 200 204 2 08 213
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
90 120 126 131 143 156 159 162 171 174 177 180
1O0 108 112 117 126 135 138 140 147 149 150 153
110 96 1O0 104 111 118 120 121 126 128 129 131
120 86 89 92 97 103 105 106 1o9 111 112 113
130 77 80 82 86 91 92 93 96 96 97 98
140 69 71 73 77 80 81 82 84 85 85 86
150 63 64 66 68 71 72 73 74 75 76 76
160 57 58 59 61 64 64 65 66 67 67 68
170 51 52 53 55 57 58 58 59 60 60 61
180 47 48 49 50 52 52 53 54 54 54 55
190 43 44 44 46 47 47 48 49 49 49 49
200 39 40 40 42 43 43 43 44 44 45 45
210 36 37 37 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 41
220 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 37 37
230 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 34 34 34
240 29 29 29 30 31 31 31 31 32 32 32
(d) (Y = 8.0 (see 6.1.3

SO 215 230 245 280 325 340 355 400 41 5 430 450
20 207 222 236 270 313 327 336 378 393 407 426
30 191 204 217 248 287 300 308 346 358 37 1 388
40 175 187 199 226 261 272 279 312 323 334 348
50 160 170 181 204 234 244 249 277 286 295 306
60 145 154 163 183 208 215 220 242 249 255 264
70 131 139 146 163 182 189 192 209 214 219 225
80 118 124 130 144 159 164 167 179 183 187 191
90 106 111 116 127 139 142 145 154 157 160 163
1O0 95 99 103 112 121 124 126 133 135 137 139
110 85 88 92 99 106 108 110 115 117 118 120
120 76 79 82 87 93 95 96 1O0 102 103 104
130 68 71 73 78 82 84 85 88 89 90 91
140 62 64 66 69 73 74 75 78 79 80 80
150 56 58 59 62 66 66 67 69 70 71 71
160 51 52 54 56 59 60 60 62 63 63 64
170 46 47 49 51 53 54 54 56 56 57 57
180 42 43 44 46 48 49 49 50 51 51 52
190 39 40 41 42 44 44 45 46 46 46 47
200 36 37 37 39 40 40 41 42 42 42 43
210 33 34 34 36 37 37 37 38 39 39 39
220 31 31 32 33 34 34 34 35 35 36 36
230 28 29 29 30 31 32 32 32 33 33 33
240 26 27 27 28 29 29 29 30 30 30 31
-- ----------
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BSI B S m 4 4 b 5 B ï W L b 2 4 b b ï O l 1 4 b 0 7 1 9
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Values of K2 for different values of M are given in

table 11.
NOTE. For tees and angles, M = O and K2 = - 2 .
M 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
N 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Ka 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0
Ki 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
Table 12 gives values of A and B for different ratios of
llr and D I T t o be used for calculating C, (in N/mm2).
Table 13 gives values of for different values of C,.
6.1.4.2.3.3 For sections other than those described
in 6.1.4.2.3.2:
(a) where the section i s symmetrical about the x-x axis,
C5 shall be calculated from the formula given in appen-
= A + K2B dix E;
where (b) where the section is not symmetrical about the
I , rv and D are as defined in (a); x-x axis, C, shall be calculated using either:
T is the effective thickness of flange; (1) the formula given in 6.1.4.2.3.2,which will give
i.e. K1 x mean thickness of the horizontal portion conservative values; or
of the flange of greater moment of inertia about (2) more precise methods.
the y-y axis of the member a t the point of
maximum bending moment, where K1 is obtained 6.1.5 Members subjected to shear (see 5.3)
from table IO;
K2 is a coefficient to allow for inequality of tension
6.1.5.1 Rolled beams, channels, anglës and tees. The basic
average shear stress Pq,bas (in Nimm') on the effective
and compression flanges, and depends on M ,
sectional area shall not exceed the value
the ratio of the moment of inertia of the com-
pression flange alone to that of the sum of the Pq,bas = 0.37Ys
moments of inertia of the compression and where
tension flanges, each calculated about i t s own Y, is as defined in 6.1.2.
axis parallel to the y-y axis of the member, a t the
point of maximum bending moment. Tabulated values of Pq,bes for the range of steels covered by
NOTE. For flanges of equal moment of inertia M = 0.5 and
BS 4360 are given in table 7,
K 2 = O. For tees and angles M = 1 .O and K 2 = 0.5. 6.1.5.2 Solid web plates. Solid web plates and stiffeners
Values of K2 for different values of M are given in shall be proportioned in accordance with 8.3.
table 11. The basic average shear stress Pq,bas (in Nimm') on the
(c) Where the moment of inertia of the tension flange effective sectional area of a solid web shall not exceed the
about the Y-Y axis exceeds that of the compression flanne value given in 6.1.5.1 or that given by the following
equations.
For grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360
For grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360

where
2, rv and D are as defined in (a);
T and K2 are as defined in (b);
Y, i s the distance from the neutral axis of girder to
extreme fibre in compression; For grade 55 steel complying with BS 4 3 6 0
Yt is the distance from the neutral axis of girder to
extreme fibre in tension.
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
13
at 1-800-451-1584.
BSI B S m 4 4 b 5 8 9 E Lb24bb9 0 3 4 6 0 7 2 O E
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
where 6.1.7.1.3 Members subjected to bending and axial tension

a is the greater clear dimension of the web in a panel, shall be so proportioned that
not greater than 270t;
-
fat
+ -fbt
<I
b is the lesser clear dimension of the web in a panel,
Pat Pbt
not greater than 180t;
where
t is the thickness of web.
fat is the calculated axial tensile stress;
Tabulated values of Pq,bas for stiffened webs for varying
ratios of depth of panel d t o thickness of web t and various Pat is the permissible tensile stress in axially .Jaded
spacings of stiffeners are given in table 14 for the range of tension members (see 5.3 and 6.1.2);
steels covered by BS 4360. The depth of panel d is defined fbt is the calculated maximum tensile stress due to
as follows. bending about both principal axes;
For webs without horizontal stiffeners, d is the clear dis- Pbt is the permissible tensile stress in bending (see 5.3
tance between flange angles or, where there are no flange and 6.1.4).
angles, between flanges (ignoring fillets); where tongue
6.1.7.1.4 Members subjected to shear and bending shall be
plates having a thickness not less than twice the thickness
so proportioned that the equivalent stress fe (in N/mm2)
of the web plate are used, d is the depth of the girder
calculated from
between the flanges less the sum of the depths of the tongue
plates or eight times the sum of the thicknesses of the fe = d ( f b , " + 3fqz)or from
tongue plates, whichever is the less. fe = d ( f b 2 + 3fq2)
For webs with horizontal stiffeners, d is the clear distance is not greater than Pe
between the tension flange (angles or flange plate or tongue where
plate) and the horizontal stiffener.
fq is the calculated shear stress;
6.1.6 Memberssubjected to bearing (see 5.3). The basic fbt and fbc are as defined in 6.1.7.1.3 and 6.1.7.1.2
bearing stress Pb,bas (in N/mm2) on fiat surfaces and on the respective I y;
projected area of fixed axles and pins shall not exceed the
Pe is the permissible equivalent stress (in N/mm2 1
value
(see 5.3 and 6.1.7.2).
Pb,bas = 0.80Ys
6.1.7.1.5 Members subjected to shear, bearing and bending,
where
shall be so proportioned that the equivalent stress f e
Y, is as defined in 6.1.2. (in N/mm2) calculated from
Tabulated values of Pb,bas for the range of steels covered by fe = d ( f b : +fb +fbtfb + 3fq2)
BS 4360 are given in table 7.
or from
6.1.7 Members subjected to a combination of stresses fe = d ( f b , " + fb2 - f b c f b + 3 f q 2 )
6.1.7.1 Proportioning of members is not greater than Pe
6.1.7.1.1 Members subjected to a combination of coexis- where
tent bending and axial loads shall be designed in accordance fb is the calculated bearing stress;
with 6.1.7.1.2 and 6.1.7.1.3; those subjected to a combina- f q , fbc, fbt and Pe are as defined in 6.1.7.1.4.
tion of shear and other stresses shall be designed in
6.1.7.2 Basic equivalent stress. The basic equivalent stress
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
accordance with 6.1 -7.1.4 and 6.1.7.1.5.

Pe,bas (in N/mm2) due to a combination of shear and other
6.1.7.1.2 Members subjected to bending and axial compres- stresses shall not exceed the value
sion shall be so proportioned that
Pe,bas = 0.93 Ys
fac fbc
I
t- < I where
pac pbc Ys is as defined in 6.1.2.
where Tabulated values of Pe,bas for the range of steels covered by
BS 4360 are given in table 7. (See also note 3 to table 7.)
fac is the calculated axial compressive stress;
Pa, is the permissible compressive stress in axially 6.1.8 Members with flanges subjected to transverse bending
loaded compression members (see 5.3 and 6.1.3); stress. The design of members subjected to this type of .
loading shall take into account both the longitudinal and
fbc is the calculated maximum compressive stress due to transverse bending stresses.
bending about both principal axes;
NOTE. A suitable method is that given for the design of overhead
Pbc is the permissible compressive stress in bending, runway beams in BS 2853.
using the lesser value when bending occurs about
both axes (see 5.3 and 6.1.4).
at 1-800-451-1584.
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 12. Values of A and B to be used for calculating values of C,
\ A (see flotes 1 and 2)

- - - - ?
.see
O 4 6 8 !O !5 10 I5
-
10 50
- - IO- 100
80
-
lote 3)
ilmm2 i/rnm2 NImrn2 ihm2 h m z J/mmz J/mmz iI/mmz dlrnm2 q/mm2 V/rnm2 u/rnrn2 d/rnm2 JImrn2 d/rnm2 U/mmz
25 8276 954 177 1 ,656 ,581 i528 1490 1431 1399 1379 1366 2351 1343 1335 1331 $324
30 i919 i616 3440 1330 1256 1205 1167 i109 3077 3058 3045 3030 1022 i014 3010 3003
35 ,087 802 2634 1528 !456 !406 !369 !312 !280 !261 2248 2233 !225 !217 l213 !206
40 ,534 '266 2107 !O05 935 '886 1850' I794 I763 I743 1731 1716 708 I700 I696 I689
45 145 893 1742 644 577 529 1494 1439 I408 I389 I376 1361 I353 1345 1341 1335
50 858 622 1478 384 319 273 1239 I184 1154 I135 1123 1108 i 100 I092 1088 1081
55 639 416 1279 189 127 ,082 1049 996 966 947 935 920 912 904 900 893
60 466 256 1126 040 980 936 904 852 822 804 792 777 769 761 757 751
65 327 129 1005 922 864 822 791 740 711 693 681 666 658 650 646 640
70 212 025 907 827 772 731 700 65 1 622 604 592 578 570 562 558 552
75 116 938 826 7 50 696 657 627 579 550 533 52 1 507 499 49 1 487 480
80 034 865 758 685 633 595 567 519 492 474 463 449 441 433 429 422
85 964 803 701 63 1 581 544 516 470 443 426 414 400 392 384 381 374
90 903 750 652 584 536 50 1 473 428 402 385 374 360 352 344 340 334
95 850 703 609 544 498 463 437 393 367 350 339 325 318 310 306 299
1O0 802 662 572 509 464 431 405 363 337 32 1 310 296 288 281 277 270
110 722 593 509 452 410 378 354 313 289 273 262 249 24 1 234 230 223
120 657 537 460 406 366 337 314 275 252 237 226 213 206 198 194 188
130 603 492 419 369 332 304 282 245 223 208 198 185 178 170 167 160
140 557 453 385 338 303 277 256 22 1 199 185 175 163 156 148 144 138
150 518 420 357 312 279 254 235 201 180 166 157 145 138 130 127 120
160 484 392 332 290 259 235 216 ia4 164 151 142 130 123 116 112 106
170 454 368 311 271 24 1 219 201 170 151 138 129 117 111 104 1O0 94
180 428 346 292 254 226 204 187 158 140 127 118 107 1O0 93 90 83
190 405 327 275 239 212 192 176 148 130 118 1o9 98 92 85 81 75
200 384 310 261 226 201 181 166 138 121 110 101 91 84 77 74 68
210 365 294 248 215 190 171 156 130 114 103 95 84 78 71 68 61
220 348 280 236 204 181 163 148 123 107 96 89 78 72 66 62 56
230 332 268 225 195 172 155 141 117 101 91 83 73 67 61 57 51
240 318 256 215 186 164 148 134 111 96 86 79 69 63 57 53 47
250 305 246 206 178 157 141 128 106 91 81 74 65 59 53 50 43
260 293 236 198 171 151 135 123 101 87 78 71 61 56 49 46 40
270 282 227 190 164 145 130 118 97 83 74 ô7 58 53 46 43 37
280 272 219 183 158 139 125 113 93 80 71 64. 55 50 44 41 34
290 262 211 177 152 134 128 1o9 89 77 68 61 53 47 41 38 32
300 254 204 171 147 129 116 105 86 74 65 59 50 45 39 36 30
- -- - - - - - - - - - - -- -
NOTE 1. The value of A i s as follows.
2 1 IT 2
A = ( 1 6 4 41 k ) d
1 1 + 20 rvD - (-) )
NOTE 2. Where flanges are equal and of constant cross section C, = A .
NOTE 3. The value of 8 is as follows.
2
8= (16442)
I
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I .
at 1-800-451-1584.
BSI BS*114b5 8 9 L b 2 4 b b î OL4b0711 4 M
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 13.Basic stress Pbc,bac for different values of critical stress C, (see also table 7)
ï)-,c,bas for steels complying with BS 4360
Grade 43 steel with a yield Grade 5 0 steel with a yield Grade 5 5 steel with a yield
stress in N/mm2 of: stress in N/rnm2 of: stress in N/mm2 of:
215 230 245 280 325 340 355 400 415 430 450
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
20 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
30 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17
40 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22
50 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
60 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 33
70 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 37 38 38
80 38 38 39 40 41 41 41 42 42 42 43
90 41 42 43 44 46 46 46 47 47 47 48
1 O0 45 46 47 48 50 50 51 52 52 52 53
110 48 50 51 52 54 55 55 56 57 57 57
120 52 53 54 56 58 59 60 61 61 62 62
130 55 56 57 60 63 63 64 65 66 66 67
140 58 59 61 64 67 67 68 70 70 71 71
150 60 62 64 67 70 71 72 74 75 75 76
160 63 65 67 70 74 75 76 78 79 80 80
170 65 67 70 74 78 79 80 82 83 84 85
180 67 70 72 77 81 82 83 86 87 88 89
190 70 72 75 79 84 86 87 90 91 92 93
200 71 74 77 82 88 89 90 94 95 96 97
21 o 73 76 79 85 90 92 94 98 99. 1 O0 101
220 75 78 81 87 94 95 97 1 o1 102 104 105

230 77 80 83 90 96 98 1 O0 105 106 107 1 o9
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
240 78 82 85 92 99 101 î 03 108 110 Ill 112

250 80 83 87 94 102 I04 106 111 113 114 116
260 81 85 89 96 104 107 1 o9 115 116 118 120
270 82 86 90 98 107 1 o9 112 118 119 121 123

280 84 88 92 101 110 113 115 122 124 126 128
290 86 91 95 104 113 I16 119 126 129 131 133
300 88 93 97 106 116 120 123 130 133 135 138
310 90 94 99 1 o9 119 I23 126 134 137 139 142
320 91 96 101 111 122 I26 129 138 141 143 147
330 93 98 103 113 125 129 132 141 144 147 151
340 95 1 O0 105 115 127 I31 135 145 148 151 155
350 96 101 106 117 130 I34 138 148 151 154 158
360 97 103 108 119 132 I36 140 151 155 158 162

16
-
T
at 1-800-451-1584.
BSI B S m 4 4 6 5 8 9 l b 2 4 b b 9 OlYb075 b M
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 13 (concluded)
Pbc,bas for steels complying with BS 4 3 6 0
Grade 4 3 steel with a yield Grade 5 0 steel with a yield Grade 5 5 steel with a yield
stress in N/mm2 of: stress in N/mm2 of: stress in N/mm2 of:
215 230 245 Zao 325 340 355 400 41 5 430 450
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
370 99 104 1o9 121 135 139 143 154 148 161 165
380 1O0 106 111 123 137 141 145 157 161 164 169
390 101 107 112 125 139 143 148 160 163 167 172
400 102 108 114 126 141 145 150 162 166 170 175
420 105 111 116 129 145 149 154 167 171 176 181
o 440
460
480
107
1o9
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
132
135
137
148
151
154
153
157
160
158
162
165
172
176
180
176
181
185
181
185
190
186
191
196
500 112 119 125 140 157 163 168 184 189 194 200
520 114 121 127 142 160 166 171 188 193 198 204
540 115 122 129 144 163 169 174 191 196 202 208
560 117 124 131 146 165 171 177 194 200 205 212
580 118 125 132 148 167 174 180 197 203 208 216
600 120 127 134 150 170 î 76 182 200 206 212 219
620 121 128 135 152 172 178 184 203 209 215 222
640 122 129 137 153 174 180 187 205 21 1 217 225
660 123 131 138 155 176 182 189 208 214 220 228
680 124 132 139 156 177 184 191 210 217 223 23 1
700 125 133 141 158 179 186 193 213 219 225 234
720 126 134 142 159 181 188 195 215 22 1 228 236
740 127 135 143 161 182 189 196 217 223 230 238
760 128 136 144 162 184 191 198 219 226 232 24 1
e 780
800
850
1.29
130
132
137
138
140
145
146
148
163
164
167
185
187
190
193
194
198
200
20 1
205
22 1
223
227
228
229
234
234
236
24 1
243
245
250
900 134 142 150 169 193 20 1 209 231 238 245 255
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
950 135 144 152 172 196 204 212 235 242 249 259
1O00 137 145 154 174 199 207 215 238 246 253 263
1050 138 147 156 176 20 1 209 217 24 1 249 257 267
1100 140 148 157 178 203 21 1 220 244 252 260 270
1150 141 150 159 179 205 214 222 247 255 263 273
1200 142 151 160 181 207 216 224 249 258 266 276
1300 144 153 163 184 211 220 228 254 262 27 1 282
1400 146 155 165 187 214 223 232 258 267 275 287
1500 148 157 167 189 217 226 235 262 27 1 279 29 1
1600 149 159 169 191 219 229 238 265 274 283 . 295
1700 151 160 170 193 222 23 1 24 1 268 277 286 298
1800 152 162 172 195 224 233 243 27 1 280 290 302
1900 153 163 173 196 226 236 245 274 283 292 305
2000 154 164 174 198 228 237 247 276 286 295 308
a
i
17
at 1-800-451-1584.
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 14. Basic average shear stress Pq,bac in stiffened webs of steel complying with BS 4360
(see also 6.1.5.2 and table 7)
(a) Grade 4 3 steel complying with BS 4360
dit ..
Pa.bar
~. for different distances between stiffeners
- -
0.2d 0.3d 0.4d 0.5d 0.6d 0.7 d 0.8d 0.9d 1 .Od l.ld 1.2d 1,3d 1.4d 1.5d
- -
Nlrnrn' Nimm' Nimm' Nimm' Nimm2 Nlrnrn' Nlrnm' Nlrnrn' Nimm' Nlrnrn' Nimm' Nimm' Nimm2
70 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91
75 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91
ao 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91
a5 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91
90 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91
95
1O0
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
-
91
90
91
a9
90
a9
105 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 90 a9 aa a7
110 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 90 a9 a7 86 86
115 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 9190 a9 a7 76 a5 a4
120 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 90 a9 a7 86 a5 83 83
125 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 a9 aa 86 a5 a3 a2 81
-
130 91 91 91 91 91 91 90 aa a7 a5 a3 82 ai ao
135
140
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
-
91
90
a9
a7
a7
86
86
a4
a4
82
82
80
ao
79
79
78
7a
77
150 91 91 91 91 91 a5 83 a2 ao 78 76 75 74
160 91 91 91 91 89 86 83 E1 79 77 75 73 72 71
170 91 91 91 91 a7 a4 BI 79 77 75 72 71 69 68
iao 91 91 91 a9 a5 ai 79 76 75 72 70 68 66 65
190 91 91 91 aa a3 79 76 74
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
200
210
91
91
91
91
-
91
90
86
a4
ai
79
77
75
74
72
72 The stepped line applies t o steels of
Y, = 280 N/mm2 and 245 N/mm2 for which
220 91 91 a9 a3 7a 73 70 the maximum value of Pq,bas is 91 N/rnm'
230 91 91 a7 ai 76 71
For steels of Y, = 230 N/mm' the maximum
240 91 91 86 79 74 69 value of Pq,basis 85 N/mm'
250 91 91 a5 72 67
260 91 91 83 76 70 For steels of Y, = 215 N/mm' the maximum
270 91 90 a2 75 68 value of Pq,basis 77 N/mm2
-
6.2 Lattice girders and trusses: verification relative to effective slenderness ratios as defined in 6.1.3 for the
the yield stress lattice as a whole. The basic stress shall not exceed the
value of Pac,bas given in 6.1.3.
6.2.1 Design procedure, For lattice members, design
verification relative to the yield stress shall be carried out 6.2.2.3 Subjected to bending
in accordance with 6.2.2 to 6.2.4:
6.2.2.3.1 Lattice box girders. For lattice box girders having
(a) for the lattice as a whole; an Ur, not exceeding 140 and a depth-to-breadth ratio not
(b) for the individual members comprising the lattice. exceeding 6, the basic stress Pat,bas and Pac,bas shall not
NOTE. Secondary stresses in lattice girders and trusses. Relaxations exceed the value of Pat,basas given in 6.1.2 (where 1 and r y
in some requirements of 6.2.2 to 6.2.4 are allowed in cases where are as defined in 6.1.3). Lattice box girders having a depth-
secondary stresses are calculated and taken into account in the to-breadth ratio exceeding 6 shall be designed as lattice
design (see 6.3).
trusses. The girder shall be stiffened to prevent distortion
6.2.2 The lattice as a whole of the cross-sectional shape when the girder deflects.
6.2.2.1 Subjected to axial tension. The lattice shall be 6.2.2.3.2 Lattice trusses. For lattice trusses, and lattice box
designed as an axially loaded tie. The basic stress shall not girders having a depth-to-breadth ratio exceeding 6, the main
exceed the value of Pat,bas given in 6.1.2. compression members shall be designed as axially loaded
struts using the basic compressive stresses Pac,bas given
6.2.2.2 Subjected to axial compression. The lattice shall in 6.1.3 and the effective lengthsspecifiedin 8.1. The main
be designed as an axially loaded Strut Using the maximum tension members shall be designed as axially loaded ties.
4 -
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BSI B S * Y Y h 5 87 sl l b 2 4 b b 7 03Yb077 T
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 14 (continued)
(b) Grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360
Pq,bas for different distances between stiffeners
dlt
-
0.2d 0.3d 0.4d 0.5d 0.6d l.7d l.8d L9d 1.0d 1.ïd 1.2d 1.3d 1.4d 1.5d
-
Nlmm' Nlmrn' Nlmm' Nlmm' Nlmm' d/mm2 Jlrnrn' Umm' Nlmm' Nlmm' Nlmm' Nlmm' Nlmm' Nimm'
70 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 131
131 -
131
75 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 --
131
131 130
80 131 131 131 131 131
131
131 131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
-
131
129
129
130
127
127
126 125
85 131 131 131 131 131
-
90 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 -
131 129 127 125 123 122
95 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 I30 129 126 124 122 121- 119
131 131 I28 127 124 122 120 118 117
m 1O0
105
110
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
-
I30
I29
I27
I26
I24
124
122
122
119
119
117
117
115
116
113
114
111
115
120
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
-
131
130
I28
I26
I25
I23
I22
I20
120
118
117
115
114
112
112
1.10
110
108
1o9
106
125 131 131 131 131 129 I24 121 I18 116 112 110 107 105 103
130 131 131 131 131 127 I22 I19 I16 114 110 107 105 102 101
135
140
131
131
131
131
131
131
-
131
130
125
124
121
119
117
115
I14
112
111
1o9
108
105
105
102
102
1O0
1O0
97
98
95
150 131 131 131 127 120 115 111 I07 105 101 97 94 92 90
160
170
131
131
131
131
-
131
129
124
121
117
114
111
I08
I07
I03
103
99
1O0
96
96
92
93
88
89
84
87
82
85
79
180 131 131 127 118 110 I04 99 95 92 87 83 79 76 74
190 131 131 124 115 107 I O0 95 91
-
200 131 131 122 112 104 97 91 86 The stepped line applies to steels of
210
220
131
131
-
131
129
119
117
1o9
106
1O0
97
93
89
87
83
Y, = 355 N/mm' for which the maximum
value offq,bas is 131 N/mm2
230 131 127 115 103 94 86
For steels of Y, = 340 N/mm2 the maximum
240 131 125 112 IO0 90 82 value of fq,bas is 126 N/mm'
0 250
260
131
131
123
121
110
107
98
95
87
84
78
For steels of Y, = 325 N/mm' the maximum
270 121 120 105 92 80 value of Pq,bas is 120 N/mmz
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The basic stresses shall not exceed the value of Pat,bas given fh is the calculated maximum compressive stress due
in 6.1.2. to bending about the principal axes of the lattice
as a whole;
6.2.2.4 Subjected to axial tension and bending, and axial
compression and bending. The lattice shall be so propor- Pbc is the permissible compressive stress in bending
tioned that in the tension chord members based upon the value of the basic stress given in
table 7 for parts in bending (tension or compression).
fat fbt
- +-<I 6.2.3 Individual members of a lattice
Pet Pbt
where 6.2.3.1 The basic stresses in the individual members of a
lattice shall not exceed those given in 6.1.
fat, Pat, fbt,Pbt are as defined in 6.1.7.1.2.
In the compression chord members 6.2.3.2 I n the case of an individual member subjected to
axial compression due to loadings applied to the lattice as
fac fbc
- +1.1 - < I a whole a t panel points, the total compressive stress in the
Pac pbc member shall not exceed the permissible stress correspond-
ing to the effective slenderness of the member between
a where
fac is the calculated axial compressive stress;
panel points as given in 8.1.
6.2.3.3 In the case of an individual member subjected to a
-
Pa, is the permissible axial compressive stress
- correspondingt o the maximum effective

slenderness ratio of the lattice as a whole;
combination of bending stresses due t o loads applied to the
member between panel points and axial stresses due to
at 1-800-451-1584.
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 14 (concluded)
(cl Grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360
dit Pq,bas for different distances between stiffeners
0.2d 0.3d 0.4d 0.5d 0.6d 0.7 d 0.8d 0.9d 1 .Od l.ld 1.2d 1.3d 1.4d 1.5d
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Nlmm' Nimm2 Nimm' Nimm2 Nimm2 Nimm' Nimm' Nlmm2 Nimm2 Nimm2 Nimm2 Nimm' Nimm2 N/mm2
70 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167
75
80
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
166
- 166
167
164
162
85 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 164 162 161 159
90
95
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
166
-
167
164
164
161
161
158
159
156
157
154
156
152
1 O0 167 167 167 167 167 167 166 164 161 158 155 153 151 149
105 167 167 167 167 167 167 164 161 159 155 152 149 147 145
110 167 167 167 167 167 165 161 158 156 152 149 146 144 142
115
120
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
-
167
166
163
161
159
156
156
153
153
150
149
146
146
143
143
140
141
137
139
135
125 167 167 167 167 164 158 154 150 148 143 140 137 134 132
130 167 167 167 167 162 156 151 148 145 140 137 133 131 128
135 167 167 167 167 160 154 149 145 142 137 133 130 127 125
140 167 167 167 165 158 151 146 142 139 134 130 127 124 121
150 167 167 167 161 153 147 141 137 134 128 124 120 117 115
160 167 167 167 158 149 142 136 132 128 123 118 114 111 108
170 167 167 165 154 145 137 131 126 122 117 112 108 104 101
180 167 167 161 150 141 133 126 121 117 111 106 101 97 94
190 167 167 158 147 136 128 121 115
-
200 167 167 155 143 132 123 116 110 The stepped line applies t o steels of
210 167 167 152 139 128 119 111 Y, = 450 N/mm2 for which the maximum
220 167 164 149 135 124 114 106 {alue of Pq,bas.iS 167 N/mmz
230 167 I62 146 132 119 1 o9
240 167 I60 143 128 115 104 {alue o f Pq,bas is 159 N/mm2
250 I67 I57 140 124 111 1 O0
260 I67 I55 137 121 107 For steels of Y, = 415 fl/mm2 the maximum
270 I67 I52 134 117 102 {alue of Pq,bas is 154N/mm2
-
value of Pq,bap is 148 N/mm2
loadings on the lattice as a whole at panel points, the com- subject to the limitation that
bined stress formulae given in 6.1.7.1.2 and 6.1.7.1.3 shall
fac.
be used. - < 1.0
Pac
6.3 Secondary stresses where
Secondary stresses shall be added to the coexistent fac, Pac,fbc and Pbcare as defined in 6.1.7.1.2.
(primary) stresses in the individual members and shall be (b) Members subjected to axial tension and bending
checked in accordance with the following.
NOTE. For the purposes of this standard, stresses in the individual
members of lattice or braced structures that are the result of
fat
-+ -<
fbt
1.20
Pat Pbt
eccentrlcity of connections, elastic deformation of the structure,
and rigidity of joints are defined as secondary stresses. Where subject to the limitation that
secondary stresses are computed and added to the coexistent fat
(primary) stresses calculated in accordance with 6.1 and 6.2 higher -< 1.0
stress levels are permitted. Pat
(a) Members subjected to axial compression and bending where
fac fbc fat,Pat, f b t and Pbt are as defined in 6.1.7.1.3.
- t -< 1.20
,.
\- 20 at 1-800-451-1584.
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
*
7 Basic stresses in connections the weld metal relative to the parts joined shall also be
allowed for when calculating the strength.
7.1 Welds The specified penetration of such a weld shall be not less
than 2 4 t ' where t ' is the thickness (in mm) of the thinner
7.1.1 General. All welding on loadbearing structures shall
part joined.
be carried out in accordance with BS 5135.
7.1.3.3 The throat thickness of a partial-penetration butt
7.1.2 General butt welds
weld welded from both sides shall not be taken as more
7.1.2.1 All butt welds shall be made using a type of than the total depth of penetration relative to the surfaces
electrode (or other welding consumable) that will produce of the thinner part joined. Except where it can be shown
all-weld tensile test specimens as specified in BS 709 having that greater penetration can consistently be achieved,
both a yield strength and a tensile strength not less than the depth of penetration from each side shall not be taken
that of the parent metal. as more than the depth of grooved weld preparation on that
side in the case of a J or U weld, or more than the depth of
Where electrodes complying with BS 639 are used to weld
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
groove less 3 mm in the case of a V or bevel weld.

steel complying with BS 4360 the matching electrodes for
a butt welds are as follows.

Steel grade in BS 4360 Classification of electrodes
complying with BS 639
Where the weld metal is placed asymmetrically relative t o
the axis of the parts joined, the adverse effect of the
eccentricity shall also be allowed for when calculating the
43 E43 R strength of the weld.
50 E51 B The specified penetration from each side of such a weld
WR 50 E51 B* shall be not less than 2 4 t ' where t ' is thethickness (in rnm)
55 E51 B of the thinner part joined.
Electrodes for use with grade 55 steel shall have a minimum 7.1.3.4 The basic strength of a compound weld comprising
all-weld yield stress of 450 N/mm' and a minimum tensile a partial-penetration butt weld reinforced by a f i l l e t weld
strength of 550 N/mm2. shall be calculated as for a deep-penetration fillet weld
(see 7.1.4.3).
7.1.2.2 The basic strength of a butt weld shall be taken as
equal t o that of the parent metal, provided that the weld 7.1.4 Fillet welds
complies with 7.1.2.1.
7.1.4.1 The effective throat thicknessa, of a fillet weld
7.1.2.3 Intermittent complete-penetrationbutt welds shall (other than a deep-penetrationfillet weld covered by 7.1 A.3)
be used only to resist shear. The effective length of an shall be taken as the maximum perpendicular distance from
intermittent weld shall be taken as i t s overall length minus the root of the weld to a straight line joining the fusion
2t', where t' is the thickness (in mm) of the thinner part faces that lies within the cross section of the weld (as shown
joined. The minimum effective length of any such weld shall in figure 3). However a , shall not be taken as more than
be not less than 4t' or less than 40 mm, and the longitudinal 0.7Sw, where S , is the effective leg length of the weld as
0 space between the effective lengths of weld shall be not
more than 12t'.
defined by the figure (or the average if the legs are unequal).
7.1.4.2 Fillet welds shall not be considered capable of
NOTE. Where fatigue is a design criterion, intermittent butt welds
are not t o be used.
transmitting primary loadings between connecting parts the
fusion faces of which form an angle of more than 120 o or
7.1.3 Butt welds with partial penetration less than 60 O , except in the case of hollow sections contin-
uously welded around the periphery, where the normal
7.1.3.1 A continuous partial-penetration butt weld welded
limitations are 150 o and 30 O , which can be exceeded
from one side only or from both sides can be used provided
subject to proof of efficiency (see appendix D of BS 5135 :
that it is not subjected to a bending moment about the
1974).
longitudinal axis of the weld other than that resulting from
the eccentricity of the weld metal relative t o the parts 7.1.4.3 Deep-penetrationfillet welds shall be used only
joined or from secondary moments. where it can be shown that the required penetration can
A partial-penetration butt weld welded from one side only consistently be achieved, for example by automatic welding
shall not be subjected to any loading that would cause the processes. The depth of penetration d , shall be measured
root of the weld to be in tension if failure due to such as shown in figure 4 and shall be a t least 2 mm. The effec-
tension would be liable to be progressive and lead to struc- tive leg length S
, and the design throat thickness a , shall
tural collapse unless it can be demonstrated that proper be taken as shown in the figure.
attention has been paid to the detailed design of the joint, 7.1.4.4 The maximum stress in a fillet weld shall be taken
and testing and operational experience have shown this as the vector sum of the stresses due to all forces and
detail to be satisfactory. moments transmitted by the weld, each based on a thick-
a ness equal to the design throat thickness.a
,
-
7.1.3.2 The throat thickness of a partial-penetration butt
weld welded from one side only shall be taken as the depth The basic stress Pw,bas in a fillet weld, based on a thickness
of penetration and the adverse effect of the eccentricity of equal to the design throat thickness,a , shall not exceed
-
0.3U,,, where U,, is the tensile strength of the electrode or
, ~*Special electrodes
. may be necessary to suit weather-resisting steel.
at 1-800-451-1584.
BSI BS*44b5 8 9 3624669 0346080 T
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
other welding consumable based on all-weld tensile t e s t s as 7.2 Basic stresses for bolts, studs and rivets
specified in BS 709. However Pw,bas shall not be taken as
more than O.3Us,where Us is the minimum ultimate tensile 7.2.1 Bolts and studs
strength of the parent metal. 7.2.1.1 Friction grip bolts. These bolts shall comply with
Where electrodes complying with BS 639 are used to weld BS 4395 : Parts 1,2 and 3 and shall be fitted in accordance
steel complying with BS 4360, the basic weld stresses Pw,bas with BS 4604 : Parts 1,2 and 3.
given in table 15 shall apply. In the design of joints using friction grip bolts, the duty
factor (see 5.3) shall be taken as 1.0 irrespective of the
Table 15. Basic stresses in welds hoist classification.
7.2.1.2 Precision bolts
Steel grade Electrodes complying with BC 639
in BS 4360 7.2 1.2.1 General. Precision bolts shall be turned or cold
Classif ication Classif ication Classification finished and fitted into reamed or drilled holes whose
E43 R E51 B E51 0 diameter shall not exceed the diameter of the bolts by
more than 0.4 mm.
use = use = use
430 N/mm2 510 N/mm2 550 N/mm2 7.2.1.2.2 Bolts in tension
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 7.2.1.2.2.1 Bolts not tightened by controlled means.

The basic permissible tensile stress Pat,bas a t the root of the
43 118 126 126 thread for these bolts shall not exceed
50 118 144 144
WR 50 118 141" 141* pat, bas = 0.4 YR 0.2
55 118 147 162t where
Y,,, is the yield stress or 0.2 % proof stress of the
*I47 N/rnm2 for structural hollow sections of grade WR 50. material.
tThis applies only when electrodes with a minimum yield Where there is a fluctuating load or a reversal of load across
stress of 450 N/mm2 and a minimum tensile strength of the joint, the number of bolts or studs required shall be
550 N/mm2 are used.
determined in accordance with 9.7 except in the case of
bolts or studs having a yield stress in excess of 250 N/mm2.
7.1.4,5 The effective length of a discontinuous run of In such cases, the difference between the stresses corres-
fillet weld shall be taken as the overall length less 2Sw. ponding to fmaxand f,i, shall be not greater than 10 % of
The effective length of a fillet weld required to transmit the ultimate tensile strength of the material and the mean
primary loading shall be not less than 40 mm or less than stress shall be not greater than 15 % of the ultimate strength
4SW. of the material.
7.1.4.6 The space along any one edge of an element 7.2.1.2.2.2 Bolts tightened by controlled means. These
between consecutive effective lengths of intermittent fillet bolts shall be tightened by controlled means so that the
welds (other than those interconnecting the components of pretensioned stress Pat a t the root of the thread is not
back-to-back tension or compression members) shall not greater than O.8YR0.2 or less than 0.7YR0.2.
exceed 300 mm nor shall it exceed 16t'for elements in The virtual permissible stress Pat,virta t the root of the
compression or 24t' for elements in tension, where t ' is the thread induced in these bolts by external loading shall not
thickness of the thinner part joined.
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
exceed:
An intermittent fillet weld connecting components subject Pat,virt= 0.48YR0.2 for non-fluctuating loads;
to primary loadings shall extend to the end of the part
Pat,virt= 0.40YR0.2for fluctuating loads.
connected.
7.2.1.2.3 Bolts in shear. The basic shear stress Pq,bas for
7.1.47 Where the end of an element is connected only by the section of the bolt a t the interface of the joint shall not
intermittent fillet welds the transverse spacing of the welds exceed
shall not exceed 200 mm and the length of each weld shall
be not less than the transverse spacing. Pq,bas = 0.375YR 0.2
Where there i s a fluctuating load or a reversal of load across
7.1.4.8 A single fillet weld shall not be subjected to a the joint, the number of bolts or studs required shall be
bending moment about i t s longitudinal axis that is produced determined in accordance with clause 9.
by primary loading.
A single fillet weld shall not be subjected to any loading 7.2.1.2.4 Bolts subjected to combined tension and shear.
A check shall be made that
that would cause the root of the weld to be in tension if
failure due to such tension would be liable to be progressive fat G Pat
and to lead to structural collapse unless it can be demon- fq G Pq
strated that proper attention has been paid to the detailed 4(fat" i-3f42 ) d 1 .2pa,
design of the joint and testing and operational experience
has---
shown this detail to be satisfactory.
- _-_
at 1-800-451-1584.
P
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 3. Design throat thickness of fillet welds
Figure 4. Design throat thickness of deep-penetration

fillet welds
r
at 1-800-451-1584.
--
li ~
B S I BSxll4bS A ï m Lb24bbï 014b082 3 m

BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
1.2.1.2.5 Bolts in bearing. The basic permissible pressure

Table 17. Effective lengths of parts in compression
Pb,bas in the hole shall not exceed the value
Pb, bas = Om9 YR 0.2 Diagrammatic Restraint conditions Effective

where representation length I
YRo,2 i s the yield stress or 0.2 % proof stress for the

bolt or for the joint material, whichever gives the Effectively held in 0.7L
lowest value. position and
restrained in direc-
7.2.1.3 Black bolts other than friction grip bolts. Black tion a t both ends
bolts shall not be used in main members, in shear for joints
in stress-bearing members, or in joints subjected to fatigue.
For other applications of use the basic permissible stresses
shall not exceed:
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Pat,bas = O.4YRo,2 tension

Effectively held in 0.85L
Pq,bas = 0.33 Y R 0.2 shear t position a t both
where ends and restrained
YRo.2 i s as defined in 7.2.1.2.2.1; in direction a t one
end
fm,bas = O.66Y~0.2
bearing
where
YR0,2is as defined in 7.2.1.2.5.
7.2.2 Rivets. The basic stresses for rivets shall be as given Effectively held in 1.OL
in table 16. Where there is a fluctuating load or a reversal of position a t both
load across the joint, the number of rivets shall be deter- ends but not
mined in accordance with clause 9. restrained in
direction
Basic stresses in rivets as a percentage
of yR0.2
I ,
I In tension I In shear I In bearing
1- I
I Type
Power-drivenshop rivets I I I
o: t3.5 90.
t
Effectively held in
position and
1.5L
I I I tion a t one end and

~~
Power-drivenfield rivets 40 40 85" partially restrained

in direction but not
Hand-driven rivets 40 36.5 80* held in position a t
the other
///DL
Effectively held in 2.0L
t position and
tion a t one end but
8 Proportions of structural components, not held in position
plates and web stiffeners or restrained in
direction a t the
8.1 Effective lengths of parts in compression other end
8.1.1 Struts, For the purpose of calculating slenderness

ratio I/r for struts, the effective length (I) given in table 17 8.1.2.2 Where there are no lateral bracings between com-
shall be taken, where L is the actual length of the member pression flanges and no cross frames the effective length
as shown in the appropriate figure of table 17. shall be as shown in table 17.
8.1.2 Single web plate girders and rolled beams Restraint against torsion shall be provided by web or flange
cleats, bearing stiffeners, lateral end frames or other sup-
8.1.2.1 The effective length (I) of the compression flange ports to the end of the compression flanges.
for buckling normal to the plane of the girder to be used ai5
described in 6.1.4.2.3 shall be asgiven in 8.1.2.2 and 8.1.2.3.
at 1-800-451-1584.
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
8.1.2.3 Where there is effective lateral bracing direct to each end, or by their equivalent in welding, the eccentricity
compression flanges the effective length shall be as shown of the connection with respect to the centroid of the strut
in figure 5. can be ignored and the strut designed as an axially-loaded
member. This i s provided that the calculated average stress
does not exceed the allowable stresses derived from the
basic stresses given in 6.1.3 in which 1 is the length of the
strut, between the centres of the fastenings a t each end,
PLan view and r is the minimum radius of gyration.
8.1.3.2.4 Single-angle discontinuous struts intersected by,
and effectively connected to, another angle in cross bracing.
For single-angle discontinuous struts intersected by,
and effectively connected to, another angle in cross bracing,
the effective length in the plane of the bracing shall be taken
LLJ l=l.OL
as in 8.1.3.2.2. In the plane normal to the plane of the
bracing, the effective length 1 shall be taken as the distance
between the points of intersection and the centroids of
Figure 5. Effective length with lateral bracing the main members. In calculating the slenderness ratio,
the radius of gyration about the appropriate rectangular
axis shall be taken for buckling normal to the plane of the
bracing and the least radius of gyration for buckling in the
plane of the bracing.
8.1.3 Lattice structures
8.1.4 Cantilever beams without intermediate lateral support
8.1.3.1 Effective length of a lattice structure as a whole.
Where there is no adequate lateral bracing, the effective 8.1.4.1 The effective length ( 2 ) of cantilever beams of
length shall be taken as the span when considering buckling projecting length L to be used in 6.1.3.2 shall be as follows.
normal to the plane of the member. (a) Built-in at the support
8.1.3.2 Effective lengths of the individual members of a (1) Free a t the end 1 = 0.85 L
lattice structure ( 2 ) Restrained against torsion a t the free
end by contiguous construction 1 = 0.75 L
8.1.3.2.1 Main mast or tower members. For main mast or
tower members the effective length shall be 0.85 times the (3) Restrained against lateral deflection
distance between centres of intersectionof bracing members and torsion a t the free end 1 = 0.50 L
in the plane in which buckling i s being considered. (b) Continuous at the support
Where there is no adequate lateral bracing, the effective (1) Unrestrained against torsion a t
length when considering buckling normal to the plane of the support and free a t the end 1=3L
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0 the structure shall be taken as the span, as in 8.1.3.1.
8.1.3.2.2 Bracing (or web) members axially loaded.
( 2 ) With partial restraint against torsion
a t the support and free a t the end 1=2L
For bracing or web members axially loaded the effective (3) Restrained against torsion a t the
length shall be: support and free a t the end I= L
(a) 0.70 times the distance between centres of inter- 8.1.4.2 For cases ( I ) , ( 2 ) and (3) of 8.1.4.l(b) in which the
section with the main members for buckling in the plane cantilever end i s not free but i s subject to a degree .of
of the mast or tower; and restraint, the effective length shall be multiplied by a factor
(b) 0.85 times the distance between centres of inter- as follows.
section with the main members for buckling normal (a) Where the end is restrained against torsion by
to the plane of the mast or tower. contiguous construction, the effective lengths given
In the case of cross-bracedsystems the effective length of a in 8.1.4.l(b) shall be multiplied by a factor of 0.88.
member shall be taken as 0.85 times the greatest distance (b) Where the end is restrained against lateral deflection
between any two intersections when considering buckling and torsion, the effective lengths given in 8.1.4.l(b) shall
in the plane of the mast or tower. be multiplied by a factor of 0.59.
8.1.3.2.3 Single-angle discontinuous struts connected to 8.1.4.3 For cantilever beams loaded on the compression
gussets or to a section. For single-angle discontinuous struts flange, the effective lengths given in 8.1.4.l(a) and (b)
connected to gussets or to a section, either by riveting or by and 8.1.4.2 shall be increased by a factor of 1.2.
bolting with not less than two bolts in line along the angle a t
at 1-800-451-1584.
, B S I B S * 4 4 b 5 49 L b 2 4 b b î OLqbOBq 7
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Table 18. Effective length with no lateral bracing

~ ~~
Load applied to the tension flange Restraint conditions against Load applied to the compression flange and
lateral bending and torsion both load and flange free to move laterally
of section
I Ends completely restrained
I(
I-
i,
L
r\
1=0.7L I = 0.85 L
Ends partially restrained
1 = 0.85 L I= 1.OL
Ends unrestrained
I = 1.OL I= 1.2L
8.2 Widths of plates ( 3 ) Using grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360

8.2.1 Effective widths of plates in compression. For the for blt’ < 35, the effective width = b
computation of the effective cross-sectional area of a for blt’ > 35, the effective width = 35t’
compression member subjected to the design checks given (b) For as-weldedmembers
in 6.1.3, the effective width of an unstiffened plate, in terms ( 1) Using grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360
of i t s width b measured between adjacent lines of rivets,
for blt’ G 30, the effective width = b
bolts or welds connecting it to other parts of the section, for b l t ’ > 30, the effective width
shall be as follows. = 4 0 t ’ ( b / t ’ - 1 8 ) l ( b l t ’ - 14)
(a) For riveted, bolted or stress relieved welded members
( 2 ) Using grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360
( 1) Using grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360
for blt’ G 27, the effective width = b
<
for blt’ 45, the effective width = b >
for blt’ 27, the effective width
>
for blt‘ 45, the effective width = 45t‘ = 3 4 t ’ ( b / t ’ - 1 5 ) l ( b l t ‘ - 12)
( 2 ) Using grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360 ( 3 ) Using grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360
<
for blt’ 40, the effective width = b for b l t ’ G 23, the effective width = b
.------.-_ for b / t ’ > 40, the effective width = 40t‘ >
for blt‘ 23, the effective width
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
r
,- = q q ‘ ( b / t ’ - 1 3 ) / ( b / t ’ - IO)
~
_?
at 1-800-451-1584.
A
BSI B S * 4 4 b 5 89 m I 1 6 2 4 6 6 7 0146085 9 m
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
In (a) and (b), t' is the thickness of the thinnest plate, or 8.3.1.2 For vertically stiffened webs, The thickness t of the
the aggregate thickness of two or more plates provided web plates shall be not less than:
these plates are adequately connected together. 1/180 of the small clear panel dimension;
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
8.2.2 Maximum width of plates in compression 1/270 of the greater clear panel dimension and d2/200
for grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360 or d2/180
8.2.2.1 The width of a plate, measured between adjacent
for grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360 Ord2/155
lines of rivets, bolts or welds connecting it to other parts of
for grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360;
the section, unless effectively stiffened, shall not exceed the
values given in table 19, where t' is as defined in 8.2.1. where
d2 is twice the clear distance from the compression
Table 19. Maximum width of plates in compression flange angles or plate or tongue plate to the neutral
axis.
Grade of steel Riveted, bolted or As-welded
to BS 4360 stress-relieved welded members
8.3.1.3 For webs stiffened both vertically and horizontally
members and with the horizontal stiffener at a distance from the
~
compression flange of 2/5 of the distance from the com-

43 9ot' 80t' pression flange t o the neutral axis. The thickness t of the
50 80t' 70t ' web plate shall be not less than:
55 70t' 60t' 1/180 of the smaller clear dimension in each panel;
1/270 of the greater clear panel dimension and d2/250
8.2.2.2 Compression flange plates unstiffened a t their for grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360 or d2/225
edges shall not project beyond the outer line of connections for grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360 or d2/190
to the flange angles (or where there are no flange angles to for grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360.
the tongue plates) by more than the values given in table 20, When there is also a horizontal stiffener a t the neutral axis
where t' i s as defined in 8.2.1. of the girder, the thickness t of the web plate shall be not
less than:
Table 20. Projection of unstiffened compression 1/180 of the smaller clear dimension in each panel;
flange plates
1/270 of the greater clean panel dimension and d2/400
Grade of steel Riveted, bolted or As-welded
for grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360 or d2/360
to BS 4360 stress-relieved welded members for grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360 or d2/310
members for grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360;
where
16t' 12t'
d2 is as defined in 8.3.1.2.
14t' 12t'
55 12.5t' 12t' 8.3.2 Web stiffeners for open sections
8.3.2.1 Loadbearing web stiffeners
8.2.3 Maximum widths of plates in tension. In all cases, 8.3.2.1.1 Rolled I beams and channels. For rolled I beams
tension flange plates, stiffened or unstiffened a t their edges, and channels, loadbearing stiffeners shall be provided a t
shall not project beyond the line of connections to the web points of concentrated load (including points of support)
or tongue plates by more than 12t', where t' is as defined where the concentrated load or reaction exceeds the value
in 8.2.1.
Pa, x t x Lb
8.3 Web plates and web stiffeners where
Pa, is the permissible axial stress for struts as given
8.3.1 Minimum thickness of web plates for open sections
in 5.1.3 corresponding to a slenderness ratio of
8.3.1.1 For unstiffened webs, The thickness t of the web 1.7d3/t and (Y = 5.5;
plate shall be not less than: t is the web thickness;
d l /85 for grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360; d3 is the clear depth of web between root fillets;
d l /75 for grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360; Lb is the length of the stiff portion of the bearing plus
d l /65 for grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360; the additional length given by dispersion a t 45 o to
where d l is the clear distance between flange angles or, the level of the neutral axis, and measured along the
where there are no flange angles, between flanges (ignoring neutral axis.
fillets); where tongue plates having a thickness not less than The stiff portion of a bearing is the length that cannot
twice the thickness of the web plate are used, d l is the deform appreciably in bending, and shall not be taken as
depth of the girder between the flanges less the sum of the greater than half the depth of the beam for simply supported
depths of the'tongue plates or eight times the sum of the beams and the full depth of the beam for continuous beams.
thickness of the tongue plates, whichever is the less.
-.
27
at 1-800-451-1584.
BSI B S * 4 4 b 5 89 L b 2 4 b b ï OL4bOBb O m
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
€!.3.2.1.2 Plate girders, For plate girders, loadbearing These stiffeners shall be so designed that
stiffeners shall be provided a t points of support and a t di3 x t3
points of concentrated load where the web would otherwise I > 1.5
be overstressed (see 8.3.2.1.1). s t2
where
8.3.2.1.3 Details of stiffeners, Loadbearing stiffeners shall
I is the moment of inertia of a pair of stiffeners about
be symmetrical about the web, where possible.
the centre of the web, or of a single stiffener about
Loadbearing stiffeners in which the concentrated load the face of the web;
causes compression shall be designed as struts, assuming that
t is the minimum required thickness of the web;
the section consists of a pair of stiffeners together with a
length of web on each side of the centreline of the stiffeners St is the maximum permitted clear distance between
equal to 20 times the web thickness. The radius of gyration stiffeners for thickness t.
shall be taken about the axis parallel to the web of the NOTE.Where, on the basis of requirements of strength, the web
beam or girder and the calculated stress shall not exceed the thickness provided is greater than the minimum required, or the
stiffener spacing is made closer than the maximum permissible,
allowable stress for a strut, assuming an effective length the moment of inertia of the stiffeners need not be correspondingly
equal to 0.7 times the length of the stiffener. increased.
The outstanding legs of each pair of loadbearing stiffeners Intermediate vertical stiffeners, when not acting as load-
shall be so proportioned that the bearing stress on that part bearing stiffeners, can be joggled and can be in pairs placed
of theirarea in contactwith the flange and clear of the root one on each side of the web or single, and shall extend to
of the flange or flange angles or clear of the flange welds the full depth of the web. Unless they are connected to the
does not exceed the bearing stress specified in 6.1.6. flanges, they shall be kept well clear of them.
Loadbearing stiffeners shall be provided with sufficient
rivets, bolts or welds to transmit to the web the whole of
8.3.2.2.2 Horizontal stiffeners. Where horizontal stiffeners
are used in addition to vertical stiffeners they shall be as
the load in the stiffeners.
follows.
Loadbearing stiffeners shall be fitted to provide a tight and
One horizontal stiffener, on one or both sides of the web,
uniform bearing upon the flange transmitting the load or
reaction unless welds are provided between the flange and shall be placed a t a distance from the compression flange
equal to two-fifths of the distance from the compression
stiffener for this purpose. At points of support this require-
flange to the neutral axis when the thickness of the web is
ment shall apply a t both flanges. Where the ends of stiff-
eners are not fitted or connected to the flange, they shall
less than:
be kept well clear of the flange. d2/200 for grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360;
Loadbearing stiffeners shall not be joggled and shall be d2/ I 80 for grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360;
solidly packed throughout. á2/155 for grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360;
When loadbearing stiffeners a t supports are the sole means where
of providing restraint against torsion, the stiffener shall be d2 is the depth of the web as defined in 8.3.1.2.
so proportioned that
The stiffener shall have a moment of inertia I not less than
D 3 TmaxR
4S1t 3 where I and t are as defined in 8.3.2.2.1 and S1 is
’I 250W the actual distance between the vertical stiffeners.
where A second horizontal stiffener, on &e or both sides of the
I is the moment of inertia of the pair of stiffeners web, shall be placed on the neutral axis of the girder when
about the centreline of the web-plate; the thickness of the web is less than:
D is the overall depth of the girder; ú2/250 for grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360;
TmaXis the maximum thickness of the compression d2/225 for grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360;
flange; d2/190 for grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360.
R is the reaction on the bearing; This stiffener shall have a moment of inertia I not less than
W is the total load on the girder. d 2 t 3 where I and t are as defined in 8.3.2.2.1 and dz is as
defined in 8.3.1.2.
8.3.2.2 Intermediate stiffeners Horizontal stiffeners shall extend between vertical stiffeners
8.3.2.2.1 Vertical stiffeners. To limit web buckling, vertical but need not be continuous over them, or connected to
intermediate stiffeners shall be provided throughout the them.
length of the girder a t a distance apart not greater than 8.3.2.2.3 External forces on intermediate stiffeners. When
1.5dl when the thickness of the web is less than d l /85 for vertical intermediate stiffeners are subject to bending
grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360 or d1/75 for moments and shears due to the eccentricity of vertical loads,
grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360 or d l /65 for or the action of transverse forces, the moment of inertia1
grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360,where d l is the of the stiffeners given by 8.3.2.2.1 shall be increased as
depth of web as defined in 8.3.1.1. follows.
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
at 1-800-451-1584.
T - 7 , r'
BSI B S * 4 q b S 8 9 1b2qbb7 O14b087 2

BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
For bending moment on stiffener due to eccentricity of are very much lower than those that would be necessary t o cause
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
fallure under a slngle application. The initiation of fatigue cracks
vertical loading with respect to the vertical axis of the web
is due, primarily, to stress concentrations introduced by the
1.5MD2 constructional details. Discontinultles such as bolt or rivet holes,
increase of I = - welds and other local or general changes in geometrical form set
Et up such stress concentrations from which fatigue cracks may be
For lateral loading on stiffener initiated, and these cracks may subsequently propagate through
the connected or fabricated member.
3PD3
increase of I = -
Et 9.2 Number of stress cycles
.where For calculation purposes the number of stress cycles, N,
M is the applied bending moment; for all members of the structure shall be 5 x IO'.
P is the lateral force to be taken by the stiffener and
9.3 Loads and stresses to be considered
deemed to be applied a t the compression flange of
the girder; 9.3.1 Loads, A verification of the adequacy of structural
.
D i s the overall depth of girder; members for fatigue shall be made on the basis of the load
combinations specified in 4.1.
t is the thickness of web;
9.3.2 Stresses. Under the specified loading combinations
E is Young's modulus (= 205 O00 N/mm21.
the elements of a structure will be subjected to a variety of
8.3.2.2.4 Connection o f intermediate stiffeners to web. stress cycles in which both the degree of stress fluctuation
Intermediate vertical and horizontal stiffeners not subjected and the level of maximum stress will vary. The degree of
to external loads shall be connected to the web by welds or stress fluctuation shall be expressed as the ratio fmlnlfmax
rivets in order to withstand a shearing force (in kN/mm) where fmlni s the minimum stress in the element during a
run between each component of the stiffener and the web, cycle and fmax i s the maximum stress in the element during
of not less than t218h,where t equals web thickness the same cycle. The maximum stress level, whether tension
(in mm) and h equals the projection (in mm) of the stiffener or compression, corresponds to fmax,
component from the web.
9.4 Method
8.3.2.3 Outstand of all stiffeners. Unless the outer edge
The nominal load spectrum factor, K, specified in 4.1,
of each stiffener is continuously stiffened, the outstand
of all stiffeners from the web shall be not more than the according to the state of loading of the hoist, shall be
following: applied to the rated load to make an allowance for the
varying loads handled by the hoist throughout i t s life.
for sections
Using this factored load, the ratio fmlnlfmax shall be
16t for grade 43 steel complying with BS 4360; determined for the extreme conditions of stress that occur
14t for grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360; in a single typical operating cycle due to the combination
12.5t for grade 55 steel complying with BS 4360; of loadings specified in 4.1. The maximum stress thus
for flats determined shall be in accordance with 9.5.
12t for all steels
9.5 Permissible fatigue stress
where
9.5.1 Table 21 gives the permissible tensile and compressive
t is the thickness of the section or flat.
fatigue stresses, Pft and Pfc,according to the number of
stress cycles, the class of constructional detail given in 9.6
9 Fluctuating loads: permissiblefatigue and the ratio fmlnlfmax. The tabulated stresses are
stresses applicable to grades 43, 50 and 55 steels complying with
BS 4360.
s
The value of fmax shall not exceed the appropriate
9.1 Detail design
permissible tensile or compressive fatigue stress, Pft or
All details shall be designed to avoid stress concentrations Pfc, from table 21.
likely to result in excessive reduction of the fatigue strength
Where coexistent bending and shear stresses are present,
of members or connections. Care shall be taken to avoid
the principal stress a t the point under consideration shall
sudden changes of shape of a member or part of a member,
not exceed the appropriate permissible tensile or
especially in regions of tensile stress or local secondary
bending, compressive fatigue stress, P, or Pf,, from table 21.
Except where specifically stated to the contrary, the 9.5.2 Under no circumstances shall fmax exceed the
fatigue stresses permissible under this clause for any permissible working stresses given in 9.3.2 or any lower
stresses which may be required by other clauses in this
particular detail shall apply to all steels.
NOTE. Members subjected t o fluctuations of stress are liable to
suffer from fatigue failure and this may be caused by loads that
-
standard.
7 *- Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document Policy Group
29
at 1-800-451-1584.
BSI B S m 4 4 b 5 8 9 m 1 b 2 4 b b î 0 3 4 6 0 8 8 4
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
9.6 Classes of constructional details (f) Class F

The classes of constructional detail A to G, referred to in (1) Members fabricated with transverse butt welds
table 21, are described below and shown in figures 6 to 9. made on permanent backing material.
(a) ClassA (2) Members fabricated with transverse butt welds
(1) Plain steel in the as-rolled condition with no made by submerged arc welding or manually by
gas-cut edges, deep-penetration methods.
(2) Members fabricated with full-penetration (3) Members fabricated with transverse non-load-
longitudinal or transverse butt welds with the weld carrying fillet or butt-welded attachments.
overfill dressed flush with the plate surface and the (4) Members fabricated with transverse butt welds in
weld proved free from defects by non-destructive which the load is resisted by bending in the plate.
examination, provided also that the members do not (5) Members fabricated with longitudinal non-load-
have exposed gas-cut edges. carrying fillet or butt welded attachments.
Welds shall be dressed flush by machining or grinding, (6) Members fabricated with intermittent longitudinal
or both, which shall be finished in the direction fillet welds.
parallel to the direction of the applied stress. (7) Members fabricated with full-penetration
(b) Class B cruciform butt welds.
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(1) Members fabricated with continuous longitudinal (8) Members fabricated with transverse load-carrying
butt welds with full or partial penetration made with fillet welds.
either a submerged or open arc automatic process but (9) The main chord members of a lattice girder or
with no intermediate stop-start positions within the truss a t the point where a bracing member is
weld length. connected to it by a butt or fillet weld.
(c) ClassC
(9) Class G
(1) Members fabricated with continuous longitudinal (1) Members with intermittent longitudinal non-load-
fillet welds made with either a submerged or open arc
carrying attachments butt or fillet welded to their
automatic process but with no intermediate stop-start
edges.
positions within the weld length.
(2) Members connected by longitudinal load-carrying
(2) Members fabricated with transverse non-load-
fillet welds.
carrying fillet or butt welded attachments with the
weld fully machined. (3) Members with partial-length welded cover plates.
(3) Members of grade 50 or 55 steel complying with (4) The bracing member of a lattice girder or truss a t
BS 4360 fabricated or connected with rivets or bolts. the point where it is connected to a main member by
a butt or fillet weld.
(d) Class D
(5) Members connected by load-carrying cruciform
(1) Members fabricated with full-penetration
fillet welds.
transverse butt welds made in the shop in the flat
position, manual welds not giving deep penetration
9.7 Connections: riveted or bolted
and automatic welds made by a process other than
submerged arc welding. 9.7.1 Connections made with rivets and bolts.. No
(2) Members fabricated with continuous longitudinal allowance for fatigue shall be made in calculating the
fillet welds with stop-start positions within the weld required number of rivets or bolts in a riveted or bolted
length. connection, except that all rivets or bolts subjected to
reversal of stress shall be proportioned for the arithmetical
(3) Members fabricated with transverse non-load-
sum of the load in the member corresponding to fmaxplus
50 % of the load of opposite sign correspondingto fmin.
weld toe lightly ground.
(4) Members fabricated with longitudinal non-load- 9.7.2 Connections made with friction grip bolts. No
carrying fillet or butt welded attachments with the allowance for fatigue shall be made in calculating the
weld ends fully machined. required number of bolts.
(5) Members of grade 43 steel complying with
9.8 Connection: load-carryingfillet welds
BS 4360 fabricated or connected with rivets or bolts.
Load-carrying fillet welds shall be designed such that the
(e) Class E stress on their total effective throat area does not exceed
(1) Members fabricated with longitudinal non-load- the relevant value given for class G in table 21.
weld ends lightly ground. 9.9 Guides and guide rails
(2) Girder webs with stiffeners in regions of 9.9.1 Cage guides, guide rails and their fixings shall
combined bending and shear. withstand all stresses produced by the normal operation of
(3) Members with stud shear connectors. the hoist under the worst loading conditions given in 10.1.2
and 10.1.3,
30 at 1-800-451-1584.
i
BSI B S * l l 4 b S 8 9 W L b 2 4 b b î 014b089 b W
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
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at 1-800-451-1584.
BSI BSU4465 8 9 W L b 2 4 6 6 9 0146090 2 W
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
9,9.2 If safety gears for either cages or counterweights tion of the loads produced by the distribution given
operate on the guide rails, the latter shall be capable of in 10.1.2 and 10.1.3 all simultaneously applied, as follows:
withstanding the additional stresses produced by the (a) vertical load due to live load including impact;
braking force using the factors given in 4.1.2. (b) vertical load due to own mass of the structure;
9.9.3 Where a safety gear operates on the face of a guide (c) horizontal loads due to wind;
rail, that face shall have a surface finish appropriate to the (d) horizontal loads due to cantilever moments of the
type of safety gear. cage or counterweight;
Where vertical members of the mast or tower are used to (e) crushing loads due to the application, when fitted,
guide the cage or counterweight and these members are of safety gear gripping elements to the sides of the mast
made of hollow sections, the wall thickness of the sections members.
shall be designed to resist the most unfavourable combina-
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Figure 6. Typical class E weld details
a
at 1-800-451-1584.
BSI B S m 4 4 b 5 8 9 a Lb24bbî O L 4 b O î L 4
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
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33
at 1-800-451-1584..
BSI BS811465 8 9 W l b 2 4 6 6 9 OL4b092
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
-
Tubular l a t t i c e
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Figure 8. Typical class F and class G weld details
34 at 1-800-451-1584.
BSI B S m 4 4 6 5 8 9 W 3 6 2 4 b b 9 0346093 B =
BS 4465 : 1989
Section two
Figure 9. Typical class G weid details
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at 1-800-451-1584.
BSI B S * 4 9 b 5 49 m L b 2 4 b b î OL4b094 T m
BS 4465 : 1989
Section three
Section three. Mechanical design and construction
1O Hoist cage and enclosure

enclosure related to clearance
10.1 Hoist cage
10,l.l Basic construction. The hoist cage shall consist Maximum size of Minimum clearance from
fundamentally of a frame which shall be designed to
I
comply with the permissible working stresses specified
mm
in 5.3 whilst carrying the loads given in 10.1.2 and 10.1.3.
k 0 22
10.1,2 Load distribution forpersons. The area of the cage
floor shall be not less than 0.2 m2 per person, on the basis > IO,< 13 50
of each person weighing not less than 80 kg (i.e. 400 kg/m2).
10.1.3 Load distribution for materials, The design of the > 13, G 32 1O0
hoist shall take into account the fact that loads could be
> 32, g 38 125
r
such that their distribution will not necessarily be either
symmetrical or uniform (see also clause 24(e) and
clause 32(b)), * When the opening is in the form of a slot the length of
the slot may be longer than this maxima, provided its width
10.1.4 Floor. For hoists of 1000 kg rated load and over, does not exceed the maximum stated in the table.
the floor surface and supporting members shall be designed -
to carry wheel loads equal to 500 kg anywhere within an by means of a removable key and from the outside by a
area stated by the manufacturer (see clause 32(b)).
permanent handle, A safety switch complying with 22.7
It shall be assumed that only one such load will occur shall be provided to prevent movement of the cage whilst
within a floor area of 1.0 m x 0.5 m and that the area of the cover is not in place.
wheel contact is 150 mm x 40 mm.
A ladder, giving access to the emergency opening, shall be
permanently available inside the cage.
10.2 Enclosure
The roof of the cage including the emergency opening shall
10.2.1 The cage shall be roofed with imperforate panels. be protected by a railing consisting of an upper rail not less
The sides of the cage unoccupied by the access gates shall than 1 m above the roof, and an intermediate rail a t half-
be enclosed to a height of not less than 1.98 m. Each height, and by a toe-board not less than 150 mm high.
entrance shall be provided with an access gate, or door,
extending to the full width of the cage opening and to a 10.5 Emergency audible alarm
height of not less than 1.98 m.
In order that passengers may call for assistance from outside
10.2.2 The cage enclosure and gates, or doors, shall be an easily distinguishable and accessible emergency audible
capable of withstanding a thrust of 350 N applied normally alarm device shall be fitted within the cage. This device shall
a t any position without permanent deformation and be capable of being operated in the event of electrical
without the gates or doors being sprung from their guides. supply failure.
The 350 N thrust shall be applied by a rigid square flat face
of 50 mm whose edges are a radius of 3 mm.
11 Hoistway enclosure and gates
10.2.3 Landing gate and cage threshold members shall be
designed for a single vertical load of 40 % of the rated load
Sufficient enclosure of the hoistway and counterweight
or 500 kg, whichever is greater, and a single horizontal
shall be provided to protect persons from being struck by
force of 1500 N both applied centrally.
moving parts of the hoist.
10.2.4 Solid doors, when fitted, shall be provided with a Gates shall be provided in the hoistway a t every access
vision panel located a t eye level, This vision panel shall have point.
an area not less than 250 cm2 and shall be shatter resistant.
The height of the enclosure and the gates shall be not less
10.2.5 The size of any perforation or opening in the cage than 1.98 m above the landing floor.
enclosure and gates or doors, when closed, (including vision The enclosure and the gates shall comply with 10.2.2
panels) related to the clearances from adjacent moving parts to 10.2.4.
shall be as given in table 22.
10.3 Cagdanding clearance 12 Interlockingof gates

The distance between the outside of the cage threshold and
the landing sill shall not exceed 45 mm. 12.1 Interlocks
10.4 Emergency egress 12.1.1 Every gate shall be fitted with an effective electrical
and mechanical locking device that complies with 12.2.
An opening for emergency egress shall be provided in the
roof of the cage, The opening shall be provided with a cover 12.1.2 It shall not be possible under operating conditions
that opens outwards, shall only be operable from the inside to open any landing gate from the landing side, or to open
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
. 36 at 1-800-451-1584.
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
at 1-800-451-1584.
BS 4465 : 1989
Section three
The lead off angle from drums shall not be greater than 2.5' 14 Rack and pinion suspension system
when grooved, or 1.5' when plain, measured each side of a
line normal to the axis of the drum. 14.1 General
In the case of traction sheaves the lead shall not deviate by The rack and the pinion shall be manufactured in
more than 2,5' from a plane normal to the axis of the accordance with the dimensional requirements of
sheave groove. BS 436 : Part 2 and designed in accordance with
13.2.3 Drum and pulley grooves BS 436 : Part 3; the metric module shall be not less than 7.
13,2.3.1 General. All grooves shall be smoothly finished
14.2 Driving pinion
and their edges rounded. The contour of the groove shall
be circular over an arc of not less than 120' and have a The driving pinion shall be machined from a material that
radius of not more than 7.5 % nor less than 5 % in excess will resist wear and provide a safety factor of not less
of half the nominal diameter of the rope. than 6. Undercutting of the teeth shall be avoided.
The pinion shall be affixed to the output shaft in
13.2.3.2 Drum
accordance with 15.10.
NOTE. The requirements of this subclause do not preclude the use
of drums having grooves of non-helical form.
14.3 Racks
Helically grooved drums shall have a groove depth not less
than 1/3 the nominal diameter of the rope and shall be The racks shall be made of material having properties
pitched so that there i s clearance between neighbouring matching those of the pinion in terms of wear and impact
turns of rope on the drum. There shall also be clearance strength, and shall possess an equivalent safety factor.
between the part of the rope leading on to, or leaving, the The racks shall be securely attached to the mast or tower,
drum and the adjacent turn. particularly a t their ends. Joints in the rack shall be
The clearance between neighbouring turns of rope on a accurately aligned to avoid faulty meshing or damage to
helically grooved drum shall be as given in table 23. teeth.
The load imposed upon the rack by the pinion shall not
cause permanent deformation of the rack.
Table 23. Clearance between turns of rope
on helically grooved drums 14.4 Rack/pinion engagement
I Clearance Nominal rope diameter Means shall be provided to maintain the rack and the pinion
constantly in mesh under all conditions of load. Such means
mm shall not rely upon the cage guide rollers. The devices used
shall restrict movement of the pinion on i t s axis such that
G 13
a t least two-thirds of the tooth is always in engagement
4 28 with the rack. In addition it shall not be possible for the
pinion to move out of i t s correct engagement with the rack
Drums shall be flanged a t both ends, When the rope is fully by more than one-third of the tooth height.
wound onto the drum the flanges shall project for a
distance equivalent to not less than two rope diameters; 14.5 Guarding
this projection shall be not less than 25 mm. An overspill Substantial guarding shall be provided to prevent the entry
switch complying with 22.6 shall also be fitted. of any material that might cause damage to the rack or
Rope anchorages shall be protected by not less than three pinion,
dead turns remaining on the drum when the rope is paid
out to i t s maximum working length. The anchorages shall 15 Driving machinery
be designed to withstand the maximum working load on
the rope (see 13.1.3) making no allowance for the effect 15.1 Each hoist cage shall have a t least one individual
of any dead turns. driving machine fitted with a brake which operates
13.2.3.3 Pulleys. Pulleys shall have a groove depth not less immediately to arrest the cage when the operating or
than 1.5 times the nominal diameter of the rope. The angle safety circuit is broken.
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of flare on the sides of the groove shall be 52'. 15.2 If two or more mechanically separate drives are used,
13.2.4 Traction sheave grooves. The rope grooves in each drive shall have i t s own independent brake.
traction sheaves shall take one of the following forms. 15.3 The drive motor shall be coupled to the drum, drive
(a) Round: in which the groove is a circular arc having a sheave or drive pinions by a positive drive system that
radius not greater than 5 % larger than half the nominal cannot be disengaged.
diameter of the rope and has a depth not less than 1/3 15.4 The cage shall, during normal operation, be raised
of the nominal diameter of the rope. and lowered under power a t all times.
(b) Round undercut: in which the groove is the same
15.5 Driving machinery and associated equipment shall be
as (a) but undercut.
so positioned or guarded to protect persons from injury.
(c) Vee: in which the straight sides subtend an included Any machine enclosure door or gate shall be provided with
angle of 37.5 f 2,5', .
a lock.
at 1-800-451-1584.
38
BSI B S a 4 4 6 5 8 9 L b 2 4 b b ï OL4b097 5 W
BS 4465 : 1989
Section three
The machinery and equipment shall be readily and safely 16.2 The brake shall be capable of bringing the hoist cage
accessible for servicing and examination. It shall also be to rest under maximum conditions of load and speed and
reasonably protected against damage from falling objects. maintaining the cage stationary when fully loaded.
15.6 Chains and chainwheels shall comply with BS 228. 16.3 No toggle or positive locking device shall be used to
The chainwheels shall be of cast iron or steel, have a hold off the brake. The brake shall not be released in
minimum of 25 machine cut teeth and have a minimum of normal operation unless power is applied to the hoist motor.
6 teeth in engagement, Means shall be provided to prevent 16.4 Compression springs shall be used to apply the brake.
the chain from leaving the chainwheel and riding over the They shall be adequately supported and shall not be stressed
teeth. in excess of 80 % of the torsional elastic limit of the
Use may be made of belts for coupling the motor or motors material.
to the component on which the electromechanical brake 16.5 In the case of drum brakes a minimum of two shoes
operates. shall be used. Brake linings shall be of incombustible
A minimum of two belts, complying with BS 3790, material and shall be so secured that normal wear will not
shall be used. weaken their fixings. The wearing surfaces of brake drums
15.7 All gearing shall be class 9 or 10 in accordance with: and discs shall be machined and shall be smooth and free
(a) BS 436 : Parts 2 and 3, for spur gears; or from defects,
(b) BS 545 for bevel gears; or 16.6 No earth fault, circuit malfunction or residual
(c) BS 721 : Part 1 or Part 2 for worm gearing; magnetism shall prevent the brake from being applied
as appropriate. when the power supply to the hoist motor is interrupted.
15.8 Stress concentrations shall be minimized by forming 16.7 Means of releasing the brake in an emergency shall be
adequate fillets where shafts and axles are shouldered. provided and ensure the immediate reapplication of the
Pulleys or sprockets and their shafts shall be so supported brake as soon as hand pressure is released,
and retained as to prevent them from becoming displaced. 16.8 The brake shall be designed t o prevent the ingress of
15.9 Keys shall be effectively secured against movement. lubricants, water, deleterious dust or other contaminants.
15.10 Any separate sheave, rope drum, spur gear, worm 16.9 Brakes shall be provided with means of adjustment.
wheel or brake drum shall be fixed to i t s shaft or other
drive unit by one of the following methods:
(a) sunk keys; 17 Counterweights
(b) splines or serrations;
(c) secured by means of machined fitting bolts t o a 17.1 Counterweights shall not be used with winding drum
flange forming an integral part of the shaft or driving machines.
unit. 17.2 The hoist cage shall not be used to counterbalance
another hoist cage.
15.11 Bearings shall be of the ball, roller, sleeve or other
O
- replaceable type. 17.3 If the counterweight incorporates filler weights,
one of the following measures shall be taken to prevent
Ball and roller bearings shall be arranged in dust-proof
housings and shall be adequately lubricated. their displacement:
Sleeve bearings having ring or chain lubrication shall have (a) the fillers shall be retained within a frame; or
ample reservoirs, provided with drain plugs and means to (b) if the rated speed of the cage is not greater than
ascertain and limit the level of oil in the reservoir, 1 m/s, metallic fillers shall be restrained by a minimum
Gear cases shall be provided with journal and thrust of two t i e rods.
bearings to suit the application. 17.4 To prevent the displacement of counterweights from
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Where access to a bearing for lubrication would otherwise their guides the guides shall be equipped with a permanent
be difficult provision shall be made for remote lubrication, anti-disengagement device in addition to rollers or shoes.
or for safe access to the lubrication point. 17.5 Counterweights shall be guided by suitable shoes or
15.12 The brake, motor, gear case and any bearings shall rollers situated near the upper and lower extremities of the
be mounted and assembled so that proper alignment of carrier frame.
these parts is maintained under all conditions. 17.6 Allowance shall be made for counterweight overrun
a t the top end of the hoistway.
16 Brake 17.7 A notice shall be displayed stating the total mass of
the counterweight required and each individual block shall
16.1 The hoist shall be provided with a braking system have i t s own mass marked on it.
that operates automatically:
(a) in the case of loss of the power supply;
(b) in the event of the loss of the supply to the control
circuits,
39
at 1-800-451-1584.
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BS 4465 : 1989
Section three
18 Safety gear 18.14 Safety gears shall not operate to stop an ascending
hoist cage. If an ascending hoist cage is to be stopped on
account of overspeed, then a safety gear shall be fitted to
18.1 Every hoist shall be provided with a safety gear of
the counterweight for this purpose.
the progressive type attached to the cage frame and
actuated by a governor, NOTE. An overspeed governor may however be used to cause the
motor control and brake control circuits to be opened in the event
18.2 The safety gear shall be tested and certificated in of overspeed in the upwards direction.
accordance with 31.2 and shall be permanently marked 18.15 Suitable provision shall be made to prevent the
with the following data: safety gear from becoming inoperative due to the
(a) maker's name; accumulation of extraneous matter or to atmospheric
(b) model number; conditions.
(c) serial number; 18.16 Where safety gear of the gripping type is fitted on
(d) governor tripping speed; the cage or the counterweight,'no component of the safety
(e) maximum stopping distance. gear shall be used for both guiding or braking.
18,3 Counterweights on traction drive machines shall also 18.17 In safety gear where the action is achieved by means
be fitted with a safety gear. of coil springs, the springs shall be in the form of
compression springs which shall be guided and in the
18.4 The safety gear shall operate with a deceleration not non-loadedcondition have a coil pitch of less than twice
exceeding Ign to arrest and support the cage with i t s the wire diameter.
contract load, in the event of any failure of the hoist which
results in the rated speed being exceeded other than a
structural failure of the mast (see clause 19 and item I9 of 19 Overspeed governors
appendix A).
18.5 The safety gear and governor shall be operational 19.1 Governors shall come into action and trip the safety
gear before the hoist cage reaches a speed exceeding the
during erection and dismantling work.
rated speed by the amount given in table 25.
18.6 The motor control and brake control circuits shall be
automatically opened by a switch on the safety gear before
or a t the time the safety gear is applied.
1 Table 25. Governor tripping speeds
18.7 When the safety gear has tripped it shall not be I Ratedspeed I Tripping speed max.
possible to release or reset the safety gear by raising the
cage or platform by means of the normal control.
18.8 No safety gear shall be dependent for its operation on
energizing or maintaining an electrical circuit.
I Q (3.63
m/s
> 0.63, Q 1.2
1.0 mis
1.4 x rated speed

18.9 Pulleys used to carry governor ropes shall be mounted
independently of any shaft that carries the suspension rope > 1.2 1.3 x rated speed
pul leys.
NOTE. Under extreme conditions, for example very low
18.10 If a safety gear is fitted to the counterweight the speeds and very high loadings, a lower tripping speed
type of safety gear shall be as given in table 24. may be adopted.
__
18.11 When the safety gear is of the rack and pinion type
~ ~~
it shall also comply with clause 14. 19.2 The device that sets the tripping speed of the safety
gear shall be located, as far as possible, to prevent
unauthorized alteration. The correct tripping speed shall
Table 24. Type of safety gear for counterweights
be marked on the safety gear.
Type of safety gear Q 1.0 m/s > 1.0 m/s 19.3 Ropes and rope attachments, etc. to governors shall
be dimensioned and designed in accordance with 13.1.
Instantaneous J The nominal diameter of the rope to the governor shall be
not less than 8 mm and the bending diameter shall be a t
Progressive J J least 30 x the nominal diameter of the rope for pulleys
idling in normal service. Pulleys and drums that rotate only
18.12 Where there is relative movement between the when the safety gear operates shall have a diameter of a t
gripping and the braking surface, these surfaces shall be least 15 x the nominal diameter of the rope.
held clear of each other during normal operation of the
hoist, 20 Buffers
18.13 A safety gear designed to grip more than one guide
shall operate on all guides simultaneously. The travel of the hoist cage and counterweights shall be
limited a t the bottom by buffers that are designed in such
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B S I BS*K44b5 8 9 II Lb2K4bb9 O L 4 b U ï î 9
BS 4465 : 1989
Section three
a way that the deceleration of the cage does not exceed 22.4 Terminal slowing switches
lgn. For this purpose it shall be assumed that the buffers When the hoist drive i s of the multi-speedtype, a set of
stop the cage from governor tripping speed. slowing switches shall be fitted a t the terminal landings.
These switches shall be of the self-resetting type, arranged
21 Hoist cage overrun so as t o decelerate the hoist cage t o the minimum speed
prior to the cage reaching the terminal stopping switch.
21.1 The hoist cage shall operate the ultimate limit switch This function shall be performed independent of the
before striking the buffers. position of the control in the hoist cage.
21.2 In all caseS.the minimum distance between the 22.5 Slack rope switches
bottom landing level and the ultimate limit switch shall be
such that the latter is not operated during normal service
A non-resetting slack rope switch shall be fitted on:
ooeration. (a) hoists utilizing a winding drum; and
(b) counterweighted rack and pinion hoists,
21.3 The overrun of the hoist cage a t the top end of the
hoistway, i.e. the vertical distance the cage may travel after arranged to interrupt the COt-~trOlcircuit of the control
operating the ultimate limit switch and before meeting any equipment in the event of any rope becoming slack.
obstruction to i t s normal travel or upper guide rollers
reaching the end of the guides, shall be not less than: 22.6 Overspill switch
. . 0.15 m on hoists ooerated bv rack and oinion;
(al A non-resetting switch shall be fitted that will stop the
(b) 0.5 m on hoists operated by wire ropes. winding motion and apply the brake should any part of
the rope wound onto the drum project by more than half
When operating a t rated speeds (4 greater than 0.85 m/s
the rope nominal diameter above the drum
the above overrun shall be increased by 0.1~' m.
22.7 Cage roof access door switch
22 Safety switches The switch specified in 10.4 shall be so positioned that any
movement to open the cage roof emergency door during
22.1 General normal operation of the hoist would,result in the control
22.1.1 All the safety switches described in this clause shall circuit of the hoist being interrupted.
be of the positively operated type and shall not be depend- It shall not be possible to override this switch from inside
ent upon springs for their operation. the cage.
NOTE. Provision may be made to short circuit this switch
22.1.2 The enclosure for safety switches shall be
specifically for the purposes of inspection and erection when the
weatherproofed in accordance with clause 27. The hoist control is transferred t o the roof of the cage, In the interests
enclosures and their frames, brackets, etc., shall be earthed of safety this provision should not be used to facilitate the carriage
in accordance with clause 28. of long loads.
22.1.3 When a safety switch forms part of the electrical

and the mechanical interlocking of hoistway and hoistcage 23 Guarding
0 gates, the safety switch shall be mechanically coupled so
that it cannot close the circuit whilst the gate is open, 23.1 General
Effective guards shall be provided for gear wheels, belts and
22.2 Terminal stopping switches chain drives, revolving shafts, flywheels, couplings, collars,
Stopping switches shall be fitted to each hoistway or hoist projecting set screws, and bolts or keys on any revolving
cage and shall be positively operated and of the self- shaft, wheel, or pinion, unless those parts are made safe by
resetting type, so arranged that their operation will result design or by position, or are effectively guarded by parts
in the hoist cage being automatically stoppped from any of the structure.
--`,,,``````,,,,,`,`,``,,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
speed attained in normal operation within the overall travel NOTE. In appendix A reference is made to statutory obligations
range of the cage, affecting hoists when used for building operations and works of
engineering construction in the United Kingdom.
22.3 Ultimate limit switches
Ultimate limit switches shall be fitted within the hoistway 23.2 Design of fixed guards
or to the hoist cage and shall be positively operated and be
of the non self-resettingtype. The switches shall be so
arranged that in the event of the cage overrunning the
terminal stopping switches, they will interrupt the main
Guards shall be of sheet metal (perforated or expanded),
wire mesh, wood, or other suitable material and shall
completely encase the moving parts concerned. The guards
shall be designed to permit easy access for routine inspec-
I
power supply to the hoist motor and electromechanical tion and maintenance work. Guards shall be substantially
brake on all phases. The switches shall be directly operated constructed to withstand the atmospheric conditions in
by movement of the cage. the environment in which they are used, and shall be
NOTE. In the case of traction driven hoists the switches may be sufficiently rigid to resist distortion. Guards shall be
operated directly by the counterweight. securely attached to a fixed support.
NOTE. Guidance on the design of guards is given in BS 5304.
41
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BS 4465 : 1989
Section three
The thickness of metal guards shall be not less than (e) The rated load of the hoist, in kilogrammes, and
1.25 mm. details of any limitations on the positioning of loads.
The minimum clearance between the guards and moving ( f ) The maximum number of persons that it is
parts, and the size of the opening in guards or perforated permissible to carry in the hoist cage and whether this
metal, woven wire, metal lattice, or similar material shall includes the driver.
I be in accordance with BC 5304. (9) Information on whether it is necessary to reduce
the rated load a t extreme heights.
24 Notices (h) Bolt material specification,
NOTE, It is dangerous to use bolts other than those specified
Each hoist cage shall have permanently fixed in a by the hoist manufacturer.
prominent position a legible and permanent plate or plates (i) The mass of the counterweight, if fitted.
carrying the following information. (j) A warning that persons trapped in the cage should
(a) The manufacturer's name and address. remain in the cage until released under the instruction
(b) The model and serial number of the hoist. of a competent person.
(c) The year of manufacture of the hoist. (k) The rated speed.
(d) For rope suspended hoists, the nominal diameter
and specification of the suspension rope.
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BS 4465 : 1989
Section four
Section four. Electrical design and construction

NOTE. In drafting this section it is assumed that the electrical installation complies with the
latest edition of the IEE Regulations for Electrical Installations.
25 Mains supply isolating switch 26.6 Precautions shall be taken to ensure the free and safe
movement of the cage trailing cable throughout the full
range of travel of the hoist cage.
25.1 For each hoist there shall be a manually operated
isolating switch or circuit breaker capable of isolating every 26.7 I f there is a requirement for contactor cabinets,
pole of the supply network. The switch or breaker shall be limit switches or push-button enclosures to be heated,
capable of disconnecting the hoist motor starting current. the supply for this heating circuit shall be connected to the
live side of the isolating switch. These conductors shall not
25.2 The isolating switch shall be positioned in an easily be contained within the same sheath as other wires.
accessible position. Where this switch is housed in a cabinet, Disconnection of the heating circuit shall be by means of a
the operating handle shall be accessible outside the cabinet. separate switch marked 'electrical heating' which is situated
25.3 The handle shall open the contacts positively and the adjacent to the supply isolating switch described in
handle shall be lockable in the off position. clause 25. All live parts of the heating circuit shall be
25.4 The positions of the switch shall be clearly marked shrouded and identified.
'off' and 'on'. 26.8 The control gear cabinet shall contain such drawings
or documentation as are necessary to aid electrical
26 Cables and wiring maintenance and fault finding, e.g. a circuit diagram and a
wiring diagram.
26.1 The size of all cables supplied with the hoist shall be
such that the rating is adequate for the maximum current 27 Protection against the effects of
to be carried under all conditions of operation in service, external influences
including starting.
26.2 The mains cable for connecting the hoist to the All electrical apparatus excluding that installed in control
supply network shall be such that the rating and size gear cabinets shall be protected from the harmful or
complies with 26.1. hazardous effects of external influences, and where
NOTE. Protection should be provided by suitable fuses or a circuit appropriate to the design, positioned to provide protection
breaker in accordance with the hoist manufacturer's against rain, snow, mortar, concrete, dust and other dirt,
recommendations. i.e. have a degree of protection a t least equal to that which
26.3 All cables and wiring for the hoist shall be located corresponds to the symbol IP54 as classified in BS 5490.
and installed to provide maximum protection from NOTE. The Index of Protection ( IP) Code, is expressed in the form
mechanical damage that may be caused during the use of 'IPXX' in which a numeral replaces an X. The first digit defines
degrees of protection against contact with live or moving parts and
the hoist. protection against ingress of solid bodies, and the second digit
26.4 Terminals shall be adequately shrouded and incoming defines the degree of protection against ingress of liquid. Full
information on degrees of protection offered by enclosures is given
power terminals shall be covered and marked 'Live
in BS 5490.
term inals'.
Power and control circuits shall be grouped and, where
9 necessary, separated by insulating barriers; they shall also
be marked according to the designation of the circuits.
28 Earthing
The hoist structure, motor frames and metal casings of all
26.5 When positioning a cable, allowance shall be made for electrical equipment, including metal cabinets, conduit and
the stresses to which the cable can be subjected as a guards, shall be effectively bonded to earth.
consequence of mechanical action. When the cable is led in
to motors, apparatus, connection boxes, etc,, this shall be
done in an appropriate manner for each type of cable and 29 Control circuits, panels, equipment and
in such a way that the cable is protected against the stresses systems
occurring.
Trailing cables and flexible cables shall be protected against NOTE. Guidance on the design of control systems in general is
wear, breakage or tearing. The outer sheath of the cable given in BS 5304.
shall be led in and securely fixed a t the lead-in point so that
the cores are not subjected to harmful tension or twisting 29.1 Control circuits
in the connection space. Normal sealing glands with 29.1.1 Provision shall be made for a reasonable time lag
packings are not regarded as meeting the requirement for between the stopping of the hoist cage and i t s being
relief from pulling and twisting. restarted.
Cables shall be connected and branched in permanently-
29.1.2 The voltage of the hoist control and operating
mounted enclosed terminal blocks or by means of strong
circuits shall not exceed 130 V with respect to earth and
connectors intended for the purpose. Loose clamps or shall be connected to the alternating current network via
jointing of cables, e.g. flexible cables, in any other manner
an isolating transformer with separate primary and
than by means of the devices intended for the purpose, secondary windings and with the primary windings earth
shall not be used. screened.
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BSI BS*44b5 8 9 Wü 1 6 2 V b b 4 OL4b102 5 W
BS 4465 : 1989
Section four
One pole of the secondary winding, or if a rectifier is 29.3.2 Controller panels or their supporting frames shall
connected to it one d.c. pole, shall be directly connected be constructed of materials that do not support
to earth. combustion.
29.1.3 Control circuits shall be so arranged that any fault, 29.3.3 Main and auxiliary resistors shall be adequately
except open circuit faults, will be faults to earth. Any supported and ventilated.
faults, or the discharge or failure of any circuit component,
29.3.4 Interlocking shall.be provided, where necessary,
shall not set up an unsafe condition, e.g. starting or to ensure that the relays and contactors operate in proper
continuing cage motion when any safety contact has sequence.
opened or is opening.
29.3.5 Contactors for reversing direction of travel shall be
29.1.4 All safety circuits shall be designed to prevent an mechanically and electrically interlocked.
intercircuit fault.
29.3.6 Where contactors having metal to metal contacts
29.1.5 Control circuits shall be protected by fuses or equiv- are employed to open a circuit in order to stop the hoist
alent devices, independently of the protection provided for drive, such a circuit shall have a t least two independent
the main circuits. In the event of an earth fault in the contactors to afford double break of one or more main
control circuit of the hoist, the circuit shall be disconnected lines, For three-phase systems the main contactor shall be
as a result of rupturing a fuse or similar protective device. triple-pole and switch all three phases.
29.1.6 Switches shall not be connected between the earth 29.3.7 Each hoist motor shall be protected from
and the control circuit operating coils. overcurrent,
29.1.7 The opening of the circuit to stop the hoist a t the 29.3.8 Hoists connected to polyphase a.c. power supplies
terminal floors shall not be dependent upon the direct shall incorporate means to prevent the motor being
operation of a spring (see 22.1.1) or upon the completion energized in the event of a phase failure or phase reversal.
of another electrical circuit.
29.1.8 The control system shall not depend upon 29.4 Manual controls
energizing or maintaining the continuity of an electrical 29.4.1 Type of controls, The hoist controls, including
circuit for the interruption of the power supply to the temporary controls (such as on the cage roof, see 29.4.3),
hoist motor and the application of the machine brake to shall be so arranged that control can be effected from one
stop the cage when any safety switch (see clause 22) is location only a t any one time.
operated.
29.4.2 Cage controls. Controls located inside the cage
29.2 Electrical control panels and cabinets shall be placed in a position:
NOTE, ES 5486 : Part 1 speclfies general requirements for factory (a) which will give the operator ample room for
built assemblies. operation and a clear view of the landing levels; and
29.2.1 Panels and cabinets shall be of robust construction (b) that it is impossible to reach them by hand from
and shall be protected in accordance with clause 27. outside a closed landing gate.
29.2.2 The cabinets shall be designed and located such that Every cage operating device shall be arranged to return to
where practicable an unobstructed working space of not the 'stop' position when released.
less than 1'm deep and 1.90 m high is provided for access 29.4.3 Cage roof control, If any maintenance, inspection
for maintenance and inspection in front of the door or or erection requires the presence of persons on the hoist
cover. cage roof whilst the cage is in motion, a control station
shall be provided on the cage roof. This control shall, in the
29.2.3 To prevent unauthorized access during normal use
case of multi-speed installations, only permit movement of
of the hoist, doors or covers that are provided for
the cage a t low speed.
maintenance and inspection shall be secured by devices
that require a spanner, key or special tool to remove or 29.4.4 Cage roof safety control, A non self-resetting switch
loosen them. Should threaded fasteners be used they shall shall be provided on the cage roof, which a t all times shall
be of the captive type. be capable of stopping and preventing movement of the
cage.
29.2.4 If the mains supply isolating switch specified in
clause 25 is not housed in the control gear cabinet, a label 29.4.5 Remote control. Remote control facilities shall be
shall be permanently displayed on the outside of the door provided only to facilitate testing.
or cover of the cabinet requiring the mains supply to the 29.4.6 Operators'key switch. A switch to render the
cabinet to be moved to the 'off' position before opening control circuit inoperative shall be fitted in the cage as a
access doors or covers. means of preventing unauthorized operation of the hoist.
The switch shall be of a type that cannot be turned to the
29.3 Control equipment, relays and contactors 'on' position untit a key has been inserted, the key being
29.3.1 The control equipment shall be adequately trapped when turned and not removable until returned to
protected to prevent accidental contact with live parts. the 'off' position.
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44 Document provided by IHS Licensee=/5943408001, User=, 09/28/2003 00:03:18 MDT
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BS 4465 : 1989
Section four
29.4.7 Marking. All manual controls shall be clearly 29.5.5 Any variation of supply voltage to component parts
marked to indicate their purpose and the direction of of the installation shall not give rise to unsafe conditions.
travel resulting from their operation. 29.5.6 The wiring arrangements for the installation shall
29.5 Non-conductivecontrol system be such that control circuit wiring and connections are
29.5.1 When used, a non-conductivecontrol system shall adequately segregated from other supplies.
be applicable to the control of the cage only and shall not 29.5.7 All safety switches (see clause 22) shall operate
be used for any part of the landing gate interlock system. independently of the non-conductive control system.
In addition to the relevant requirements elsewhere in this 29.5.8 It shall be possible to check and t e s t the function
standard, the requirementsgiven in 29.5.2 to 29.5.8 shall of cableless control units on site without energizing the
also apply. main hoist motor control gear.
29.5.2 All cage safety interlocks shall be so arranged that
in the event of any interruption of the safety circuits it
shall not be possible for any movement of the cage to take
30 Suppression of radio and television
place. interference
e 29.5.3 The signal level shall be such that malfunction due

to the imposition of spurious signals shall not occur.
Frequencies used by local radio, television and h.f. heaters
All circuits and electrical equipment shall be designed to
comply with BS 800 to prevent giving rise to radio
shall be avoided. interference in excess of local regulations.
The necessary components used to provide the required
29.5.4 Failure of any relay or relay circuit to operate
degree of suppression shall not be used in any part of the
properly shall not give rise to potentially unsafe conditions,
circuit where their failure might cause an unsafe condition.
e.g. movement of the cage with the gates open.
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BS 4465 : 1989
Section five
Section five. Testing
31 General of arresting the motion of the cage when containing 125 %

of the rated load under the conditions specified in 31.3.1
whilst descending a t the safety gear tripping speed,
31.1 General
All hoists shall be submitted to the following tests: 31.3.5 On completion of the above type tests the hoist
shall be thoroughly examined and shall be found to be
(a) safety gear type tests {including governors) (see 31.2);
free from defect.
(b) prototype proof tests (see 31.3);
31.3.6 On counterweighted hoists employing traction
(c) production tests (see 31.4).
drives it shall be demonstrated that the hoist drive will
maintain traction throughout normal operating travel
31.2 Cage safety gear type tests
of the cage in both directions whilst the mass of the
31.2.1 A representative model of every new version of counterweight is reduced by 50 % and the rated load on
safety gear shall be tested to apply stresses to all parts the cage platform is reduced by an equivalent amount,
equivalent to those resulting from drop tests loaded in
accordance with tables 2 and 3. 31.4 Production tests
31.2.2 The tests shall be conducted a t the governor 31.4.1 General. Every production hoist shall be submitted
tripping speed specified by the hoist manufacturer and to the production tests given in 31.4.2 to 31.4.5 by the
utilizing the design of mast or tower and/or rack which manufacturer.
would normally be employed in normal service.
31.4.2 Functional tests. The hoist shall be operated in
31.2.3 The total number of repeated tests shall be not less both directions a t such minimum height as will allow
than the number calculated from the following, subject to adequate testing whilst the cage contains:
an absolute minimum of 100 tests:
(a) the rated load, evenly distributed over the platform;
minimum number of tests = 2N, Ld and
where (b) 125 % of (a).
No is the average expected number of operations of the Although the full rated speed need not be attained during
safety gear per year, subject to a minimum of 10 the overload t e s t (b) it shall be demonstrated that the hoist
operations; i s capable of operating satisfactorily with the overload.
Ld is the design life of the safety gear, in years, N O T E 1, The functional test may be carried out by the
NOTE, The design life Ld of the safety gear may not necessarily manufacturer at his works or on site as part of his site testing
be that of the complete hoist unit. programme.
NOTE 2. The necessity for subsequent repetition of certain tests in
31.2.4 For rack and pinion hoists a t least 10 % of the tests order to comply with statutory requirements is not precluded.
shall be conducted with the drive pinion disengaged and in
31.4.3 Safety devices. All safety devices shall be tested to
a t least 10 % of the t e s t s the pinion shall be engaged.
determine that:
NOTE. Attention is drawn to the additional requirements of
Health and Safety Executive Certificate of Exemption CONILOI81 II (a) the overspeed device operates a t the rated speed;
which applies t o certain rack and pinion hoists. (b) the safety gear is capable of arresting motion of the
31.2.5 The stopping distance during all tests shall be not cage without the assistance of any motor brakes and
greater than the specified maximum. within the manufacturer's declared stopping distance
when the cage contains the rated load as it i s descending
31.2.6 Upon completion of the test programme a
a t the tripping speed of the governor;
certificate of test in accordance with appendix G shall be
produced and completed.
(c) operation of the terminal stopping switches causes
the cage to stop within the limits of overtravel for the
31.3 Prototype proof tests cage, and the counterweight if fitted;
(d) when the terminal stopping switches are overrun,
31.3.1 The hoist manufacturer shall submit the first
the ultimate stopping switches will operate and cut off
complete hoist of any new design to a proof loading t e s t
the power supply to the machinery on all phases;
of 150 %the rated load evenly distributed over the cage
platform and 125 % of the rated load placed a t the (e) the mechanical and electrical interlocks of all cage
and landing gates and doors function correctly.
maximum eccentric positions in each direction as
determined in accordance with 10.1.3. 31.4.4 Electrical tests
31.3.2 Each t e s t shall consist of a t least 10 full height runs 31.4.4.1 Brake operation. Checks shall be made to ensure
up and down a mast that has been erected to the proper release and arrest functions of the brake a t i t s rated
manufacturer's maximum free standing height. current and voltage.
31.3.3 Although the full rated speed need not be attained The brake shall also be checked for correct adjustment and
during the tests it shall be demonstrated that the hoist is that the brake arrests the motion of the cage during the
capable of operating satisfactorily with 150 % of the rated functional t e s t s given in 31.4.2.
load, 31.4.4.2 Insulation resistance. Before the hoist is connected
31.3.4 A further test shall be carried out by the to an electrical supply the insulation resistance shall be
manufacturer to demonstrate that the safety gear is capable measured between all leads in the power lines and earth and
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BS 4465 : 1989
Section five
all control lines and earth. The insulation resistance shall be

not less than 1 k51/V in circuits carrying more than 50 V,
with a minimum value of 0.25 M a , The t e s t shall be made
with a megger applied to all applicable parts of the circuits
so as to ensure that the hoist is correctly earthed. Circuits
containing electronic components, instruments, timers,
rectifiers, etc., shall not be subjected to this test.
31.4.5 Other testsandchecks. To detect faults in materials
and workmanship, tests and visual checks shall be made to
ascertain that:
(a) all mechanical elements such as interlocks, locks
and enclosures are effective;
(b) conductors and cables are laid correctly;
(c) devices are mounted correctly;
(d) cable connections are tight and have adequate
contact;
(e) all interlocks, sequence controls and safety interlocks
are wired and function correctly;
(f) the earthing of all metal frames for motors, safety
switches, control switches, cabinets and hoist structure
is continuous and not greater than 0.1 51 impedance
with respect to the main earthing terminal.
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BS 4465 : 1989
Section six
Section six. Instruction manual

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32 General (3)full load current (in A);

(4) starting current (in A).
Each hoist shall be supplied with an instruction manual (m) The type of brake.
which provides technical data concerning the hoist, (n) A description of the driving unit.
examples of which are listed below. (o) The type and position of the control.
(a) The type and model. (p) The type of landing gate (e.g. rising or outward
(b) The capacity of the cage, giving both the number of opening).
persons, the rated load (in kg) and the positions of (4) Suspension rope details (where applicable):
permissible loads (see 10.1.2 and 10.1.3).
(1) number;
(c) Hoisting speeds (in m/s).
(2) construction;
(d) The internal dimensions of the cage, i.e. width,
(3) diameter;
length and clear height (in m),
(4) minimum breaking load;
(e) The access width into the cage (in m),
(5) number of falls;
(f) The minimum mast height required above the top
landing. (6) ratio of minimum breaking loadhated load.
(9) The minimum distance (in mm) between the lowest (r) Installation details of terminal and ultimate
landing and the lowest point of the hoist structure. stopping switches.
*(h) The maximum overall height of the mast (in m). (s) Full information on the operation and maintenance
of safety gear, including method of assessing wear.
"(ij The maximum spacing of ties to the supporting
structure (in m). (t) Full information for the installation, testing,
operation, extension, servicing and dismantling of the
"(i) The maximum free standing height of the complete hoist.
hoist (in m) (to comply with IN SERVICE and
OUT-OF-SERVICEconditions). (u) Full information to enable foundations, ties and t i e
fixings to be designed in relation to the four scheduled
"(k) The maximum permissible height (in m) of the
zones of operation.
mast or tower above the top tie.
(v).Specificationof bolts for assembling the structure.
( i ) A description of the drive unit, e.g.:
(w) An electrical circuit diagram showing the operation
(1) power (in kw);
of the electrical equipment (in the ready for service state
(2) electricity supply (in V I Hz and phases); and switched off).
The dimensions required by (h),,(i), ( j ) and (k) should be selected from table 4 to suit the zone of operation. For operation outside the
four scheduled zones, or for speclal applications, the hoist manufacturer's recommended figures should be stated.
at 1-800-451-1584.
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BS 4465 : 1989
Appendices A, C and D
Appendices
0
Appendix A. Legislation and related Appendix C. Derivation of design wind
documents pressures
The following legislationand documents may be applicable The design wind pressures in table 4 were prepared in
to electric hoists in the United Kingdom. accordance with CP 3: Chapter V: Part 2.
1. Health and Safety a t Work etc. Act 1974. The following values were used:
2. Factories Act 1961, (a) Basic wind speed:
3. The Lifting Machines (Particulars of Examinations) Ail zones: V = 20 m/s- In service.
I
Order 1963. S.I. 1963 No. 1382. Zone 1: V = 38 m/s
4. Ship Building and Ship Repairing Regulations, Zone 2: V = 48 m/s o u t of
S.I. 1960 No. 1932. Zone 3: V = 52 m/s service.
5. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Regulations Zone 4: V = 56 m/s
S.I. 1961 No. 1581. NOTE. The geographical locations of the above zones are
6. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Certificates illustrated in BS 7212.
Order, S.I. 1962 No. 227. (b) Topography factor si = 1
7. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Certif icates
@ (Amendment) Order, S.I. 1964 No. 531.
(c) Ground roughness, building size and height above
ground, factor S2
8. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Reports Qrder, Height above ground
S.I. 1962 No. 225. Om to 3 0 m Sz = .O1
9. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Prescribed Over 30 m to 60 m Sz = .I
Particulars Order, S.I. 1962 No. 226.
Over 60 m to 90 m S2 = .I45
10. The Construction (Lifting Qperations) Prescribed
Over 9 0 m t o 120m Sz = .I8
Particulars (Amendment) Order, S.l. 196%No. 1747.
11. The Construction (General Provisions) Regulations
Over 120 m to 150 m Sz = .205
S.I. 1961 No. 1580. Over 150 m t o 200 m S2 = .24
12. The Construction (Working Places) Regulations, (d) Statistical factors3 = 0.90 for a period of exposure
S.I. 1966 No. 94. of 13 years, using a probability level of 0.63.
13. The Electricity (Factories Act) Special Regulations, (e) Design wind pressure q = k V 2
1908 and 1944. S.R. & O . 1908, Ne. 1312, as amended where k = 0.613 and
by S.R. &O. 1944 No. 739. v, = v x a1 x s2 x s3
14. The Factories Act (Northern Ireland) 1965. Example:
15. The Shipbuilding and Ship Repairing Regulations V S = 3 8 x 1 x 1.01 x 0.90=34.54
(Northern Ireland) 1960. q = 0.613 x (34.54)' = 731 N/m2
16. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Regulations
(Northern Ireland) 1963.
17. Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1949. Appendix D. The use of steels of higher
18. Certificate of exemption No. CON(L0)/1981/1 tensile strength than those of steels
'Rack and Pinion hoists'. complying with BS 4360
19. H and S E Guidance Note PM 24 'Safety a t rack and
pinion hoists'. The use of suitable steels with higher tensile strengths than
20. H and S E Guidance Note No. PM 27 'Construction those covered by BS 4360 is permissible, provided that
hoists'. working stresses are rigorously analysed having regard t o
loading conditions, and the design of the structure is
Copies of these documents may be obtained from:
verified by adequate testing.
H.M. Stationery Office
The working stresses thus derived should not exceed the
49 High Holborn
permissible stresses calculated in accordance with 6.1,
London
WCIV 6 HB In all cases for steels having a yield stress greater than 82 %
of the ultimate stress the basic stresses Pat,baS, Pac,bas for
llr So, Pbt,bas, Pbc,basand Pqc,basshould be taken
Appendix B. Text deleted respectively as the basic stresses for steel of grade 55
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Appendix E
complying with BS 4360 in accordance with 6.1, increased h, is the distance between flange centroids;
in the ratio I, i s the moment of inertia of the compression flange
only about y-y axis of the girder,
y, + us
ys,65 ' us,66
(a) ForIsections. The above formula reduces to
where
U,,55 and are the minimum ultimate tensile
strength and the yield stress of grade 55 steel complying For sections composed of approximately rectangular
with BS 4360; elements,
U, and Y, are the minimum ultimate tensile strength
and the yield stress for the steel under consideration.
K= E ($)
Extreme care has to be taken in the use of these steels where
where the design criteria are crippling, buckling, or lateral b and t are breadth'and average thickness of each
instability, in applications where the increased deflections element,
resulting from higher stresses may give rise to critical
(b) ForchannelandZsections. The formula in (a) above
conditions. In all cases it i s essential to ensure that any
gives conservative values.
steel used has adequate properties in respect of impact a t
low temperature, weldability and fatigue. (c) For box members. Conservative values of C, are
obtained by substituting in the formula in (a) above,
4A
K% e
Appendix E. Basic formula for calculation E (S/t)
Of cs (see 6.1.4.2.3.3) where
A , is the total enclosed area of section;
The critical compression stress C, (in N/mm2) for sections
symmetrical about the x-x axis may be calculated from S is the length of each element of the periphery;
t is the thickness of each element (in the case of
curtailed flanges, the effective thickness);
e.g. for a box of depth d , width 6 , and uniform thickness t,
where
2b2d2t
Zx is the gross section modulus about x-x axis; K z -
d+b
I is the effective length of compression flange;
(d) For a plate or flat in bending in a plane parallel to its
surface. Substituting appropriate values of K, etc.,
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t2
I, is the moment of inertia of the whole section C, = 410 000-
ID
about x-x axis;
where
I, is the moment of inertia of the whole section
t is the thickness;
about y-y axis;
E is Young's modulus (= 205 O00 N/mm21; D is the depth;
G is the modulus of rigidity (taken as 0.4E); 1 i s the effective length of part in compression,
K is the appropriate torsion constant;
EIhC2
w is the warping constant (= -for I sections); Appendix F. Text deleted
2
COPYRIGHT 2003; British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards 50 Document provided by IHS Licensee=/5943408001, User=, 09/28/2003 00:03:18 MDT
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B S I BS*llllbS 8 7 a LbZLibb7 OLllbLOî ô
BS 4465 : 1989
Appendix G
Appendix G. Certificate of type test for safety gear

8
A typical type test certificate f o r safety gear is as follows (see 31.2.6).
CERTIFICATE OF TYPE TEST FOR BUILDERS' HOIST SAFETY GEAR
;
Name and address of maker
Date of test:
I m Safety gear model no.:
Model no. of hoist upon

which t e s t was conducted: II Rated load of that hoist:
kg I
* No. of repeated tests:
r----l Design tripping speed
I m/s 1
Design life, id (years):
I
Average number of expected Design stopping distance:
operations, No
m(
Actual stopping
distances: m max.
Index of protection code: IP I
Other models of hoist upon which I Model no. I I I I I
this safety gear may be used:
Declaration
I I
~~ ~~ ~
I/We certify that on 19 the equipment was tested and found to be satisfactory,
and that the foregoing i s a correct report of the result.
Signature(s1: I I I I
Qualifications: I I 1 1
Date: 19
If employed by a company or association give name and address:
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51
at 1-800-451-1584.
BS 4465 : 1989
Index
Accessibility 3.2 Doors, cage 10.2.2;10.2.4;10.2.5 Guarding 23
Aerodynamic slenderness Figure 2 Drawings, electrical 26.8 construction of 23.2
Alarm, emergency 10.5 Driving machinery 15 driving machinery 15.5
Angle of fleet 13.2.2 bearings 15.1 1 rack and pinion 14.5
belts 15.6 Guides 9.9
Bearings, drive machinery 15.1 1 brake 15.1;15.2;16 Guide rails 9.9
Bolts 7.2 emergency release 16.7
black 7.2.1.3 production t e s t 31.4.4 Hoistway 1 1
friction grip 7.2.1.I shaft fixing 15.10 enclosure 1 1
precision 7.2.1.2 chains and chainwheels 15.6 gates 1 1
Bolting, basic stresses component alignment 15.12
in bearing 7.2.1.2.5 drive 15.3 Impact factor 4.1.1 ; 4.1.2
in fatigue 9.7 gearing 15.7 In service wind
in shear 7.2.1.2.3 lubrication 15.1 1 loads 4.1.1
in tension 7.2.1-2.2 shaft fixing 15.10 pressures 4.1.4.3
in tension and shear 7.2.1.2.4 stresses 15.8 Instruction manual 32
Brake 15.1;15.2;16 Drum, winding 13.2 Insulation resistance t e s t 31.4.4.2
emergency release 16.7 diameter 13.2.1;19.3 Interference suppression 30
production t e s t 31.4.4 grooves 13.2.3.1;13.2.3.2 Interlocking of gates 12
shaft flxing 15.10 shaft fixing 15.10 non-conductive control 29.5.2
Buffers 20 Duty factor 5.3 production tests 31.4.3
Isolating switch 25
Cabinets, electrical 26.7 Earth bonding 28
control 29.2 production check 31.4.5 Legislation Appendix A
access to 29.2.3 Effective length (structure) 8.1 Load
notice 29.2.4 Effectlve width (structural panels) 8.2 combinations 4.1
location of 29.2.2
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Electrical distribution in cage 10.1.2;10.1.3
heating of 26.7 cabinets 26.7 spectrum factor 4.1.1;4.1.3
Cables, electrical 26 cables 26.1;26.2;26.3;26.5 Loads 4.1
flexible 26.5 drawings and diagrams 26.8 due to climate and natural
trailing 26.5; 26.6 earth bonding 28 phenomena 4.2
Cage 10 insulation resistance t e s t 31.4.4.2 Locking devices, gate 12.2
construction 10.1.1 terminals 26.4 Lubrication of bearings 16.1 1
doors 10.2.2;10.2.4;10.2.6 wiring 26
emergency roof openlng 10.4 Electrical protection 26.2 Manual controls 29.4
switch 22.7 brake 16.6 cage 29.4.2
floor 10.1.4 external influences 27 cage roof 29.4.3;29.4.4
gates 10.2.2;10.2.4;10.2.5 Electrical safety switches and contacts marking 29.4.7
load distribution 10.1.2;10.1.3 see Safety switches operators key 29.4.6
manual controls 29.4.2;29.4.3 Emergency remote 29.4.5
overrun 21 audible alarm 10.5 Manual, instruction 32
Clearances brake release 16.7 Marking and notices 24
cagehanding 10.3 egress from cage 10.4 control gear cabinet 29.2.4
enclosure/structure 10.2.5 Enclosure counterweight 17.7
Connections, structural cage 10.2 governor 19.2
basic stresses 7 hoistway 1 1 manual controls 29.4.7
bolts 7.2 External influences, protection 27 safety gear 18.2
rivets 7.2.2
studs 7.2 Fall safe
welds 7.1 Notices see marking
control circuit 29.1.3;29.1.4
. fatigue stresses non-conductive control 29.5
bolts 9.7 Fatigue stresses 9 Out-of-service
rivets 9.7 Fluctuating loads 9 wind load 4.1.1
welds 9.8 Force coefficients 3.1.6.5 wind pressure 4.1.4.3
Control equipment, etc. 29 Friction grip bolts 7.2.1 Overrun
circuits 29.1;29.3.4 cage 21
circuit protectlon 29.1.5;29.3.7;29.3.8 counterweight 21
contactors 29.3 Gates Overspeed governor 18;19
failcafe 29.1.3;29.1.4 cage 10.2.2;10.2,5 testing 31.4.3
manual 29.4 hoistway 1 1 Overspill switch 22.6
non-conductive 29.5 interlocking 12.1
relays 29.3 non-conductive control 29.5 Pinion, driving 14.2
supply 29.1.2 production test 31.4.3 Precision bolts 7.2.1.2
time lag 29.1.1 locking devices 12.2 Production tests 31.4
voltage 29.1.2 Gearing electrical 31.4.4
Counterweights 17 drive machinery 15.7 functional 31.4.2
overrun 17.6 shaft fixing 15.10 safety devices 31.4.3
Governor Proof test, prototype 31.3
Diagrams, electrical 26.8 safety gear 18 Proportions of structural members 8
instruction manual 32 tripping speeds 19
52 at 1-800-451-1584.
BS 4465 : 1989
Pulleys 13.2 Section ratio Figure 2 Testing 31

diameter 13.2.1; 19.3 Sheaves, traction 13.2 production 31.4
governor rope 18.9 diameter 13.2.1 electrical 31.4.4
grooves 13.2.3.1; 13.2.3.3 grooves 13.2.4 functional 31.4.2
shaft fixing 15.10 shaft fixing 15.10 safety devices 31.4.3
Shielding factors 4.1.4.6 prototype proof 31.3
Rack and pinion suspension 14 Slack rope switch 22.5 safety gear type 31.2
drive pinion 14.2 Slenderness ratio 6.1.3 Traction sheaves 13.2
engagement 14.4 Solidity ratio Figure 2 diameter 13.2.1
guarding 14.5 Spacing ratio Figure 2 grooves 13.2.4
rack 14.3 Steel selection 5.1 shaft fixing 15.10
Rated load 2.7;4.1.1 Stresses Tripping speeds, governor 19
Reliability 3.1 basic 6.1.1 Type test, safety gear 31.2
Remote control 29.4.5 basic, inconnections 7
Rivets bearing 6.1.6 Ultimate limit switch 21.2; 21.3
basic stresses 7.2.2 bending 6.1.4 production test 31.4.3
fatigue stresses 9.7 bolting 7.2.1
Robertsons factor Table 8 combined 6.1.7 Vision panel in doors 10.2.4
Rope suspension 13 compressive 6.1.3 Voltage, control 29.1.2
Ropes driving machinery 15.8
diameter 13.1.2; 19.3 fatigue 9 Web plates 8.3
reverse bends 13.1.5; 19.3 permissible working 5.3 Web stiffeners 8.3
speeds 13.1.4 rivets 7.2.2 Welded connections and stresses 7.1
terminations 13.1.6; 19.3 secondary 6.3 butt, general 7.1.2
wire 13.1 shear 6.1.5 butt, partial penetration 7.1.3
working load 13.1.3 tensile 6.1.2 fatigue 9.8
transverse bending 6.1.8 fillet 7.1.4
yield, design verification 6.2 Wind
Safety gear 18 Suppression, radio and TV interference 30 action 4.1.4.1
type t e s t 31.2 Suspension loads 4.1.4
type t e s t certificate Appendix G rope 13 calculations 4.1.4.4
production t e s t 31.4.2 rack and pinion 14 in-service 4.1.1
Safety switches and contacts 22 out-of-service 4.1.1
cage roof door 22.7 pressure 4.1.4.2
Terminal slowing switches 22.4
gate locks 12.2.4; 12.2.5; 12.2.7 derivation of Appendix C
overspill 22.6 Terminal stopping switches 22.2
production t e s t 31.4.3 Wire ropes 13.1
production tests 31.4.3 diameter 13.1.2; 19.3
safety gear 18.6 Terminals, electrical 26.4
reverse bends 13.1.5; 19.3
slack rope 22.5 speeds 13.1.4
terminal slowing 22.4 termination 13.1.6; 19.3
terminal stopping 22.2 working load 13.1.3
ultimate limit 21.2; 21.3; 22.3 Wiring, electrical 26
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53
at 1-800-451-1584.
- BSI B S * 4 4 b 5 87 W 3 6 2 4 6 6 9 0 3 4 6 3 3 2 B
Previous page
is blank
Publications referred to
BS 228 Specification for short pitch transmission precision roller chains and chainwheels
BS 302 Wire ropes for cranes, excavators and general engineering purposes
BS 329 Steel wire ropes for electric lifts
BS 436 Spur and helical gears
Part 2 Basic rack form, modules and accuracy (1 to 50 metric module)
Part 3 Method of calculation of contact and root bending stress limitations for metallic involute gears
BS 449 The use of structural steel in building
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Part 2 Metric units
BS 545 Specification for bevel gears (machine cut)
BS 639 Covered electrodes for the manual metal-arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels
BS 709 Methods of destructive testing fusion welded joints and weld metal in steel
BS 721 Specification for worm gearing
Part 1 Inch units
Part 2 Metric units
BS 800 Specificatlon for radio Interference limits and measurements for household appliances, portable tools and other
electrical equipment causing similar types of interference
BS 2673 Rules for the design of cranes
Part 1 Specification for classification, stress calculations and design criteria for structures
@ BS2853
BS 3790
The design and testing of steel overhead runway beams
Specificatlon for endless wedge belt drives and endless V-belt drives
BS 4360 Specificatlon for weldable structural steels
BS 4395 High strength friction grip bolts and associated nuts and washers for structural engineering
Part 1 General grade
Part 2 Higher grade bolts, and nuts and general grade washers
Part 3 Higher grade bolts (waisted shank), nuts and general grade washers
BS 4604 The use of high strength friction grip bolts in structural steelwork. Metric series
Part 1 General grade
Part 2 Higher grade (parallel shank)
Part 3 Higher grade (waisted shank)
BS 5135 Specification for the process of arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels
BS 5304 Code of practice for safety of machinery
BS 5486 Specification for factory-built assemblies of switchgear and controlgear for voltages up to and including 1000 V a.c. and
1200 V d.c. ,
Part 1 General requirements
BS 5490 Classification of degrees of protection provided by enclosures
BS 5655 Lifts and service lifts
*Part 1 Safety rules for the construction and installation of electric lifts
BS 7212 Code of practice for the safe use of construction hoists
CP 3 Code of basic data for the design of buildings
Chapter V. Loading
Part 2 Wind loads
tEN 109 Safety rules for the construction and installation of builders hoists - Category I
0 Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations for electrical installations
Referred to in the foreword only.

t Draft European standard in preparation.
at 1-800-451-1584.
B S I BS*LlLlb5 8 9 IL b 2 4 b b î O L 4 b L L 3 T
BS 4465:1989
This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of reproduced in any form without the prior permission in writing of
the Mechanical Handling Standards Committee, was published BSI. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
under the authority of the Board of BSI and comes into effect on implementing the standard, of necessary details such as symbols and
3 1 January 1990 size, type or grade designations. Enquiries should be addressed to
O British Standards Institution, 1989 the Publications Manager, BSI, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes
MK14 6LE. The number for telephone enquiries is 0908 220022
First published May 1969 and for telex 825777.
Second edition October 1986
Third edition January 1990 Contract requirements. A British Standard does not purport to
include all the necessary provisions of a contract, Users of British
ISBN O 580 17857 9 Standards are responsible for their correct application.
The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:
Committee reference MHE/6
Revision of British Standards. British Standards are revised, when
Drafts for comment 83/79025 DC and 88/77702 DC
necessary, by the issue either of amendments or of revised editions.
It is important that users of British Standards should ascertain that
British Standards Institution. Incorporated by Royal Charter, BSI is they are in possession of the latest amendments or editions.
the independent national body for the preparation of British Automatic updating service. BSI provides an economic, individual
Standards. It is the UK member of the International Organization and automatic standards updating service called PLUS. Details are
for Standardization and UK sponsor of the British National available from BSI Enquiry Section a t Milton Keynes, telephone
Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission.
0908 221 166, telex 825777.
In addition t o the preparation and promulgation of standards, BSI
offers specialist services including the provision of information Information on all BSI publications is in the BSI Catalogue,
through the BSI Library and Standardline Database; Technical Help supplemented each month by BSI News which is available to
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Enquiry Section, BSI, Milton Keynes MK14 6LE, telephone revisions, amendments and withdrawn standards. Any person who,
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Copyright. Users of British Standards are reminded that copyright ambiguity, is requested to notify BSI without delay in order that
subsists in all BSI publications. No part of this publication may be the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
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Committees responsible for this British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Department of Trade and Industry, Mechanical and Electrical
Mechanical Handling Standards Policy Committee (MHE/-) to Engineering Division
Technical Committee MHE/6 upon which the following bodies Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
were represented: Federation of Manufacturers of Construction Equipment and Cranes
Associated Offices' Technical Committee Federation of Master Builders
Federation of Wire Rope Manufacturers of Great Britain
BEAMA Ltd.
Health and Safety Executive
Building Employers Confederation
Independent Engineering Insurers' Committee
Construction Health and Safety Group
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Construction Plant-hire Association
Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date of issue Text affected
British Standards Institution 2 Park Street London W I A 2BS . Telephone 01-629 9000 Telex 266933
900 1 -9-1.5k-5 MHEI6

at 1-800-451-1584.

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BSI BS*:L14b5 89 Ei Lb2Llbbî 01i4b0 5 7 4 m

British Standard Specification for

Design and construction of electric hoists

Ausführung und Konstruktion von elektrischen Personen- und Lastenaufzügen

fl-Rritish Standards Institution ,

Consideration should be given to the installation of over-

COPYRIGHT 2003; British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards

Section one. General

Section two. Structural design and construction

Loads due to moving components, e.g. cage, 4.1.4 Wind loads

a (1) Hoist in use without wind

Table 4. Design wind pressures

AI¡ zonest Zone 17 Zone 2 t

N/m2 N/m2 N/m2

Parts of hoist over 30 m and up to 60 m 250 868 I 384 1625 1884

Parts of hoist over 60 m and up to 90 m

Parts of hoist over 90 m and up to 120 m

Table 5. Force coefficients Cf

Description I Aerodynamic slenderness 116 or 110'

0.5 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.35 1.4

Cages Rectangular clad structures 1.Q

Figure 1. Conversion chart for wind speed and pressure

NOTE, For further information regarding selection of steels to

and working stresses

(a) Aerodynamic slenderness and section ratio

(b) Solidity ratio

distance between facing sides --a

(cl Spacing ratio

BSI BS*q4L5 i39 B L b 2 4 b b î OL4bObb 5

6 Stresses in structural components s is the slenderness ratio (= l / r ) ;

for rolled beams, channels

6.1.4.2.2 For sectional shapes with I , equal to or greater

sections, rolled angle

for steels complying with BS 4360

Limiting slenderness ratio so below which Fcrip= Y,

(d) (Y = 8.0 (see 6.1.3

Values of K2 for different values of M are given in

For grade 50 steel complying with BS 4360

where 6.1.7.1.3 Members subjected to bending and axial tension

accordance with 6.1 -7.1.4 and 6.1.7.1.5.

Table 12. Values of A and B to be used for calculating values of C,

\ A (see flotes 1 and 2)

ï)-,c,bas for steels complying with BS 4360

220 75 78 81 87 94 95 97 1 o1 102 104 105

240 78 82 85 92 99 101 î 03 108 110 Ill 112

270 82 86 90 98 107 1 o9 112 118 119 121 123

COPYRIGHT 2003; British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards

Pbc,bas for steels complying with BS 4 3 6 0

- correspondingt o the maximum effective

dit Pq,bas for different distances between stiffeners

groove less 3 mm in the case of a V or bevel weld.

a butt welds are as follows.

N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 7.2.1.2.2.1 Bolts not tightened by controlled means.

Figure 4. Design throat thickness of deep-penetration

B S I BSxll4bS A ï m Lb24bbï 014b082 3 m

1.2.1.2.5 Bolts in bearing. The basic permissible pressure

Pb, bas = Om9 YR 0.2 Diagrammatic Restraint conditions Effective

YRo,2 i s the yield stress or 0.2 % proof stress for the

Pat,bas = O.4YRo,2 tension

BS 4465 (1989) Passenger & Material Hoist

BS 4465 (1989) Passenger & Material Hoist

BS 4465 (1989) Passenger & Material Hoist