Civinco Quiz 1

CIVINCO: SET 1
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ALGEBRA
INTRODUCTION
Laws of Exponents Properties of Radicals Properties of Logarithms

1. 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛 1. 𝑎
1Τ
𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑎 1. If log 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦, then 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦
2. 𝑎𝑛 𝑚
= 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
𝑚Τ
2. 𝑎 𝑛 =
𝑛
𝑎𝑚 = 𝑛
𝑎 𝑚 2. log 𝑏 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 + log 𝑏 𝑦
3. 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
3. 𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 =𝑎 𝑥
𝑎𝑚
3. log 𝑏 𝑦
= log 𝑏 𝑥 − log 𝑏 𝑦
4. = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 𝑛
4. 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏= 𝑎𝑏 4. log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 log 𝑏 𝑥
1
5. 𝑎−𝑛 =
𝑎𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 5. log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1
6. 𝑎×𝑏 𝑚
= 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏𝑚 5. 𝑛
𝑏
=
𝑏
6. log 𝑏 1 = 0
𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚
7. 𝑏
=
𝑏𝑚
QUADRATIC EQUATION
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0 Properties of Roots:
Quadratic Formula: • Sum of roots:
−𝐵 ± 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 𝐵
𝑥= 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −
2𝐴 𝐴
Roots of Quadratic Equation • Product of roots:

𝐶
−𝐵 + 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 𝑥1 𝑥2 =
𝑥1 = 𝐴
2𝐴
−𝐵 − 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
𝑥2 =
2𝐴
Algebra 1. If 8𝑥 = 𝑦, then what is 25𝑥 −3 equal to in terms of 𝑦?
CONCEPT: 25𝑥−3 =?
𝒂𝒎 𝒎−𝒏 2 5𝑥
= 𝒂 25𝑥−3 = 3
𝒂𝒏 2
𝒂𝒏 𝒎 = 𝒂𝒎 𝒏
5𝑥−3
2𝑥 5
2 =
8
1ൗ 5
𝑥 𝑦 3
8 =𝑦
25𝑥−3 =
23 𝑥 = 𝑦 23
2𝑥 3 = 𝑦 𝟓ൗ
𝒚 𝟑
2𝑥 = 𝑦
1ൗ
3 𝟐𝟓𝒙−𝟑 =
𝟖
Algebra 2. The logarithm of the product of two numbers is 1.62324929, while the logarithm of
their quotient -0.066946789. Determine the first number.
CONCEPT: 𝑥
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒚 log = −0.066946789
𝑦
𝒙 log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 = −0.066946789 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒚
𝒚 Eq. 1 + Eq. 2
log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 = 1.62324929
log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 = −0.066946789
log 𝑥𝑦 = 1.62324929
2 log 𝑥 = 1.556302501
log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 = 1.62324929 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1
log 𝑥 = 0.778151251
𝒙=𝟔
Algebra 3. If the product of the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 is equal to
3𝑎 + 6, find the sum of its roots.
𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐵
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −
A=1 𝐴
2𝑎2
B = 2a2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −
1
C=a 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −2 −3 2
𝐶
𝑥1 ∙ 𝑥2 =
𝐴 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟏𝟖
𝑎
3𝑎 + 6 =
1
𝑎 = −3
AGE-RELATED PROBLEMS
If x = present age of a person

x – 3 = age of the person 3 years ago
x + 5 = age of the person 5 years hence
NOTE: The age difference between two persons is constant at any time.
Algebra 4. Four years ago, the sum of the ages of A and B was 45. Six years from now, twice B’s
age will be 28 years more than A’s age by then. How old is A now?
Four years ago, the sum of the ages of A Eq. 1 + Eq.2

and B was 45: 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 53
𝐴 − 4 + 𝐵 − 4 = 45 −𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 22
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 53 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1 𝐵 = 25 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 53 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1
Six years from now, twice B’s age will be 28
𝐴 + 25 = 53
years more than A’s age by then:
Therefore,
2 𝐵 + 6 = 𝐴 + 6 + 28
𝑨 = 𝟐𝟖 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒍𝒅
−𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 22 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2
Algebra 5. At present, the sum of the parent’s ages is twice the sum of the children’s ages. Five
years ago, the sum of the parent’s ages was 4 times the sum of the children’s ages.
Fifteen years from now, the sum of the parent’s ages will be equal to the sum of the
children’s ages. How many children are there?
Let: Five years ago, the sum of the parent’s ages

was 4 times the sum of the children’s ages:
• P = the sum of the parent’s ages
𝑃 − 10 = 4 𝐶 − 5𝑥
• C = the sum of the children’s ages 20𝑥 + 𝑃 − 4𝐶 = 10 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2
• x = number of children
Fifteen years from now, the sum of the of
the parent’s ages will be equal to the sum of
At present, the sum of the parent’s ages is
the children’s ages:
twice the sum of the children’s ages:
𝑃 + 30 = 𝐶 + 15𝑥
𝑃 = 2𝐶
−15𝑥 + 𝑃 − 𝐶 = −30 ← 𝐸𝑞. 3
0𝑥 + 𝑃 − 2𝐶 = 0 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1
𝒙=𝟓
𝑛
BINOMIAL THEOREM: EXPANSION OF 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛−2 2 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 𝑛−3 3
𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑦1 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑥 1 𝑦 𝑛−1 + 𝑦 𝑛
2! 3!
NOTE:
• It starts with 𝑥 𝑛 and ends with 𝑦 𝑛 .
• The power of 𝑥 decreases by 1 while the power of 𝑦 increases by 1.
• The sum of the powers of 𝑥 & 𝑦 in any term is always 𝑛.
• There will be 𝑛 + 1 terms in the expansion.
• If the coefficient of a term is multiplied by the power of 𝑥 in that term and then the product
divided by the power of 𝑦 increased by 1, the resulting number is the coefficient of the next term.
𝑟 𝑡ℎ TERM OF BINOMIAL EXPANSION
𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝐶 𝑛, 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛−𝑚 𝑦 𝑚
where:
𝑚 =𝑟 −1
𝑛!
𝐶 𝑛, 𝑚 =
𝑛−𝑚 !𝑚!
Algebra 6. Find the 6th term in the expansion of 2𝑥 3 + 9𝑦 11
.
𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚 𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚

a = 2x3
6𝑡ℎ term = 11𝐶5 2𝑥 3 11−5 9𝑦 5
b = 9y
6𝑡ℎ term = 462 2 6 9 5 𝑥 18 𝑦 5
n = 11
r=6
𝟔𝒕𝒉 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦 = 𝟏, 𝟕𝟒𝟓, 𝟗𝟔𝟎, 𝟖𝟑𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟖 𝒚𝟓
m=r–1=5
15
Algebra 7. Find the constant term in the expansion of 𝑥 +
3
𝑥 − Τ2 .
𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚 𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚

a=x
15𝐶𝑚 𝑥 15−𝑚 𝑥 −1.5 𝑚
b= x-1.5
15𝐶𝑚 𝑥 15−2.5𝑚
n = 15
For constant term:
r=? 15 − 2.5𝑚 = 0
m=r–1 𝑚=6 →𝑟=7
r=m+1 Therefore,
7𝑡ℎ term = (15𝐶6)𝑥 0
𝟕𝒕𝒉 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦 = 𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟓
Algebra 8. Find the sum of the coefficients of the terms in the expansion of 4𝑥 − 7𝑦 4 .
𝑺𝟏 𝑎 − 𝑏 4 = 𝑎4 − 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 4

4𝑥 − 7𝑦 4 = 4𝑥 4 − 4 4𝑥 3 7𝑦 + 6 4𝑥 2 7𝑦 2 − 4 4𝑥 7𝑦 3 + 7𝑦 4
𝑆𝑐 = 44 − 4 43 7 + 6 42 72 − 4 4 73 + 74
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟖𝟏
𝑺2
Set 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 1,
4𝑥 − 7𝑦 4
4 1 − 7(1) 4
4−7 4
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟖𝟏
MOTION-RELATED PROBLEMS
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

1. Motion in water current or air current
• If:
𝑥 = velocity of (boat/airplane) in still (water/air)
𝑦 = velocity of the (water/air)
Therefore,
𝑥 + 𝑦 = velocity when going (downstream/with the wind)
𝑥 − 𝑦 = velocity when going (upstream/against the wind)
MOTION-RELATED PROBLEMS
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

2. Motion in a circle or any closed conduits
• Starting at the same time from the same point
a) Going in the same direction:
𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 1 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
b) Going in opposite directions:
𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 1 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
Algebra 9. A train, an hour after starting, had to stop due to some engine trouble. After one
hour, it proceeded at 60% of its former rate and arrived 3 hours after the time. Had
the incident happened 50 km farther from the line, it would have arrived 1.5 hours
sooner. Find the length of the journey.
𝑑 v *(1 hr) 50
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡 → 𝑡 =
𝑣
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 d
Engine trouble happened 1 hour after Had the incident happened 50km farther:
starting: 𝑡𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑤 − 𝑡𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡 = 1.5
𝑑 𝑑 − 𝑣(1) 50 50 3
+3 = 1+1+
𝑣 0.6𝑣 − =
𝑑 5𝑑 5 0.60𝑣 𝑣 2
+3= 2+ − 200
𝑣 3𝑣 3 𝑣= 𝑘𝑝ℎ
2𝑑 8 9
= 𝑑 = 4𝑣 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1
3𝑣 3
𝑑 = 4𝑣 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1 𝒅 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝒎
Algebra 10. A policeman is pursuing a snatcher who is ahead by 72 of his own leaps. The
snatcher takes 6 leaps while the cop takes 5 leaps, but 4 leaps of the snatcher are as
long as 3 leaps of the cop. How many leaps will the cop make before he catches the
snatcher?
𝑠 𝑝 Distance = Number of leaps x Length of a leap

=
6 5
𝑠 = 1.2𝑝 𝐿 𝐿
𝑝 = 72 + 𝑠
4
3
𝑝 72 + 1.2𝑝
=
4 leaps of snatcher = 3 leaps of police = L 3 4
𝒑 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐩𝐬
𝐿
1 leap of snatcher =
4
𝐿
1 leap of police =
3
WORK-RELATED PROBLEMS
Accomplishment = Number of People × Rate × Time

A = nRT
A
R=
nT
Combined Rates = Rate 1 ± Rate 2
If accomplishment is not mentioned, use A = 1.
Algebra 11. An elevated concrete tank is filled through its inlet pipe and then is emptied through
its outlet pipe in a total time of 9 hours. If water enters through the inlet pipe and is
simultaneously allowed to leave through the outlet pipe, the tank is filled in 20
hours. How long will it take to fill the tank if the outlet is closed?
𝐴
Rate =
𝑛𝑇
1
Rate of inlet pipe =
𝑥
1
Rate of outlet pipe =
9−𝑥
A = nRT
1 1
1= − 20
𝑥 9−𝑥
𝒙 = 𝟒 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬
Algebra 12. A job can be done by 20 laborers in 30 days. To finish the job earlier, 25 men were
hired. However, after working for 20 days, 10 men quitted and were not replaced.
Find the total number of days to finish the job.
A = nRT
1 = 20 R 30 𝟐
𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟐𝟔 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
1 𝟑
𝑅=
600
To finish the job:
1 1
1 = 25 20 +15 𝑇
600 600
𝟐
𝑻 = 𝟔 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝑾𝑹𝑶𝑵𝑮‼!
𝟑
CLOCK-RELATED PROBLEMS
If the minute hand of the clock will

𝒙
describe an arc 𝑥 minute spaces long, then
during the same time span, the hour hand
𝑥
will also describe an arc minute spaces
12
long. In short, to identify the corresponding 𝒙
𝟏𝟐
movement of the hour hand, always divide
the movement of the minute hand by 12.
Algebra 13. What time between 2 and 3 o’clock will the angle between the hands of the clock
be bisected by the line connecting the center of the clock and the 3 o’clock mark?
a. 2: 17: 31 c. 2: 12: 52
b. 2: 15: 28 d. 2: 20: 15
𝑥
𝑥 − 15 = 5 − 12
𝑥 = 18.46 minutes 𝒙
𝒙
𝑥 = 18 minutes and 27.69 seconds 𝟏𝟐
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 = 𝟐: 𝟏𝟖: 𝟐𝟕. 𝟔𝟗 𝒚
𝒚
Algebra 14. At what time between three and four o’clock is the minute hand the same distance
from VIII as the hour hand is from XII?
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 40 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1 𝒚 𝒙
𝑥
𝑦− = 15 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2
12
𝑥 = 23.08 minutes
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 = 𝟑: 𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟖 𝒙
𝟏𝟐
𝒚
Algebra 15. (Mixture Problem): How much water must be evaporated from a 15-liter 12% dye
solution to obtain a solution that is 20% dye? Assume that the total amount of dye is
not affected by the process of evaporation.
15𝐿 𝑥 15 − 𝑥
12% dye 0% dye 20% dye

88% water 100% water 80% water
Using the water relationship

88 15 − 100𝑥 = 80(15 − 𝑥)
𝒙 = 𝟔 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬
Algebra 16. (Mixture Problem): A given alloy contains 20% copper and 5% tin. How many pounds
of copper and of tin must be melted with 100 lb of the given alloy to produce to
produce another alloy analyzing 30% copper and 10% tin? All percentages are by
weight.
C lbs T lbs 100 lbs 𝐶 + 𝑇 + 100
100% C = 20% C = 30%

100%
T = 5% T = 10%
Copper: Tin:
100𝐶 + 20 100 = 30(𝐶 + 𝑇 + 100) 100𝑇 + 5 100 = 10(𝐶 + 𝑇 + 100)
70𝐶 − 30𝑇 = 1000 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1 −10𝐶 + 90𝑇 = 500 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2
𝐂 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝐥𝐛𝐬
𝐓 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐥𝐛𝐬
Algebra 17. (Proportion Problem): Albert, Bryan, and Carl are partners who share profit in the
ratio of their capital. Albert’s capital is Php 5M and Bryan’s is Php 25M. In 2018, the
profit was Php 3.5 M, in which Carl’s share was Php 1.5M. Find Carl’s capital.
5 + 25 + 𝐶 3.5
=
𝐶 1.5
45 + 1.5𝐶 = 3.5𝐶
45 = 2𝐶
C = Php 22.5M
VARIATION PROBLEMS
• 𝑥 varies directly as 𝑦,
→ 𝑥 ∝ 𝑦 or 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦
• 𝑥 varies inversely as 𝑦,
1 1
→𝑥 ∝ or 𝑥 = 𝑘
𝑦 𝑦
• 𝑥 varies jointly as 𝑦 and 𝑧,
→ 𝑥 ∝ 𝑦𝑧 or 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦𝑧
Algebra 18. The electrical resistance of a cable varies directly as its length and inversely as the
square of its diameter. If a cable 600 m long and 10 mm in diameter has a resistance
of 0.1 ohm, find the length of a cable 20 mm in diameter with a resistance of 0.15
ohm.
𝐿
𝑅∝ 2
𝑑
𝐿
𝑅=𝑘 2
𝑑
𝑅𝑑 2
𝑘=
𝐿
𝑘1 = 𝑘2
0.1 10 2 0.15 20 2
=
600 𝐿2
𝑳𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐦
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
A sequence of numbers is in arithmetic progression if any number after the first is obtained
by adding a fixed number to the one immediately preceding it. The fixed number that is
added is called the common difference, 𝒅.
Formulas for arithmetic progression: where: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝑡ℎ term usually the last term
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 = 𝑎4 − 𝑎3 = ⋯ 𝑎𝑚 = a term after 𝑎1 but before 𝑎𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚 𝑑
𝑛 𝑛 𝑆𝑛 = sum of 𝑛 terms
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎1 + 𝑑 𝑛 − 1
2 1 2
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
A sequence of numbers is in geometric progression if any number after the first is obtained
by multiplying a fixed number to the one immediately preceding it. The fixed number
that is multiplied is called the common ratio, 𝒓.
Formulas for geometric progression: Product of the first 𝑛 terms of geometric progression:
𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎4 𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝑛
𝑑= = = = ⋯ 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑎1 × 𝑟 2
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑟 𝑛−𝑚
Infinite Geomteric Progression in which −1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤
𝑎1 1 − 𝑟 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 1, 𝑟 ≠ 0, and 𝑛 = ∞.
1−𝑟
𝑎1
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
HARMONIC PROGRESSION
A sequence of numbers are in harmonic progression if their reciprocals form an arithmetic

progression.
1 1 1 1 1 1
e. g. , , , , ,
2 5 8 11 14 17
Relationship between arithmetic mean, harmonic mean, and geometric mean of two
numbers:
𝐺𝑀2 = 𝐴𝑀 × 𝐻𝑀
Algebra 19. How many three-digit numbers are not divisible by three?
The three-digit numbers are as follows: The values forms an arithmetic progression
100, 101, 102, 103, … , 999 having a common difference, 𝑑 = 3.
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
Number of three-digit numbers
999 = 102 + 𝑛 − 1 (3)
𝑁 = 900
𝑛 = 300
Therefore, the number of three-digit
The three-digit numbers that are divisible numbers that are not divisible by 3,
by 3 are: 𝑁 − 𝑛 = 900 − 300
102, 105, 108, 111, … , 999 𝐀𝐧𝐬. 𝟔𝟎𝟎
Algebra 20. A contractor who does not meet the deadline on the construction of a building is
fined Php 40,000 per day for each of the first ten days of extra time, and for each
additional day thereafter the fine is increased by Php 8000. If the contractor is fined
Php 1,008,000, by how many extra days was the construction delayed?
First 10 days penalty: 40,000 × 10 = 400,000

𝑛
11th day penalty = Php 48,000 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎1 + 𝑑 𝑛 − 1
2
12th day penalty = Php 56,000 𝑛
608000 = 2(48000) + 8000 𝑛 − 1
2
13th day penalty = Php 64,000
𝑛=8
𝑁 = 10 + 8
400,000 + (S) = Php 1,008,000
S = Php 608,000 – Sum of the arithmetic 𝐀𝐧𝐬. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐚𝐬
progression 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟖 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬
Algebra 21. The numbers 28, 𝑥 + 2, 112 are the first three terms in a geometric progression.
What is the 31st term?
𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑟= =
𝑎1 𝑎2
𝑥+2 112 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
=
28 𝑥+2 𝑎31 = 28(2)31−1
(𝑥 + 2)2 = 3136
𝑎31 = 28(2)30
𝑥 + 2 = 56
𝒂𝟑𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝟒, 𝟕𝟕𝟏, 𝟎𝟕𝟎
Therefore,
56
𝑟= =2
28
Algebra 22. From a tank filled with 240 gallons of alcohol, 60 gallons are drawn off and the tank
is filled up with water. Then 60 gallons of the mixture are removed and replaced
with water, and so on. How many gallons of alcohol remain in the tank after 5
drawings of 60 gallons each are made?
𝑎1 = 180
Alcohol in the tank (gallons) 240 − 60
Draw 𝑟= = 0.75
Before the draw After the draw 240
1 240 240 − 60 = 180
2 180 180(0.75) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
3 180(0.75) 180(0.752 ) 𝑎5 = 180(0.75)5−1
𝑎5 = 180(0.75)4
4 180(0.752 ) 180(0.753 )
𝒂𝟓 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟓 𝐠𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐬
5 180(0.753 ) 180(0.754 )
PROBABILITY
Fundamental Principle of Counting

If there exists an item that can be done in m different ways and if there also exists a second item
that can be done in n different ways, then, the number of ways both items can be done is m x n.
Example: There exists 4 choices of main entrée and 3 choices of desserts, the total choices of 1
main and 1 dessert is 4 x 3 = 12.
PROBABILITY
Permutation – is an arrangement of objects where the order of selection is important:

Theorem 1: The number of permutations on n different objects taken r at a time is:
𝒏!
𝑷 𝒏, 𝒓 = 𝒏𝑷𝒓 =
𝒏−𝒓 !
Theorem 2: The number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time in which n1 of the
objects are alike, n2 are alike, n3 are alike, and so on, is:
𝒏!
𝑷=
𝒏𝟏 ! 𝒏𝟐 ! 𝒏𝟑 ! …
PROBABILITY
Combination – is an arrangement of objects where the order of selection is not important:

Theorem 1: The number of combinations on n objects taken r at a time is:
𝒏!
𝑪 𝒏, 𝒓 = 𝒏𝑪𝒓 =
𝒓! 𝒏 − 𝒓 !
Theorem 2: The number of combinations of n objects taken 1 at a time, 2 at a time, 3 at a time,

and so on until n at a time is:
𝑵 = 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏
Probability 23. In how many ways can 5 different trees be planted…
a. in a row?
b. in a circle? 1
𝑎. 𝑁 = __
5 x __4 x __
3 x __
2 x __
1
𝑵 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝑛!
5 𝑁= 2
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 5! 𝑛
𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑃5. 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 …
𝑁=
𝑛
𝑁 = 𝑛−1 !
𝑏. 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑁 = 𝑛 − 1 !
𝑁 = 5 − 1 ! = 𝟐𝟒 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔
4 3
Probability 24. How many three-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
a. if each digit can be used only once?
b. if the digits are greater than 330?
𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝟎
𝑎. 𝑁 = __
6 x __
6 x __
5
𝑵 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎
(4, 5, 6) 3 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦
3 x __
𝑏. 𝑁 = __ 6 x __ 1 x __
5 + __ 3 x __
5
𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓 (4, 5, 6)
Probability 25. How many different permutations can be made from the letters in the word
MISSISSIPPI?
𝑀 = 1, 𝐼 = 4, 𝑆 = 4, 𝑃 = 2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 11
𝑛!
𝑃=
𝑛1 ! 𝑛2 ! 𝑛3 ! …
11!
𝑃=
4! 4! 2!
𝑷 = 𝟑𝟒, 𝟔𝟓𝟎
Probability 26. How many ways can 7 people be assigned to 1 triple and two double rooms?
1 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 3
1 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 2
1 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 7
𝑛!
𝑃=
𝑛1 ! 𝑛2 ! 𝑛3 ! …
7!
𝑃=
3! 2! 2!
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎
Probability 27. The HR of DLSU will hire two out of ten recent DLSU top notchers to teach
CIVINCO. How many ways can the HR manager choose?
𝑁 = 10𝐶2 = 𝟒𝟓
Probability 28. How many ways can you color a painting if there are 5 different colors available?
Theorem 2: The number of combinations of

n objects taken 1 at a time, 2 at a time, 3 at a
time, and so on until n at a time is:
𝑁 = 2𝑛 − 1
𝑁 = 25 − 1
𝑁 = 31
Or this is the same as:
𝑁 = 5𝐶1 + 5𝐶2 + 5𝐶3 + 5𝐶4 + 5𝐶5
𝑁 = 31
PROBABILITY
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑝=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Mutually Exclusive Events – this happens when it is impossible for more than one of the events
can happen in a single trial e.g. getting a head and tails when tossing a coin.
Independent Events – this happens if one event does not affect the probability of the other e.g.
tossing a coin and tossing a die.
Dependent Events – this happens when one event does affect the probability of the other e.g.
probability of being called to the SDFO when you cheated in an exam.
PROBABILITY
The Addition Rule – the probability that events A or B will occur, P(A or B), is given by:
𝑃 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵 − 𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
If events A and B are mutually exclusive, then, the rule can be simplified to:
𝑃 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵
Conditional Probability – the probability of an event occurring given that another event has
already occurred. The conditional probability of event B occurring, given that event A has
occurred is denoted by P(B/A).
PROBABILITY
The Multiplication Rule – the probability that events A and B will occur in sequence is:
𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 𝑥 𝑃 𝐵/𝐴
If events A and B are independent, then, the rule can be simplified to:
𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 𝑥 𝑃 𝐵
At Least One Condition – the probability that an event will occur at least once in n trials is:
P=1 −Q
Where Q is the probability of the event to totally fail.
Probability 29. A coin is tossed twice.What is the probability that at least one head occurs?
𝐻 𝑃 =1−𝑄
𝐻
𝑇 1
𝑃 =1−
4
𝐻 3
𝑇 𝑃=
𝑇 4
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
3
𝑃=
4
Probability 30. Suppose you toss a coin and then roll a die. What is the probability of obtaining a tail
and then rolling a 1?
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑥 𝑃1
1 1
𝑃= 𝑥
2 6
1
𝑃=
12
Probability 31. A die is loaded in such a way that an even number is twice as likely to occur as an
odd number. Find the probability that if this die is rolled, a number less than 3
occurs.
In simple terms, the possible outcomes are as follows:

𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟐, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6 ← 9 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
3 1
𝑃= =
9 3
Probability 32. What is the probability of drawing a Queen or a diamond from a standard deck of
cards?
𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠: 𝑃 𝑄 𝑜𝑟 ◆ = 𝑃 𝑄 + 𝑃 ◆ − P(Q and ◆)

− 𝟏𝟐 4 13 1
− 𝟏𝟐 𝑃 𝑄 𝑜𝑟 ◆ = + −
52 52 52
− 𝟏𝟐 4
𝑃 𝑄 𝑜𝑟 ◆ =
− 𝟏𝟐 13
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 − 𝟓𝟐 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔
Probability 33. In a room of 23 people, what is the probability that at least 2 people have the same
birthday? Assume that birthdays are uniformly distributed across the year and there
is no leap year complication.
𝑃 =1−𝑄
365 364 363 343
𝑃 =1− 𝑥 𝑥 …
365 365 365 365
365𝑃23
𝑃 =1−
36523
𝑃 = 0.507
34. To encourage Elmer’s promising tennis career, his father offers him a prize if he wins
Probability
(at least) two tennis sets in a row in a three-set series to be played with his father
and the club champion alternately.The series can either be A or B as shown below:
Series A: Father-Champion-Father or Series B: Champion-Father-Champion
The champion is a better player than Elmer’s father. Which series should he choose?
a. 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐴 c. Either A or 𝐵
b. 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐵 d. Neither A nor 𝐵
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟

𝑐 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑛; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 > 𝑐
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐴: 𝐹 − 𝐶 − 𝐹 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐵: 𝐶 − 𝐹 − 𝐶 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
✓−✓− 𝑓𝑐(1 − 𝑓) ✓−✓− 𝑐𝑓(1 − 𝑐)
−✓−✓ (1 − 𝑓)𝑐𝑓 −✓−✓ (1 − 𝑐)𝑓𝑐
✓−✓−✓ 𝑓𝑐𝑓 ✓−✓−✓ 𝑐𝑓𝑐
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑓𝑐 1 − 𝑓 + 1 − 𝑓 𝑐𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐(2 − 𝑓) 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑐𝑓 1 − 𝑐 + 1 − 𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑐𝑓𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐 2 − 𝑐
∴ 𝑃𝐵 > 𝑃𝐴
TRIGONOMETRY
ANGLES
1. 𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 90𝑜 Angles of Measurements:

2. 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 90𝑜 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 360𝑜 = 400 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
= 400 𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 6400 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠
3. 𝑂𝑏𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 90𝑜
4. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 180𝑜
5. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 90𝑜
Relationship between 2 angles:
A. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 90𝑜
B. 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 180𝑜
C. 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 360𝑜
Trigo 1. The supplement of a certain angle is seven times its complement. Determine the
explement of the angle.
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒: 𝑥
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: 180 − 𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: 90 − 𝑥
180 − 𝑥 = 7(90 − 𝑥)
𝒙 = 𝟕𝟓𝒐
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: 360 − 𝑥
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: 285𝑜
Trigo 2. The sum of two angles is 1600 mils and their difference is 40 grads. Find the value of
the bigger angle in degrees.
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
360𝑜
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1600 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑥
𝑜
6400 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 90 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1
360𝑜
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 40 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑥
400 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑜
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 36 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2
𝑥 = 63𝑜
𝑦 = 27𝑜
TRIGONOMETRY IDENTITIES
Pythagorean Relations: Sum and Difference of Two Angles:

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 1 sin 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 cos 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝐴 tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 ± 𝐵 =
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
Co-Function Identities:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 90𝑜 − 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 Squares:
𝑐𝑜𝑠 90𝑜 − 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
sin2 𝐴 = cos 2 𝐴 =
tan 90𝑜 − 𝐴 = cot 𝐴 2 2
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
tan2 𝐴 =
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
TRIGONOMETRY IDENTITIES
Double Angle: No need to memorize. Sum and Difference of Two Angles:

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 = cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴 cos 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
2 tan 𝐴 tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝐴 = tan 𝐴 ± 𝐵 =
1 − tan2 𝐴
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
Half-Angle:
Squares:
𝐴 1−cos 𝐴 𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
sin = ± cos = ± 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
2 2 2 2 sin2 𝐴 = cos 2 𝐴 =
2 2
𝐴 1 − cos 𝐴 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛 = ± tan2 𝐴 = 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
2 1 + cos 𝐴
2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 −cos 𝐴
Trigo 3. Evaluate:
1 −sin 𝐴+sin2 𝐴−cos2 𝐴
a. sin 𝐴 c. cos 𝐴
b. tan 𝐴 d. cot 𝐴
S1 S2
Substitute any value for A:
cos 𝐴 (2 sin 𝐴 − 1)
= 2 sin 1.18 cos 1.18 − cos 1.18
1 − cos 2 𝐴 + sin2 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 =
sin2 𝐴 1 − sin 1.18 + sin2 1.18 − cos 2 1.18
cos 𝐴 (2 sin 𝐴 − 1)
= = 48.54888 …
2sin2 𝐴 − sin 𝐴
cos 𝐴 (2 sin 𝐴 − 1) a. sin 1.18 = 0.020593 … c. cos 1.18 = 0.9998 …
=
sin 𝐴 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 − 1) b. tan 1.18 = 0.020597 … d. cot 1.18 = 48.5488 …
= cot 𝐴
Trigo 4. What is x + 2y equal to if sin 3x = cos 6y?
S1 Co-Function Identities: S2 Substitute any value for x:

𝑠𝑖𝑛 90𝑜 − 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 sin 3(1.01) = cos 6y
𝑐𝑜𝑠 90𝑜 − 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
Solve for the value of y:
tan 90𝑜 − 𝐴 = cot 𝐴
y = 14.495
sin 3x = cos 6y
x + 2y =?
sin 3x = sin 90𝑜 − 6𝑦
1.01 + 2 14.495 =?
3x = 90 − 6y
1.01 + 2 14.495 = 30
3x + 6y = 90 → 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 3
x + 2y = 30
RIGHT AND OBLIQUE TRIANGLE FORMULA
Right Triangle Formula: Oblique Triangle Formula:

𝑩 𝑪
𝒄 𝒃 𝒂
𝒂
𝑪 𝑨 𝑨 𝑩
𝒃 𝒄
𝑎 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝐴 = 𝑎
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑏 𝑐
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑤: = =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
𝑐 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 =
𝑏 𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑤: 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2
Trigo 5. A pole cast a shadow 15 m long when the angle of elevation of the sun is 63𝑜 . If the
pole leans 15𝑜 from the vertical towards the sun, determine the length of the pole.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑤: = =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
15𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑥 15
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 =
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 sin 63𝑜 sin 12𝑜
63𝑜
15 𝑚
𝑥 = 64.28 𝑚
12𝑜
105𝑜 63𝑜
15 𝑚
CIVINCO: SET 2
PLANE GEOMETRY
POLYGON
Plane geometry – it deals with the properties of plane figures or geometrical shapes of
two dimensions, such as angles, triangles, square, polygons, conic sections, etc.
Polygon – a plane figure with three or more angles. The sides of the polygon are straight
lines.
Sum of Interior Angles: 𝑆𝑖 = 180° 𝑛 − 2
Sum of Exterior Angles: 𝑆𝑒 = 360°
𝑛
Number of Diagonals: 𝐷 = 𝑛−3
2
POLYGON
Regular Polygon – a polygon whose angles are equal and all of whose sides are equal.
Similar Polygon – two polygons are similar if their corresponding angles are equal, and
their corresponding sides are proportional.
Convex Polygon – polygon having each interior angle less than 180°.
Concave Polygon – polygon having an interior angle greater than 180°.

TRIANGLE
Triangles – a polygon with three sides that are contained in a plane.
The sum of the three angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles or 180°.
The sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side, and their difference is
less than the third side.
Pythagorean Theorem – in any Right Triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
TRIANGLE
a) Given the base and altitude Area of Triangle

1 B
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
2
b) Given two sides and included angle c a
1 1 1 h
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 = 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑐 sin 𝐵
2 2 2
A C
c) Given three angles and one side b
𝑎2 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 𝑏2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐶 d) Given three sides (Heron’s Formula)
𝐴= ;𝐵 =
2 sin 𝐴 2 sin 𝐵 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
No need to 𝑐 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
memorize. 𝐶 = 2 sin 𝐶
𝑠=
2
TRIANGLE
Medians of Triangle – the median of a triangle B

is the line drawn from one vertex to the midpoint
of its opposite side. The medians of a triangle
intersect at a common point called the centroid
of the triangle. a
c
1
𝑚𝑎 = 2𝑏 2 + 2𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
2
1
𝑚𝑏 = 2𝑎2 + 2𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 centroid
2
No need to
𝑚𝑐 =
1
2𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 A b C
memorize. 2
TRIANGLE
Altitudes of a Triangle – the altitude of a B

triangle is the line drawn from one vertex
perpendicular to its opposite side. The altitudes of a
a triangle intersect at a point called the c
orthocenter of the triangle.
2𝐴 𝑇 orthocenter
ℎ𝑎 =
𝑎
No need to 2𝐴 𝑇
ℎ𝑏 =
memorize. 𝑏
2𝐴 𝑇 A b C
ℎ𝑐 =
𝑐
TRIANGLE
Angle Bisectors of a Triangle – the angle

bisector of a triangle is a line drawn from one B
vertex to the opposite side bisecting the included
𝐵 𝐵
angle between the other two sides. The angle
bisectors of a triangle intersect at a point called 2 2
the incenter of the triangle. a
2 c
𝑏𝑎 = 𝑏𝑐𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎) incenter
𝑏+𝑐
2 𝐴Τ2 𝐶 Τ2
𝑏𝑏 = 𝑎𝑐𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑏)
𝑎+𝑐 𝐴Τ2 𝐶 Τ2
No need to
2 A C
memorize. 𝑏𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑐) b
𝑎+𝑏
QUADRILATERALS
Quadrilaterals – a portion of a plane bounded by four straight lines. It is also known as a

quadrangle or tetragon.
Rectangle – a parallelogram whose angles are right angles.
Area = 𝐿𝑊
W
Perimeter = 2 𝐿 + 𝑊
L
QUADRILATERALS
Square – a rectangle with equal sides.

Area = 𝑎2
a
Perimeter = 4𝑎
a
Parallelogram (Rhomboid) – a quadrilateral
whose opposite sides are parallel. d2
Area =
1
𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜃 d1 θ b
2
a
QUADRILATERALS
d2
Rhombus – a parallelogram with four equal sides.
1 d1 b
Area = 𝑑1 𝑑2
2
a
Trapezoid – a quadrilateral with two and only two b1
of whose sides are parallel
ℎ m L
Area = 𝑏1 + 𝑑2 h
2
n
No need to
𝑚 𝑏1 2 +𝑛 𝑏2 2
memorize. 𝐿 = 𝑚+𝑛 b2
CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS
Cyclic Quadrilaterals – is a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the circumference of a

circle.
Ptolemy’s Theorem – “For any cyclic quadrilateral, the product of the diagonals is equals
the sum of the product of the opposite side.”
𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑
GENERAL QUADRILATERAL
Circle Circumscribed about a Quadrilateral
(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑)(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑)(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)

𝑅=
4𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑠=
2
Circle Inscribed about a Quadrilateral
𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = 𝑟𝑠 or 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑
CIRCLE
Circle – a plane curve that is the locus of tangent

all points in the plane is equidistant from a chord
secant
given point called center.
diameter
Area = 𝜋𝑟 2
Circumference = 2𝜋𝑟
arc
radius
CIRCLE
Two chords rule – if two chords

intersect in a circle, the product of the
lengths of the segments of one chord is a
equal the product of the segments of the c
other.
b
𝑎 ×𝑏 =𝑐 ×𝑑
d
CIRCLE
Two secants rule – if two secant

segments are drawn to a circle from the
C
same external point, the product of the B
length of one secant segment and its
external part is equal to the product of A
the length of the other secant segment D
and its external part.
E
𝐴𝐶 × 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐸 × 𝐴𝐷
CIRCLE
Secant–Tangent rule – if a secant and a B A

tangent segment are drawn to a circle
from the same external point, the product
of the length of the secant segment and its
external part is equals the square of the C
length of the tangent segment.
(𝐴𝐵)2 = 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐶
D
CIRCLE
Circle Inscribed in a Triangle

Incenter – it is the point of intersection
𝛼 𝛼
of the angle bisectors. It is also the center
of the circle.
In-circle – it is the largest circle that can b c
r r
fit inside the triangle and touch all three
sides. Its center is always inside the
triangle. r
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑟𝑠 𝜃 𝛽
𝜃 𝛽
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠=
2 a
CIRCLE
Circle Circumscribing a Triangle

Circumcenter – it is the point of
intersection of the perpendicular bisectors
of the triangle. It is also the center of the
R c
b
circumscribed circle.
Circum-circle – it is the circle that
passes through all the vertices of the R
R
triangle. Its center can be inside or outside
the triangle. a
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝐴𝑇 =
4𝑅
CIRCLE
Escribed Circle
𝐴𝑇 = 𝑟 𝑠 − 𝑎
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠=
2
where:
c a r
r = radius of the circle
a = side where the escribed circle is
tangent
b
Plane 1. A triangular piece of land has one side measuring 12 km. The land is to be divided
Geometry into two equal areas by a dividing line parallel to the given side. What is the length of
the dividing line?
𝐴1 𝑥 2
=
𝐴𝑇 12
A1 A1
NOTE:
A1 x x 𝐴 𝑇 = 2𝐴1
12 km Therefore:
𝐴1 𝑥 2
=
2𝐴1 12
AT 𝒙 = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟖𝟓 𝐤𝐦
12 km
Plane 2. The sum of the interior angles is six times the sum of its exterior angles. How many
Geometry diagonals does this polygon have?
Sum of Interior Angles: 𝑆𝑖 = 180° 𝑛 − 2 𝑛

Number of Diagonals: 𝐷 = 𝑛−3
Sum of Exterior Angles: 𝑆𝑒 = 360° 2
14
Therefore, 𝐷= 14 − 3
2
180° 𝑛 − 2 = 6(360°) 𝑫 = 𝟏𝟕 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐬
180° 𝑛 − 360° = 2160°
𝑛 = 14 sides
Plane 3. What is the radius of the circle circumscribing an isosceles right triangle having an
Geometry area of 162 sq. cm.?
A • Inscribed angle – an angle whose vertex is a point on the

r circle and whose sides are chords.
• An inscribed angle is measured by ½ the intercepted arc.
x
r 1 1 1
෽
∠A = 𝐵𝐶 ෽
∠B = 𝐴𝐶 ෽
∠C = 𝐴𝐵
2 2 2
C x Using Pythagorean Theorem:

B
(𝐴𝐵)2 = (𝐴𝐶)2 +(𝐵𝐶)2
(2𝑟)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2
1 1
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑏ℎ → 162 = 𝑥 𝑥 4𝑟 2 = (18)2 + (18)2
2 2
𝑥 = 18 cm. 𝒓 = 𝟗 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟑 𝐜𝐦.
Plane 4. A circle whose area is 452 cm2 is cut into two segments by a chord whose distance
Geometry from the center of the circle is 6 cm. Find the area of the larger segment.
Asegment = Asector − Atri

12 12 𝜋(12)2 120° 1
Asegment = − (12)2 sin 120°
360° 2
𝜃ൗ
452 = 𝜋𝑟 2 2 Asegment = 88.44 cm2
θ 6
𝑟 = 12 cm 6
𝜃 6 Alarger = Acircle − Asegment
cos =
12 2 12 Alarger = 452 cm2 − 88.44 cm2
𝜃 = 120°
𝐀𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐫 = 𝟑𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟔 𝐜𝐦𝟐
Plane 5. A triangle ABC has sides a = 6 cm, b = 8 cm, and c = 9 cm. Find the length of the
Geometry median drawn from the vertex A to side BC.
For ∆ABC: Use Cosine Law, B

82 = 92 + 62 − 2 9 6 cos 𝐵
92 + 62 − 82
𝐵= cos −1
2 9 (6)
3 a=6
c=9 D
𝐵 = 60.61°
For ∆ABD: Use Cosine Law
𝑚𝐴 2 = 32 + 92 − 2 3 6 cos(60.61°) mA 3
𝒎𝑨 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟕 𝐜𝐦
A b=8 C
Plane 6. In the previous problem, how far from the vertex B will the bisector of angle A
Geometry intersect BC?
For ∆ABC: Use Cosine Law, B

62 = 92 + 82 − 2 9 8 cos 𝐴
𝐴
𝐴 = 40.80° →
2
= 20.40 60.61° a=6
For ∆ABE, c=9
𝐸 = 180° − 60.61° − 20.40° = 98.99°
E
Use Sine Law,

9 𝐵𝐸 𝐴 Τ2
sin 98.99°
=
sin 20.40°
𝐴 Τ2
𝑩𝑬 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝐜𝐦. A b=8 C
Plane 7. A triangle has an area of 9.92 cm2, and its perimeter is 15 cm. Find the distance from
Geometry the point of intersection of its angle bisectors to one side.
A
1 1 1
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑏𝑟 + 𝑐𝑟
2 2 2
1 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝛼 𝛼
𝐴= 𝑟 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 ; 𝑠 =
2 2
𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠 b
r r c
𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠
15 cm r
2
9.92 cm = 𝑟 𝜃 𝛽
2 𝜃 𝛽
𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 𝐜𝐦 B
C a
SOLID GEOMETRY
POLYHEDRONS
Polyhedrons – solids whose faces are plane

polygons (3D equivalent of polygon)
Regular Polygons – are those solids with all

its faces identical regular polygons. There are
only five known regular polyhedrons:
tetrahedron, hexahedron (cube), octahedron,
dodecahedron, and icosahedron.
PRISM
Prism – a polyhedron with two faces (bases)

parallel and congruent and whose remaining
faces (lateral faces) are parallelograms. Every
section parallel to the base has the same area as
the base.
𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴
Right prism – a prism which has its lateral
faces, thus its axis, perpendicular to the base.
Oblique prism – a prism in which the lateral
faces are not perpendicular to the base.
CYLINDER
Cylinder – can be thought of as a prism with

two circular bases.
Volume of cylinder:
𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ h
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Surface area of cylinder:
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
AB
PYRAMID
Pyramid – a polyhedron that contains

triangular lateral faces with a common vertex
and polygonal base.
Volume of pyramid:
1
𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ
3
Surface area of pyramid:
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴
CONE
Cone – formed by a set of line segments

connecting the apex, to all the points on the
circumference of the circular base that is in a
plane that does not contain the apex.
Volume of cone:
1 1 2
𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3 3
Surface area of cone:
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙
SPHERE
Sphere – a round solid figure with every point

on its surface equidistant from its center (3D
equivalent of circle)
Volume of sphere:
4 3
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟
3
Surface area of sphere:
𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
SPHERICAL COMPONENTS
Spherical segment – the solid defined by

cutting a sphere or a ball with a pair of parallel
planes.
Volume of spherical segment of one base:

𝜋ℎ3
𝑉= (3𝑅 − ℎ)
3
Volume of spherical segment of two bases:
𝜋ℎ
𝑉= (3𝑎2 + 3𝑏 2 + ℎ2 )
6
Spherical zone – a portion of the surface of a

sphere included between two parallel planes. It
may be thought of as the lateral area of a
spherical segment.
Area of a spherical zone:

𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑅ℎ
Spherical cone – a solid generated by rotating

a sector of a circle about an axis which passes
through the center of the circle, but which
contains no points inside the sector.
Volume of a spherical cone:

1
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑅
3
2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑅2 ℎ
3
FRUSTUM
Frustum – the remaining portion obtained

after removing the top portion of a pyramid or
a cone is cut by a cutting plane parallel to its
base.
Volume of a frustum:
ℎ
𝑉= 𝐴 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴1 𝐴2
3 1
Surface area of a frustum:
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴
TRUNCATED PRISM
Truncated Prism – a portion of a prism

formed by passing a plane not parallel to the
base and intersecting all the lateral edges. This
h3
solid has two non-parallel bases which are both
polygons of the same number of edges. h2
h4
h1
Volume of a frustum:
𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
AB h5
Surface area of a frustum: h6
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴
Solid 8. Find the total surface area of a right pentagonal prism with each side of the base
Geometry measuring 8 cm, and a height of 12 cm.
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴
𝑠2𝑛 8 2 (5)
𝐴𝐵 = =
180° 180°
4 tan 4 tan
𝑛 5
𝐴𝐵 = 110.11 cm2
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 8 12 5 12 cm
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 480 cm2
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2 110.11 cm2 + 480 cm2

𝑻𝑺𝑨 = 𝟕𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐦𝟐
8 cm
Solid 9. A right circular cone is to be made from a circular sector of radius 36 cm and
Geometry central angle 200°. Find the volume of the cone thus formed.
1 2
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3
Length of Arcsector = Circumferencecone(base)
𝑠 = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝜃 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝜋
36 200° × = 2𝜋𝑟
180°
𝑟 = 20 cm
Solid 9. A right circular cone is to be made from a circular sector of radius 36 cm and
Geometry central angle 200°. Find the volume of the cone thus formed.
𝑟 2 + ℎ2 = 362
202 + ℎ2 = 362
ℎ = 29.93 cm
1
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋 20 cm 2 (29.93 cm)
3
𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟑𝟕. 𝟎𝟓 𝐜𝐦𝟑
Solid 10. If the volume of the sphere is increased by 20%, by how many percent will its
Geometry surface area increase?
4 3
𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 𝑆𝐴𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
3
𝑉𝑓 𝑟 3
=
𝑉𝑖 𝑅
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑖 + 0.20𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑓 = 1.20𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑖 𝑟 3
=
1.20𝑉𝑖 𝑅
𝑅 = 1.0627𝑟
Solid 10. If the volume of the sphere is increased by 20%, by how many percent will its
Geometry surface area increase?
4 3
𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 𝑆𝐴𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
3
𝐴𝑓 𝑟 2
=
𝐴𝑖 𝑅
𝐴𝑓 = 𝐴𝑖 + 𝑥𝐴𝑖
𝐴𝑓 = (1 + 𝑥)𝐴𝑖
𝐴𝑖 𝑟 2
=
1.20𝑉𝑖 1.0627𝑟
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟑%
Solid 11. The diameter of the lower base and upper base of a frustum of a cone are 24 ft and
Geometry 14 ft, respectively. If its slant height is 13 ft, find the volume of the frustum.
ℎ= 132 − 52 = 12 ft
ℎ
𝑉= 𝐴 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴1 𝐴2
3 1
𝐴1 = 𝜋(7)2 = 49𝜋 ft 2
𝐴2 = 𝜋(12)2 = 144𝜋 ft 2
13
𝑉= 49𝜋 + 144𝜋 + (49𝜋)(144𝜋)
3
𝑽 = 𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 𝐟𝐭 𝟑
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
LINES
General Equation of a Line 𝑦

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
Distance Formula
𝑦2
𝑑= 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 − 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2
𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
Slope of a Line
rise 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑚= =
run 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Midpoint Formula
No need to 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝑥
𝑥= 𝑦= 𝑥1 𝑥𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥2
memorize. 2 2
STANDARD EQUATION OF LINES
𝑦
Point-slope form:
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
Slope-intercept form: 𝑦2
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
Two-point form:
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Intercept form:
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
+ =1 𝑥1 𝑥𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥2
𝑎 𝑏
LINES
Angle Between Two Lines

𝑦
𝑚2 − 𝑚1 𝑙2
𝜃= tan−1
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
Better
𝜃 = tan−1 𝑚2 − tan−1 𝑚1
formula tan 𝜃2 = 𝑚2
Note: 𝜃2
𝜃 𝑙1
1. Two lines are parallel if their slopes are 𝜃1
equal. tan 𝜃1 = 𝑚1
2. Two lines are perpendicular if the product of
their slopes is -1. 𝑥
LINES
Distance from 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 to 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
𝑦 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝑑=
𝐴2 + 𝐵2 d
Distance between parallel lines

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝐶2 − 𝐶1
𝑑=
𝐴2 + 𝐵2
𝑥
Analytic 12. The lines 2𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑏 = 0 and 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑏 = 1 intersect at the point (−1, 3).
Geometry What is 2𝑎 + 𝑏?
@ −1, 3
2𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑏 = 0
2 −1 + 𝑎 3 + 2𝑏 = 0
3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 2 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1
𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑏 = 1
𝑎 −1 − 3 − 𝑏 = 1
𝑎 + 𝑏 = −4 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2 (−1, 3)
Eq. 1 – Eq. 2
3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 2
− 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −4
𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟔
Analytic 13. Given the triangle with vertices at 𝐴(1, 4), 𝐵(9, 6) and 𝐶(7, 2). Find the equation of
Geometry the line through side AB.
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 B
6 −4
𝑦 −4= 𝑥 −1
9 −1
4 𝑦−4 = 𝑥−1 A 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
4𝑦 − 16 = 𝑥 − 1
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎
C
Analytic 14. Given the triangle with vertices at 𝐴(1, 4), 𝐵(9, 6) and 𝐶(7, 2). Find the distance
Geometry from C to side AB.
𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
𝑑= 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 15 = 0
𝐴2 + 𝐵2
1(7) + (−4)(2) + 15 B
𝑑=
(1)2 + (−4)2 A
𝒅 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟎 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
C(7,2)
Analytic 15. Given the triangle with vertices at 𝐴(1, 4), 𝐵(9, 6) and 𝐶(7, 2). Find the equation of
Geometry the line through (0, −3) and parallel to side AB.
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 6 − 4 1
𝑚= = B
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 9 − 1 = 4
A
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
1
𝑦 − (−3) = 𝑥 − 0
4 C
4 𝑦+3 =𝑥
4𝑦 + 12 = 𝑥
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
(0, −3)
Analytic 16. Given the triangle with vertices at 𝐴(1, 4), 𝐵(9, 6) and 𝐶(7, 2). Find the distance
Geometry from 𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 to side AB.
𝐶2 − 𝐶1 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 15 = 0
𝑑= B
𝐴2 + 𝐵2
A
15 − (−12)
𝑑=
12 + (−4)2
𝒅 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
C
𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 12 = 0
CONIC SECTIONS
General Definition of Conic Sections

Locus (or path) of a point that moves such that
the ratio of its distance from a fixed point
(focus) and a fixed line (directrix) is constant. This
constant ratio is called the eccentricity of the
conic.
CONIC SECTIONS
Eccentricity of a Conic,
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3
𝑒= = =
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3
If 𝑒 = 0, the conic section is a circle.

If 𝑒 = 1, the conic section is a parabola.
If 𝑒 < 1, the conic section is an ellipse.
If 𝑒 > 1, the conic section is a hyperbola.
CIRCLE
A locus of point which moves at a constant

𝑦 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
distance from a fixed point called center and
the constant distance of any point from the 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦)
center is called the radius. r
𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘)
𝑥
EQUATIONS OF CIRCLE
Center at 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌) – Standard Equation

𝑦 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦)
r
Center at origin
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘)
General Form
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
𝐷 𝐸 𝑥
Center h, k : ℎ=− 𝑘=−
2 2
2 2
Analytic 17. A circle has the equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0. Find the center of the
Geometry circle.
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 = 12
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 +𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9 = 12 + 4 + 9
𝑥 − 2 2 + 𝑦 + 3 2 = 25
Therefore,
𝒉 = 𝟐 ; 𝒌 = −𝟑
𝑟=5
2 2
Analytic 18. A circle has the equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0. Find the farthest distance
Geometry from the point 5, 6 to the circle.
𝑑= 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 − 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 (5, 6)
𝑑= 5−2 2 − 6 − −3 2
𝑑= 3 2 − (9)2
𝑑 = 3 10 units
Farthest distance
𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 3 10 units + 5 units (2, −3)
𝒅𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝟗 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
r=5
2 2
Analytic 19. A circle has the equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0. Find the nearest distance
Geometry from the point 5, 6 to the circle.
𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 14.49 units (5, 6)
Nearest distance
𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 14.49 units − 5 units − 5 units
𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟗 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
r=5
(2, −3)
r=5
PARABOLA
Parabola – locus of a point that moves such

that its distance from a fixed point called the
focus is always equal to its distance from a fixed
line called the directrix.
𝑑1 = 𝑓1 & 𝑑2 = 𝑓2
Standard Equations of a Parabola
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑘 → upward
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = −4𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑘 → downward
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑎 𝑥 − ℎ → to the right
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = −4𝑎 𝑥 − ℎ → to the left
Note: (ℎ, 𝑘) is the vertex of the parabola.
2
Analytic 20. Given a parabola whose equation is 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0, find the vertex.
Geometry
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 9
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + (1)2 = 4𝑦 − 9 + 1 2
(𝑥 + 1)2 = 4𝑦 − 8
(𝑥 + 1)2 = 4 𝑦 − 2
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = ±4𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑘 ∴ upward
𝑉(−1, 2)
Therefore,
ℎ = −1 ; 𝑘 = 2
𝑽(−𝟏, 𝟐)
2
Analytic 21. Given a parabola whose equation is 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0, find the focus.
Geometry
(𝑥 + 1)2 = 4 𝑦 − 2
ℎ = −1 ; 𝑘 = 2
4𝑎 = 4
𝑎=1
𝐹(−1, 3)
𝑎
Focus: 𝑉(−1, 2)
𝐹 −1, 2 + 𝑎
𝐹 −1, 2 + 1
𝑭 −𝟏, 𝟑
2
Analytic 22. Given a parabola whose equation is 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0, find the equation of
Geometry directrix.
ℎ = −1 ; 𝑘 = 2
4𝑎 = 4 ; 𝑎 = 1
Equation of Directrix,
𝑦 = 2−𝑎
𝒚=𝟏
𝑉(−1, 2) 𝑎
𝑦=1
2
Analytic 23. Given a parabola whose equation is 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0, find the length of the
Geometry latus rectum.
ℎ = −1 ; 𝑘 = 2
4𝑎 = 4 ; 𝑎 = 1 Latus
rectum
Length of Latus Rectum,
𝐿𝑅 = 4𝑎
𝑳𝑹 = 𝟒 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝐹(−1, 3)
𝑎
𝑉(−1, 2) 𝑎
𝑦=1
2
Analytic 24. Given a parabola whose equation is 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0, find the equation of the
Geometry axis of symmetry.
𝑉 −𝟏, 2
𝐹 (−𝟏, 3) Latus
rectum
Equation of the axis of symmetry, 𝐹(−1, 3)

𝒙 = −𝟏
𝑎
𝑉(−1, 2) 𝑎
𝑦=1
𝑥 = −1
ELLIPSE
Ellipse – locus of point that moves such that

the sum of its distances from two fixed points
called the foci is constant.
𝑑1 + 𝑑2 = 𝑑3 + 𝑑4 = 2𝑎
Standard Equations of a Parabola
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ = 1 → horizontal
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
2
+ 2
= 1 → vertical
𝑏 𝑎
Note: (ℎ, 𝑘) is the center of the ellipse.
ELLIPSE
Properties of Ellipse:
1. a2 = b2 + c 2 a2 + b2
5. P ≈ 2π
c 2
2. e= <1
a
a
c 6. d=
e
3. e′ = b
2b2
4. Area = πab 7. lr =
a
2 2
Analytic 25. Given the equation of a curve 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0 , find its
Geometry center.
9𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0 𝑥+3 2 𝑦−2 2

9𝑥 2 + 54𝑥 + 25𝑦 2 − 100𝑦 = 44 + =1
25 9
9(𝑥 2 +6𝑥) + 25 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 44 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
9(𝑥 2 +6𝑥) + 25 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 44 + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
9(𝑥 2 +6𝑥 + 9) + 25 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 44 + 9 9 + 25 4
9 𝑥 + 3 2 + 25 𝑦 − 2 2 = 225
2 2 Therefore,
9 𝑥+3 + 25 𝑦 − 2 225
= ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2
225 225
𝑪(−𝟑, 𝟐)
𝑥+3 2 𝑦−2 2
+ =1
25 9
2 2
Geometry vertices.
Horizontal ellipse: a > b

𝑥+3 2 𝑦−2 2
+ =1
25 9
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
V2 𝐶(−3,2) V1
ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2
𝑎2 = 25; 𝑏 2 = 9
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3
a a
2 2
Geometry vertices.
ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3
𝑉1 −3 + 𝑎 , 2
𝑉1 −3 + 5 , 2 𝐶(−3,2)
V2 V1
𝑽𝟏 𝟐, 𝟐
𝑉2 −3 − 𝑎 , 2
𝑉2 −3 − 5 , 2
𝑽𝟐 −𝟖, 𝟐
a a
2 2
Analytic 27. Given the equation of a curve 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0, find its foci.
Geometry
ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
25 = 9 + c 2 𝐶(−3,2)
V2 F2 F1 V1
𝑐=4
𝐹1 −3 + 𝑐 , 2 𝐹2 −3 − 𝑐 , 2
𝐹1 −3 + 4 , 2 𝐹2 −3 − 4 , 2
𝑭𝟏 𝟏, 𝟐 𝑭𝟐 −𝟕, 𝟐 c c
2 2
Analytic 28. Given the equation of a curve 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0, find the
Geometry equation of the directrices.
ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2 d d
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3 ;𝑐 = 4
𝑎 𝑎 5 25
𝑑 = = 𝑐 =4 =
𝑒 Τ𝑎 ൗ 4
5
V2 F2 𝐶(−3,2) F1 V1
𝑥𝐿 = −3 − 𝑑 𝑥𝑅 = −3 + 𝑑
25 25
𝑥𝐿 = −3 − 𝑥𝑅 = −3 +
4 4
𝟑𝟕 𝟏𝟑
𝒙𝑳 = − 𝒙𝑹 =
𝟒 𝟒
37 13
𝑥𝐿 = − 𝑥𝑅 =
4 4
2 2
Analytic 29. Given the equation of a curve 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0, find the
Geometry length of the latus rectum.
ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2 Latus rectum
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3
2𝑏 2
𝐿𝑅 =
𝑎
V2 F2 𝐶(−3,2) F1 V1
2(3)2
𝐿𝑅 =
5
𝑳𝑹 = 𝟑. 𝟔 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
2 2
Analytic 30. Given the equation of a curve 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0, find its area.
Geometry
ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏
𝐴 = 𝜋 5 (3) 𝐶(−3,2)
V2 F2 F1 V1
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟓𝝅 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
2 2
Geometry perimeter.
ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑃 ≈ 2𝜋 V2 F2 𝐶(−3,2) F1 V1
2
(5)2 + (3)2
𝑃 ≈ 2𝜋
2
𝑷 ≈ 𝟐𝟓. 𝟗𝟏 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
CIVINCO: SET 3
DIFFERENTIAL
CALCULUS
DERIVATIVE OF FUNCTIONS
• Algebraic Functions • Exponential and • Trigonometric Functions

𝒅
Logarithmic Functions
1. 𝒄 =𝟎 𝒅 𝒅 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 10. 𝒅𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅 𝒖
6. 𝒂𝒖 = 𝒂𝒖 𝐥𝐧 𝒂
𝒅 𝒅 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅 𝒅 𝒖
2. 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒖 = 𝒄 𝒅𝒙
11. 𝒅𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 = −𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅 𝒖
7. 𝒖𝒗 = 𝒗𝒖𝒗−𝟏 +
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅 𝒅 𝒖
𝒅 𝒅 𝒖 𝒅 𝒗 12. 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒖
3. 𝒅𝒙
𝒖+𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒅𝒙 𝒖𝒗 𝐥𝐧 𝒖
𝒅 𝒗 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅 𝒖
𝒅 𝒅 𝒗 𝒅 𝒖 𝒅 𝒖 13. 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 = −𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖
4. 𝒖𝒗 = 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒗 𝒅𝒙 𝒅 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 8. 𝒅𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒖 = 𝒖 𝐥𝐧 𝒂
𝒅 𝒅 𝒖
𝒅 𝒖 𝒅 𝒗 14. 𝒅𝒙
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒖 𝒗 𝒅𝒙 −𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝒅 𝒖
5. = 𝒅 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒗 𝒗𝟐 9. 𝐥𝐧 𝒖 = 𝒅 𝒅 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒖 15. 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 = −𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• Inverse Trigonometric • Hyperbolic Functions where:

Functions
𝒅 𝒅 𝒖 𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙
𝒅 𝒅 𝒖 / 𝒅𝒙
22. 𝒅𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒙
• 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 =
𝟐
16. 𝒅𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒖 =
𝟏−𝒖𝟐
𝒅 𝒅 𝒖 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙
23. 𝒅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒙
• 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 =
𝒅 −𝟏 𝒅 𝒖 / 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
17. 𝒅𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 = −
𝟏−𝒖𝟐 𝒅 𝒅 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙
24. 𝒅𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒙
• 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 =
𝒅 𝒅 𝒖 / 𝒅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙
18. 𝒅𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒖 = 𝟏+𝒖𝟐
𝒅 𝒅 𝒖 𝟏
25. 𝒅𝒙 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒙
• 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙
19. 𝒅𝒙 𝐜𝐬𝐜 −𝟏 𝒖 = −
𝒖 𝒖𝟐 −𝟏
𝒅 𝒅 𝒖 𝟏
26. 𝒅𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒙
• 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒙 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙
20. 𝒅𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒖 =
𝒖 𝒖𝟐 −𝟏 𝒅 𝒅 𝒖 𝟏
27. 𝒅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒙
• 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒙 =
𝒅 𝒅 𝒖 / 𝒅𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙
21. 𝒅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒖 = − 𝟏+𝒖𝟐
• Inverse Hyperbolic Functions where:

28. 𝒅𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒖 =
𝒖𝟐 +𝟏 • 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
29. 𝒅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 𝒖 = • 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏
30. 𝒅𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒖 = 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 • 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 =
𝟏
𝐥𝐧
𝟏+𝒙
𝟐 𝟏− 𝒙
31. 𝒅𝒙 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡−𝟏 𝒖 = − 𝟏+ 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
𝒖 𝟏+𝒖𝟐 • 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧
𝒙
32. 𝒅𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡−𝟏 𝒖 = − 𝟏+ 𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝒖 𝟏− 𝒖𝟐 • 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧
𝒙
33. 𝒅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡−𝟏 𝒖 = 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
• 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧
𝟐 𝒙− 𝟏
Differential 1. (Derivative of Functions) Find the first derivative of 2 cos (2 + x3).
Calculus a. -3x2 sin (2 + x3) c. 6x2 sin (2 + x3)
b. -6x2 sin (2 + x3) d. 3x2 sin (2 + x3)
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3 𝑑 2 + 𝑥3
2 cos 2 + 𝑥 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2 cos 2 + 𝑥 3 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 𝑥 3 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2 cos 2 + 𝑥 3 = −6𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
Differential 2. (Derivative of Functions) Solve y’ if y = 33x.
Calculus a. 33x ln(3) c. 3x+1 ln(3)
b. 3x ln(3) d. 33x + 1 ln(3)
𝑺𝟏 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: 𝑺2 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟:

𝑑 𝑢 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑 3𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 3 ቚ = 141.16
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1.14
𝑑 3𝑥 𝑑 3𝑥
3 = 33𝑥 ln 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎. 33(1.14) ln 3 = 47.05
𝑑 3𝑥 𝑏. 3(1.14) ln 3 = 3.84
3 = 33𝑥 ln 3 ∗ 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑐. 3(1.14)+1 ln 3 = 11.53
𝑑 3𝑥 𝑑. 33(1.14)+1 ln 3 = 141.16
3 = 33𝑥+1 ln 3
𝑑𝑥
Differential 3. (Derivative of Functions) Compute the second derivative of y = x2.
Calculus a. 2x c. 4
b. 2 d. x2
𝑺𝟏 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: 𝑺2 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟:

𝑑 𝑛 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑 2
𝑢 = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 𝑥 ቚ = 2.02 → 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐴
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1.01
𝑑 2 𝑑 2
𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑥 ቚ = 2.0202 → 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐵
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1.01+0.0001
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦
2𝑥 = 2 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝐵 − 𝐴
= =2
𝑑𝑥 0.0001
Differential 4. (Derivative of Functions) Calculate the second derivative of y = ex (x + 1)3 (xx)
Calculus at x = 1.
a. 271.83 c. 515.96
b. 421.97 d. 114.18
𝑺1 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: 𝑺2 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟:

𝑑 𝑑 𝑣 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑 𝑥
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 +𝑣 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 𝑥 ቚ = 76.1118912 → 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐴
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1
𝑑
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑣𝑢𝑣−1
𝑑 𝑢
+ 𝑢𝑣 𝑙𝑛 𝑢
𝑑 𝑣 𝑑 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 𝑥 ቚ = 76.13907894 → 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐵
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1+0.0001
𝑑2 𝑥 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦
𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 =
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−1 (𝑥 + 1)(4𝑥 3 + 21𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝐵−𝐴
+ 2 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 5 𝑥ln 𝑥 + 24𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 0.0001
+ 𝑥 + 1 2 𝑥 ln 𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑦
= 271.88
𝑑2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 𝑥 𝑥=1 = 271.83
𝑑2𝑥
Differential 5. (Slope of Functions) Determine the slope of the curve y = 2 In x at x = 1.
Calculus a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡:
𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
= = → 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝑟𝑢𝑛
𝑑
2 ln 𝑥 ቚ = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1
Differential 6. (Slope of Polar Curves)Solve the slope at the point indicated: r = sin2 θ at θ = π/3.
Calculus a. -5.20 c. -2.83
b. 2.83 d. 5.20
𝑺1 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑠: 𝑺2 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:

𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 ′ sin 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 ′ sin 𝜃 ∆𝑦 𝑑(𝑟 sin 𝜃)
𝑚= 𝑚= = =
−𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑟 ′ cos 𝜃 ′
−𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ∆𝑥 𝑑(𝑟 cos 𝜃)
The calculator 𝑑
should be in 𝑟 ′ = sin2 𝜃 ቚ 𝜋 = 0.8660254038 𝑑
𝑟 sin 𝜃 ȁ𝜃=𝜋 𝑟
𝑑𝜃 𝜃= 𝑑𝜃 3
radians 3 𝑚= 𝑟 sin 𝜃
′
𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 2 ′
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑
𝑟 cos 𝜃 ȁ𝜃=𝜋
𝑚= = 𝑑𝜃 3 𝑟 cos 𝜃
−𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑟 ′ cos 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 𝑟 ′ cos 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑
sin2 cos + 0.8660254038 sin sin2 𝜃 × sin 𝜃 ȁ𝜃=𝜋
3 3 3 𝑑𝜃 3
𝑚= 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑚= = −5.20
− sin2 sin + 0.8660254038 cos 𝑑
3 3 3 sin2 𝜃 × cos 𝜃 ȁ𝜃=𝜋
𝑑𝜃 3
𝑚 = −5.20
MAXIMA AND MINIMA (CRITICAL POINTS)
Consider the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). At the Rate of Change of Slope

maximum and minimum points, the slope is The second derivative is the rate of change
zero or the tangent is horizontal. of the slope.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 ′′ = rate of change of slope
= 𝑦′ = 0
𝑑𝑥
• If 𝑦 ′′ > 0, the curve is concave upward
These are the highest and the lowest
• If 𝑦 ′′ < 0 , the curve is concave
points relative to the adjacent points.
downward
MAXIMA AND MINIMA (CRITICAL POINTS)
Points of Inflection
Point of inflection is a point at which the curve changes its rotation from concave upward
to concave downward or vice versa.
𝑦 ′′ = 0 at points of inflection
Differential 7. It is estimated that between the hours of noon and 7:00 PM, the speed of a highway
Calculus traffic flowing past the intersection of EDSA and Ortigas Avenue is approximately
𝑆 = 𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 + 15𝑡 + 45 kph, where t is the number of hours past noon. What is
the slowest speed the highway traffic is moving within the said hours?
𝑆 = 𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 + 15𝑡 + 45 minimize @ t = 1 hour,

𝑆 ′ = 3𝑡 2 − 18𝑡 + 15 = 0 𝑆 = (1)3 −9 1 2 + 15 1 + 45
𝑡 = 5 hours ; 𝑡 = 1 hour 𝑆 = 52 kph
∴ The slowest speed is 𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐩𝐡
Calculating for the speed, Using the principle of rate of change of slope
𝑆 ′′ = 6𝑡 − 18
@ t = 5 hours,
𝑆 = 𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 + 15𝑡 + 45 @ t = 5 hours, 𝑆 ′′ = 6 5 − 18 = 12 > 0
𝑆 = (5)3 −9 5 2 + 15 5 + 45 @ t = 1 hour, 𝑆 ′′ = 6 1 − 18 = −12 < 0
𝑆 = 20 kph ∴ 𝐭 = 𝟓 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬 will give the slowest speed
Differential 8. Find the point on the parabola 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 that is closest to the point
Calculus 1, 4 .
𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 (1, 4)
𝑦2
𝑥= d (minimize)
2
Using distance formula, 𝑦2
(𝑥, 𝑦) → 2
,𝑦
𝑑= 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2
2
𝑦2 2
𝑑= −1 + 𝑦−4
2
𝑦4
𝑑= − 𝑦 2 + 1 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16
4 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥
Calculus 1, 4 .
1ൗ
𝑦4 2
(1, 4)
𝑑=
4
− 8𝑦 + 17 minimize
−1ൗ2
d (minimize)
𝑑(𝑑) 1 𝑦4 4𝑦 3
= − 8𝑦 + 17 −8
𝑑𝑦 2 4 4 𝑦2
(𝑥, 𝑦) → 2
,𝑦
−1ൗ2
1 𝑦4 4𝑦 3
− 8𝑦 + 17 −8 =0
2 4 4
−1ൗ2
1 𝑦4 4𝑦 3
2 4 − 8𝑦 + 17 4 −8
0
0
=
−1ൗ2 −1ൗ2
1 𝑦4 1 𝑦4
− 8𝑦 + 17 − 8𝑦 + 17
2 4 2 4
𝑦 2 = 2𝑥
Calculus 1, 4 .
4𝑦 3 (1, 4)
−8=0
4
d (minimize)
4𝑦 3
=8
4 𝑦2
𝑦 = ±2 → 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑦 = 2 (𝑥, 𝑦) → 2
,𝑦
Remember,
𝑦 2 (2)2
𝑥= =
2 2
𝑥=2
∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐭 (𝟐, 𝟐)
𝑦 2 = 2𝑥
9. A man is at point A on a bank of a straight river, 3 km wide, and wants to reach
Differential point B, 8 km downstream on the opposite bank, as quickly as possible. He could
Calculus row his boat to point C directly across the river and then run to B, or he could row
directly to B, or he could row to some point D between C and B and then run to B.
If he can row at 6 kph and run at 8 kph, find the time for quickest possible route.
𝑑
𝑉=
𝑡
𝑑
𝑡=
𝑉
𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑛
𝑡= +
𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑉𝑟𝑢𝑛
General Equation to be used,
𝑡= +
6 8
Option 1: Row from A – C, then run from C – B
𝑡= +
6 8
3 8
𝑡 = + = 1.5 hours
6 8
Option 2: Row from A – B
𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑛 0
𝑡= +
6 8
𝑑𝐴−𝐵 = 82 + 32 = 73
73
𝑡= = 1.42 hours
6
Option 3: Row from A – D, then run from D – B
𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑥2 + 9 8 − 𝑥
𝑡= + = +
6 8 6 8
1 2 1 8−𝑥 𝑥
𝑡= 𝑥 +9 +2 minimize
6 8
𝑥 2 + 32 = 𝑥2 + 9
𝑑𝑡
=
1 1 2 −
1 1
𝑥 + 9 2 2𝑥 + −1 = 0 D
𝑑𝑥 6 2 8 8−𝑥
𝑥 = 3.402 m
𝑥 = 3.402 m
Calculating the time,
𝑥2 + 9 8 − 𝑥 𝑥
𝑡= +
6 8 𝑥2 + 9
3.4022 + 9 8 − 3.402 D
𝑡= + 8−𝑥
6 8 𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝑡 = 1.50 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑡 = 1.33 hours 𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 𝑡 = 1.42 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟑 𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3: 𝑡 = 1.33 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝐚𝐭 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬
Differential 10. A piece of wire 24 inches long is to be used to form a square and/or rectangle
Calculus whose length is three times its width. Determine the dimensions of the square to
minimize the combined area.
Considering both the square and rectangle:

𝐴 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1 24 inches
𝑃 = 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 24 x 3y
24 − 4𝑥
𝑦=
8
Substituting 𝑦 to Eq. 1
minimize
x x +y y
2
24 − 4𝑥 3
𝐴= 𝑥2 +3 = 𝑥2 + 24 − 4𝑥 2
8 64 x 3y
𝑑𝐴 3 𝑃 = 4𝑥 𝑃 = 8𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 2 24 − 4𝑥 −4 = 0
𝑑𝑥 64 𝐴 = 𝑥2 𝐴 = 3𝑦 2
𝑥 = 2.571 inches
Calculating the area using 𝑥 = 2.571 inches

3 24 inches
𝐴= 𝑥2+ 24 − 4𝑥 2
64 x 3y
3
𝐴 = (2.571)2 + 24 − 4(2.571) 2
64
𝐴 = 15.43 inches 2 → 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 x x +y y
x 3y
𝑃 = 4𝑥 𝑃 = 8𝑦
𝐴 = 𝑥2 𝐴 = 3𝑦 2
If square only:
𝑃 = 4𝑥 = 24 24 inches
4𝑥 = 24 x 3y
𝑥 = 6 inches
𝐴= 𝑥2
x x +y y
𝐴 = (6)2
𝐴 = 36 inches 2 x 3y
∴ The minimum combined area is 15.43 in2 𝑃 = 4𝑥 𝐴 = 15.43; 𝑥 = 2.571
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑: 𝑃 = 8𝑦
𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟏 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝑥 2 𝐴 = 36.00; 𝑥 = 6.00
𝐴 = 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦:
𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = 3𝑦 2
TIME RATES
𝑑𝑥
• If a quantity 𝑥 is a function of time, 𝑡, the time rate of change of 𝑥 is given by .
𝑑𝑡
• When two or more quantities, all functions of 𝑡, are related by an equation, the relation
between their rates of change may be obtained by differentiating both sides of the
equation with respect to 𝑡.
TIME RATES
𝑑𝜃
Basic time rates 4. Angular Speed, 𝜔 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠
1. Velocity, 𝑣 = where 𝜃 is the angle of rotation at any
𝑑𝑡
time
where 𝑠 is the distance
𝑑𝜔 𝑑2𝜃
𝑑𝑣 𝑑2𝑠 5. Angular Acceleration, 𝛼 = =
2. Acceleration, 𝑎 = = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
where 𝜔 is the angular speed and 𝜃 is
where 𝑣 is velocity and 𝑠 is the
the angle.
distance
𝑑𝑉
3. Discharge or Flow, 𝑄 =
𝑑𝑡
where 𝑉 is the volume at any time
3
Differential 11. Water flows at the rate of 10 ft ൗmin into a vertical cylindrical tank.
Calculus The water surface in the tank is rising at the rate of 4 in/min. Find
the radius of the tank.
𝑺1 Volume of cylinder, 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Differentiating with respect to time,

𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
= 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
When 𝑑𝑉Τ𝑑𝑡 = 10 ft3ൗ and 𝑑ℎΤ𝑑𝑡 = 4 inΤmin,
min
3 1 𝑓𝑡ൗ
10 ft ൗmin = 𝜋𝑟 2 4 inൗmin 12 𝑖𝑛
𝒓 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟗 𝐟𝐭
𝑺𝟐 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
= 𝜋𝑟 2
→ 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 → 10 = 𝜋 𝑟 2 4 1ൗ12
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒓 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟗 𝐟𝐭
Differential 12. A hemispherical dome has a diameter of 100 m. A searchlight was placed at a point
Calculus A located at the circumference of the base. At the middle of the dome at B, a
balloon was released vertically at a velocity of 4 m/s. How fast is the shadow of the
balloon move along the roof when the balloon is 25 m high?
ℎ
tan 𝜃 = 𝑑𝜃 rad
50 = 0.064
𝑑𝑡 sec
When h = 25, 𝑚
↑4
𝑠 S
25 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
tan 𝜃 = 𝜃 50 𝑚
50 𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑟𝜃 ℎ
360𝑜
𝜃 = 26.57°
𝑆 = 50 2𝜃 𝜃 2𝜃
A 50 𝑚 B 50 𝑚
Differentiating with respect to time:
Differentiating with respect to time
ℎ 2
𝑑𝜃 1 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝜃 rad
tan 𝜃 = → sec 𝜃 = = 100 = 100 0.064
50 𝑑𝑡 50 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 sec
𝑑𝜃 1 𝒅𝑺 𝐦
2
sec (26.57°) = 4 m/s = 𝟔. 𝟒
𝑑𝑡 50 𝒅𝒕 𝐬
Differential 13. A Ferris wheel with a radius of 10 m has its center 12 m above the ground. The
Calculus seats of the wheel have vertical speeds of 1.81 m/s when it is 17 m above the
ground. How fast is the wheel rotating in revolutions per minute?
𝑥 − 12
sin 𝜃 =
10
10 sin 𝜃 = 𝑥 − 12
Differentiating with respect to time,
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥
10 cos 𝜃 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
When x = 17 m,
17 − 12
sin 𝜃 =
10
𝜃 = 30°
Differential 13. A Ferris wheel with a radius of 10 m has its center 12 m above the ground. The
Calculus seats of the wheel have vertical speeds of 1.81 m/s when it is 17 m above the
ground. How fast is the wheel rotating in revolutions per minute?
𝑑𝑥 𝑚
When 𝜃 = 30° and = 1.81 ,
𝑑𝑡 𝑠
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥
10 cos 𝜃 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃 𝑚
10 cos 30° = 1.81
𝑑𝑡 𝑠
𝑑𝜃 rad 1 rev 60 s
= 0.209 × ×
𝑑𝑡 s 2π rad 1 min
𝒅𝜽
= 𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟔 𝐫𝐩𝐦
𝒅𝒕
CIVINCO: SET 4
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
ALGEBRAIC, EXPONENTIAL, AND LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
1. ‫ 𝑢𝑎 = 𝑢𝑑 ׬ 𝑎 = 𝑢𝑑𝑎 ׬‬+ 𝐶
𝑢 𝑎𝑢
2. ‫= 𝑢𝑑 𝑎 ׬‬ ln 𝑎
+𝐶
1
3. ‫= 𝑢𝑑 𝑛𝑢 ׬‬ 𝑛+1
𝑢𝑛+1 + 𝐶 for n ≠ 1
4. ‫ 𝑢 𝑒 = 𝑢𝑑 𝑢 𝑒 ׬‬+ 𝐶
𝑑𝑢
5. ‫𝑢 ׬‬−1 𝑑𝑢 = ‫׬‬ 𝑢
= ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
6. ‫ ׬‬ln 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 ln 𝑢 − 𝑢 + 𝐶
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶 6. ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶
2. ‫ ׬‬sec 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶 7. ‫ ׬‬cot 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
3. ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶 8. ‫ ׬‬csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶
4. ‫ ׬‬csc 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶 9. ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
5. ‫ ׬‬tan 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln sec 𝑢 + 𝐶 10. ‫ ׬‬csc 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ln csc 𝑢 − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
1. ‫׬‬ = arcsin + 𝐶
𝑎 2 − 𝑢2 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
2. ‫𝑎 ׬‬2+ 𝑢2 = 𝑎
arctan
𝑎
+𝐶
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
3. ‫׬‬ = arcsec + 𝐶
𝑢 𝑢2 − 𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎
4. ‫ ׬‬arcsin 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 arcsin 𝑢 + 1 − 𝑢2 + 𝐶
5. ‫ ׬‬arctan 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = u arctan 𝑢 − ln 1 + 𝑢2 + 𝐶

OTHERS
Integration by Parts
න 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣𝑑𝑢
Trigonometric Substitution
• When 𝑎2 − 𝑢2 is involved, try 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃.
• When 𝑎2 + 𝑢2 is involved, try 𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃.
• When 𝑢2 − 𝑎2 is involved, try 𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃.
The substitution may be represented geometrically by construction a right triangle.
OTHERS
Wallis Formula
𝜋ൗ
2
𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 3 … 2 or 1 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 3 … 2 or 1
න sin𝑚 𝜃 cos 𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝛼
𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2 … 2 or 1
0
where:
𝜋
𝛼= when both 𝑚 and 𝑛 are even
2
𝛼 = 1 if otherwise
Integral 1. Integrate: 7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 dx
Calculus 7x3 4x2 7x4 4x2
a. + +C c. + +C
3 2 4 5
7x4 4x3 4x2
b. + +C d. 7x 4 − +C
4 3 2
Concept:
𝑛+1
𝑐𝑢
න 𝑐𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
න 7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = න 7𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + න 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
7𝑥 4 4𝑥 3
න 7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝐶
4 3
𝜋
Integral 2. Calculate for the value of ‫׬‬0 sin 2𝑥 2 4 cos 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥.
Calculus
a. 0.1364 c. 0.4217
b. 0.1148 d. 0.5156
S1
𝜋ൗ
2
𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 3 … 2 or 1 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 3 … 2 or 1 𝑚=4
𝑚 𝑛
න sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝛼 𝑛=9
𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2 … 2 or 1
0 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 13
𝜋
where: 𝛼 = when both 𝑚 and 𝑛 are even 𝜋
2 2 3∙1 8∙6∙4∙2
16 න sin 𝑥 4 cos 𝑥 9 𝑑𝑥 = 16
𝛼 = 1 if otherwise 13 ∙ 11 ∙ 9 ∙ 7 ∙ 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1
1
0
𝜋
2
Recall: sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 න sin 2𝑥 4 cos 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1363969364
𝜋 𝜋
0
2 2
4 cos 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = න 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 4
න sin 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
0 0
S2 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡: → 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2
2 2 න sin 2𝑥 4
cos 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1363969364
4 5 4 9
න sin 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 16 න sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0
0 0
PLANE AREAS
Rectangular Coordinates
• Using Horizontal Strips
𝑦2 𝑦2
𝐴 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑦1
• Using Vertical Strips

𝑥2 𝑥2
𝐴 = න 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝑥1
PLANE AREAS
Polar Coordinates
1 𝜃2 2
𝐴 = න 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2 𝜃1
lntegral 3. Find the area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥.
Calculus a. 5.93 sq. units c. 21.08 sq. units
b. 15.75 sq. units d. 9.82 sq. units
Find the point of intersection of the two curves: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
𝑥1 = −2 ; 𝑥2 = 0
𝑦𝑈 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 𝑦
𝑦𝐿 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑥2
𝐴 = 𝐵𝐻 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 𝑑𝑥 (−2,0) (0,0)
𝑥1
0 𝑑𝑥
3 2
𝐴= න 𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−2
𝐴 = 5.33 sq. units 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
There is another point of intersection of
the curve which is 𝑥 = 3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 (3,15)
𝑦𝑈 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑦𝐿 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
The area of the second bounded portion is,
𝑥2
𝐴 = 𝐵𝐻 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
3 𝑦
𝐴= න 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 = 15.75 sq. units 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
The total area is,
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 (3,15)
0
𝐴=න 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−2
3
+න 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝐴 𝑇 = 5.33 sq. units + 15.75 sq. units
𝑨𝑻 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟑 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
(−2,0) (0,0)
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
lntegral 4. Find the area, in the first quadrant bounded by the curve 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 8, the
Calculus lines 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 8, and the axes.
The area can be divided into two areas: 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 . 𝑦=8

Area 1 is a rectangle having a height of 8 m and a width
of 1 m.
Substitute 𝑦 = 8 to 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 8, 𝑥2𝑦 = 8
𝑥2 8 = 8 𝐴1
𝑥=1
Therefore, 𝑥=4
𝐴1 = 𝑏ℎ
𝐴1 = 8 units 1 unit
𝐴1 = 8 sq. units 𝐴2
lntegral 4. Find the area, in the first quadrant bounded by the curve 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 8, the
Calculus lines 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 8, and the axes.
Area 2 is the area bounded by the curve 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 8, 𝑦=8

the line 𝑥 = 4, and the x-axis.
2 8
𝑥 𝑦=8 →𝑦= 2
𝑥
𝑥2
𝑥2𝑦 = 8
𝐴2 = 𝐵𝐻 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝐴1
𝑥1
4
8
𝐴2 = න 2 𝑑𝑥 = 6 sq. units 𝑥=4
1 𝑥
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑦
𝐴 𝑇 = 8 sq. units + 6 sq. units 𝐴2
𝑨𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝑑𝑥
lntegral 5. Find the area enclosed by 𝑟 = 2 sin2 𝜃.
Calculus
Get the value of 𝑟, 𝜽 𝒓 𝜽 𝒓

𝑟 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1ൗ
0 0 210 2
To graph the function, substitute values of 𝜃 1ൗ 3ൗ
30 2 240 2
to 𝑟 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃.
𝑟 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (0) 60 3ൗ 270 2
2
𝑟=0 3ൗ
90 2 300 2
When 𝜃 = 30, 3ൗ 1ൗ
2
1 120 2 330 2
𝑟 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30 =
2 1ൗ
150 2 360 0
Repeat the process for some other angles.
180 0
lntegral 5. Find the area enclosed by 𝑟 = 2 sin2 𝜃.
Calculus
1 𝜃2 2
2 𝜃1
1 𝜋
𝐴 = න 2 sin2 𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃
2 0
3
𝐴 = π sq. units
4
Since there are two loops,
3
𝐴= π sq. units × 2
4
𝟑
𝑨 = 𝝅 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝟐
lntegral 6. What is the area within the curve 𝑟 2 = 16 cos 𝜃.
Calculus
Get the value of 𝑟, 𝜽 𝒓 𝒓± 𝜽 𝒓 𝒓±

𝑟 2 = 16 cos 𝜃 0 4
±4 270 0
𝑟 = ± 16 cos 𝜃
30 3.7224
±3.7224 300 2 22
±2
To graph the function, substitute values of 𝜃
60 2 22
±2 330 3.7224
±3.7224
to 𝑟 = ± 16 cos 𝜃.
90 0 360 4
±4
𝑟 = ± 16 cos(30)
𝑟 = ± 3.7224
When 𝜃 = 120,
𝑟= 16 cos(120)
𝑟 = Math Error!
lntegral 6. What is the area within the curve 𝑟 2 = 16 cos 𝜃.
Calculus
1 𝜃2 2
2 𝜃1
𝜋
1 ൗ2
𝐴 = න 16 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 0
𝐴 = 8 sq. units
Since there are four loops,
𝐴 = 8 sq. units × 4
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟐 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
LENGTH OF ARC
Rectangular Coordinates
𝑑𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑥2 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑠= න 1+ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑠= න 1+ 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑑𝑦
LENGTH OF ARC
Polar Curves
𝜃2 2
𝑑𝑟
𝑠= න 𝑟2 + 𝑑𝜃
𝜃1 𝑑𝜃
lntegral 𝑥4 1
7. Find the arc length of the curve 𝑦 = + from 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = 2.
8 4𝑥 2
Calculus
a. 2.06 units c. 4.20 units
b. 6.02 units d. 3.60 units
𝑥4 1 𝑥 4 1 −2
𝑦= + 2= + 𝑥
8 4𝑥 8 4
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 3 −2 −3 𝑥 3 𝑥 −3
= + 𝑥 = −
𝑑𝑥 8 4 2 2
2 2 2
𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 𝑥 −3
𝑠= න 1+ 𝑑𝑥 = න 1+ − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝑑𝑥 1 2 2
𝑠 = 2.06 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
SURFACE AREA REVOLUTION
Pappus’ Theorem:
𝑨𝒔 = 𝜽𝑹𝑺
2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑆 = 1+ 𝑑𝑦 = 1+ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
where: 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑅 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
S = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
lntegral 8. Find the total area generated by revolving the segment of the parabola
Calculus 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 28 = 0 from x = 3 to x = 6 about the y-axis.
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 28 = 0
−𝑥 2 4𝑥 28
𝑦= + − 𝑥=3
8 8 8
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1
=− + 𝑥=6
𝑑𝑥 4 2
𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦
S𝐴 = 𝜃𝑅𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑥 1+ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 28 = 0
𝑑𝑥
6 2
𝑥 1
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋 න 𝑥 1+ − + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟎𝟖 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
3 4 2
VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION
Cavalieri’ Theorem: Pappus’ Theorem:

𝑽 = 𝑨𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑯 𝑽 = 𝜽𝑹𝑨
𝑅
where: 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑅 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛
𝐻 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
S = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
lntegral 9. Find the volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the line
Calculus 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12, the x-axis, and the y-axis about the y-axis.
Get the value of y of the curve,

3
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12 → 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 6
2
Using a vertical strip, 𝑥2

𝑉 = 𝜃𝑅𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 න 𝑟 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12
𝑥1
4
3 𝑥=0
𝑉 = 2𝜋 න 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝑦
𝐕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝐜𝐮. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝑑𝑥 𝑦=0
lntegral 9. Find the volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the line
Calculus 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12, the x-axis, and the y-axis about the y-axis.
Get the value of x of the curve,

2
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12 → 𝑥 = − 𝑦 + 4
3
Using a horizontal strip, 𝑥2 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12

𝑉 = 𝐴𝑏 𝐻 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 න 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑥1 𝑥=0
𝑦2 6 2
2 𝑑𝑦
𝑉 = 𝜋න 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 න − 𝑦+4 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 0 3 𝑟
𝐕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝐜𝐮. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝑦=0
lntegral 10. The area bounded by 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3 and 𝑥 = 4 is revolved about the line
Calculus 𝑥 = 4. Find the volume generated.
Get the value of y of the curve, 𝑥 𝑟

𝑦2 = 𝑥3 → 𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑦2 = 𝑥3
𝑉 = 𝜃𝑅𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 න 𝑟 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑥1
4
𝑑𝑥
𝑉 = 2𝜋 න 4 − 𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 91.914 cu. units
0
Since the volume only covers one portion of the

figure, multiply it by 2, 𝑥=4
𝑉 = 91.914 cu. units × 2
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟖 𝐜𝐮. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
lntegral 10. The area bounded by 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3 and 𝑥 = 4 is revolved about the line
Calculus 𝑥 = 4. Find the volume generated.

3 𝑥𝑅
𝑦2 = 𝑥3 → 𝑥 = 𝑦2
𝑥𝐿
𝑑𝑦
Using a horizontal strip, 𝑥2 𝑦
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑏 𝐻 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 න 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑟
𝑥1
𝑦2
𝑉 = 𝜋න 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1
8
3
2 𝑦2 = 𝑥3 𝑥=4
𝑉 = 𝜋න 4− 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
−8
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟖 𝐜𝐮. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
lntegral 11. The area bounded by 𝑥 2 = 8𝑦 and 𝑥 = 8 and 𝑦 = 0 is revolved about
Calculus the line 𝑥 = 16. Compute the volume generated.
Get the value of y of the curve,

𝑥 2
𝑥 2 = 8𝑦 → 𝑦 = 𝑥=8
8 𝑥 2 = 8𝑦
𝑟
𝑥
𝑉 = 𝜃𝑅𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 න 𝑟 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
𝑦
8
𝑥2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 න 16 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 8
𝑑𝑥
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟑 𝐜𝐮. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝑥 = 16
16
lntegral 11. The area bounded by 𝑥 2 = 8𝑦 and 𝑥 = 8 and 𝑦 = 0 is revolved about
Calculus the line 𝑥 = 16. Compute the volume generated.

𝑥 2 = 8𝑦 → 𝑥 = 8𝑦
𝑥 2 = 8𝑦 𝑥=8
𝑟𝑜
Using a horizontal strip,
𝑟𝑖
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑏 𝐻 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑜 2 − 𝑟𝑖 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2
𝑉 = 𝜋න 𝑟𝑜 2 − 𝑟𝑖 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑥1
8
2 𝑥𝐿
𝑉 = 𝜋න 16 − 8𝑦 − 16 − 8 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 = 16
0 𝑥𝑅
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟑 𝐜𝐮. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
16
CIVINCO: SURVEYING
SURVEYING
• Surveying has to do with the 1. Geodetic Surveying - the type of

determination of the relative spatial surveying which takes into account the
true shape of the earth. Surveys
location of the points on or near the
employing the principles of geodesy
surface of the earth. It is the art of
are of high precision and generally
measuring horizontal and vertical
extended over large areas.
distances between objects, of measuring
2. Plane Surveying - the type of
angles between lines, of determining the
surveying in which the mean surface of
direction of lines, and of establishing
the earth is considered as a plane, or
points by predetermined angular and
in which its spheroidal shape is
linear measurement. neglected.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT
• Sexagecimal units of angular • Centesimal units, the grad, or grade, is

measurement are the degree, minute, the angular unit. 400 grads = 360
and second. A plane angle extending degrees. 1 grad = 100 centesimal
completely around a point equals 360 minutes; 1 centesimal minute = 100
degrees; 1 degree = 60 minutes, 1 minute centesimal seconds.
= 60 seconds.
METHODS OF SURVEYING
1. Control Survey - Made to establish 4. Topographic Survey - Made to

the horizontal and vertical positions of gather data to produce a topographic
arbitrary points. map showing the configuration of the
2. Boundary Survey - Made to terrain and the location of natural and
determine the length and direction of man-made objects.
land lines and to establish the position 5. Mining Survey - Made to control,
of these lines on the ground. locate and map underground and
3. Hydrographic Survey - The survey of surface works related to mining
bodies of water made for the purpose operations.
of navigation, water supply, or
subaqueous construction.
METHODS OF SURVEYING
6. Construction Survey - Made to lay 9. Photogrammetric Survey - Made

out, locate and monitor public and to utilize the principles of aerial
private engineering works. photogrammetry, in which
7. Route Survey - Refers to those measurements made on photographs
control, topographic, and construction are used to determine the positions of
surveys necessary for the location and photographed objects.
construction of highways, railroads,
canals, transmission lines, and pipelines.
8. Astronomical survey - generally
involve imaging or "mapping" of regions
of the sky using telescopes.
TAPE CORRECTION
1. Correction due to Temperature 2. Correction due to Pull

𝐶𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑜 𝐿
𝐶𝑃 =
where: 𝑎𝐸
where:
𝛼 = coefficient of linear (or thermal)
expansion P = applied pull/tension
11.6 × 10−6 Po = standard pull/tension
= use if not given
°𝐶
L – measured length/length of tape
L = measured length/length of tape
a – cross-sectional area of tape
T = temperature during measurement
E – elastic modulus of steel
To = standard temperature
TAPE CORRECTION
3. Correction due to Sag 4. Error in Tape

𝑤 2 𝐿3 Too Long Too Short
𝐶𝑆 =
24𝑃2 Measure Add Subtract
where: Layout Subtract Add
w – linear weight of tape
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
L – distance between supports 𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 ±𝑒
𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒
P – applied pull/tension
1. A 100 m steel tape is used to measure the distance of the line and found to be 1539.28 m long.
Surveying During measurement, the tape is supported at the ends under a pull of 10 kg and the observed
mean temperature is 31ᵒC. The tape is of standard length at 20ᵒC and has a tension of 12 kg. The
cross-sectional area of the tape is 0.035 cm2. The coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116/ᵒC.
and the modulus of elasticity of steel is 2.0 x 106 kg/cm2.The tape weighs 1.5 kg.
a. Determine the total correction for b. Find the total correction due to pull/tension.
temperature. 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑜 𝐿
𝐶𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 𝐶𝑃 =
𝑎𝐸
11.6 × 10−6 10 kg − 12 kg (100 m)
𝐶𝑇 = 100 m 31 − 20 °C 𝐶𝑃 =
°C kg
𝐶𝑇 = 0.01276 m 0.035 cm2 2.0 × 106 ൗ 2
cm
𝐶𝑃 = −0.00286 m
1539.28 m
1539.28 m 𝐶𝑃(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = −0.00286 m ×
𝐶𝑇(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = 0.01276 m × 100 m
100 m
𝑪𝑷(𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍) = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟐 𝐦
𝑪𝑻(𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟒 𝐦
c. Determine the total correction due to sag.

𝑤 2 𝐿3
𝐶𝑆 =
24𝑃2
1539.28 m
𝑛= = 15.3928
100 m
1.5 kg 2 3 1.5 kg 2
100 m (39.28 m)3
100 m 100 m
𝐶𝑆 = (15) +
24 10 kg 2 24(10 kg)2
𝑪𝑺(𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍) = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝐦 (Always subtract)
d. What is the correct length of the line?

𝐶𝑇(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = 0.1964 m (add algebraically)
𝐶𝑃(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = −0.04402 m (add algebraically)
𝐶𝑆(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = 1.41193 m (always subtract)
𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 1539.28 m + 0.1964 m − 0.04402 m − 1.41193 m

𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 1538.02 m
ELEMENTS OF SIMPLE CURVE
• Simple Curve – a circular arc, extending from one

tangent to the next.
• Point of Curvature (PC) – point where the curve
leaves the back tangent (first tangent).
• Point of Tangency (PT) – point where the curve joins
the forward tangent (second tangent).
• Intersection Angle (I) – angle of intersection of
tangents.
• Vertex or Point of Intersection (V or PI) – intersection
of back tangent and forward tangent.
ELEMENTS OF SIMPLE CURVE
• External Distance (E) – distance from the vertex to the

curve.
• Middle Ordinate (M) – line joining the middle of the
curve and the middle of the chord.
• Tangent Distance (T) – distance from vertex to the PC
or PT.
• Chord Distance (C) – line connecting PC and PT.
2. Two tangents adjacent to each other having bearings N 65°30’ E and S 85°10’ E
Surveying
meet at station 11+157.98. If the radius of the simple curve connecting these two
tangents is 249.17 m, determine the following:
V 𝑰
a. Tangent Distance
T T
𝐼 𝑇
tan = PT
2 𝑅
𝐼 PC
𝑇 = 𝑅 tan
2
𝐼 = 180° − 65°30′ − 85°30′

R 𝑰 R
𝐼 = 29°20′
𝟐
29° 20′
𝑇 = 249.17 𝑚 tan
2
𝑻 = 𝟔𝟓. 𝟐𝟏 𝐦 A
Surveying
V 𝑰
b. Long Chord
T T
𝐼 𝐶ൗ
sin = 2 PT
2 𝑅 𝐂
PC
𝐼 𝐂/𝟐 𝐂/𝟐
𝐶 = 2𝑅 sin
2
29° 20′ R 𝑰 R
𝐶 = 2 249.17 𝑚 sin
2 𝟐
𝑪 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟖 𝐦
A
Surveying
V 𝑰
c. Middle Ordinate
T T
𝑀 = 𝑅 − 𝐴𝐵
𝐼 𝐴𝐵 𝐌 PT
𝐼
cos = → 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑅 cos PC
2 𝑅 2 𝐂/𝟐 B 𝐂/𝟐
𝐼 𝐼
𝑀 = 𝑅 − 𝑅 cos = 𝑅 1 − cos
2 2
R 𝑰 R
29° 20′ 𝟐
𝑀 = 249.17 m 1 − cos
2
𝑴 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟐 𝐦
A
Surveying
V 𝑰
d. External Distance
𝐸 = 𝐴𝑉 − 𝑅 T 𝐄 T
𝐼 𝑅 𝐌 PT
cos =
2 𝐴𝑉 PC
𝐂/𝟐 𝐂/𝟐
𝑅 𝐼
𝐴𝑉 = = 𝑅 sec
𝐼 2
cos 2
𝐼 𝐼 R
𝐸 = 𝑅 sec − 𝑅 = 𝑅 sec − 1 𝑰 R
2 2
𝟐
29° 20′
𝐸 = 249.17 m sec −1
2
𝑬 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟗 𝐦 A
Surveying
V 𝑰
e. Degree of Curve
T 𝐄 T
Arc Basis – angle subtended by an arc of 20
𝐌 PT
m or 100 ft PC
𝟐𝟎 20 2𝜋𝑅 𝐂/𝟐 𝐂/𝟐
=
𝐷 360°
20 360°
𝐃 𝐷=
𝐑 𝐑 2𝜋𝑅 R R
𝑰
1145.916 1145.916
𝐷= = 𝟐
𝑅 249.17 m
𝑫 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟎°
A
Surveying
V 𝑰
f. Length of Curve
T 𝐄 T
Length of subtended arc,
𝐼 𝐌 PT
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 = 2𝜋𝑅
360𝑜
PC
𝐂/𝟐 𝐂/𝟐
𝐼
𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑅
360𝑜
𝜋𝑅𝐼
𝐿=
180° R 𝑰 R
𝟐
𝜋 249.17 m 29° 20′
𝐿=
180°
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟕 𝐦 A
Surveying
V 𝑰
g. Stationing of PT
T 𝐄 T
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑉 = 11 + 157.98
𝐌 PT
PC
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑉 − 𝑇 + 𝐿 𝐂/𝟐 𝐂/𝟐
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 11 + 157.98 − 65.21 + 127.57
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟏𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟒
R 𝑰 R
𝟐
A
3. A compound curve has the following elements:𝐼1 = 30°, 𝐷1 = 4°, 𝐼2 = 24°, and
Surveying
𝐷2 = 5°. If the stationing of the vertex is 4 + 620,
126° 54°
a. Determine the stationing of PC.
𝑆𝑡𝑎 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑉 − 𝐵𝑉 − 𝑇1 T1 B 30° PCC
PC 24°
1145.916
𝑅1 = = 286.479 m D
4°
1145.916 T2
𝑅2 = = 229.1832 m
5°
R1 24° PT
30°
𝑇1 = 286.479 m tan = 76.7618 m
2 R2
24° 30°
𝑇2 = 229.1832 m tan = 48.7144 m
2
Surveying
126° 54°
a. Determine the stationing of PC.
𝐵𝐷 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 76.7618 m + 48.7144 m T1 B 30° PCC
PC 24°
𝐵𝐷 = 125.4762 m
D
T2
𝐵𝑉 125.4762 m
=
sin 24° sin 126° R1 24° PT
𝐵𝑉 = 63.0837 m
R2
30°
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 = 4 + 620 − 63.0837 m − 76.7618 m
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑪 = 𝟒 + 𝟒𝟖𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
Surveying
126° 54°
b. Find the stationing of PCC.
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶𝐶 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 + 𝐿1 T1 B 30° PCC
PC 24°
D
𝐼1 30°
𝐿1 = 2𝜋𝑅1 × 𝑜
= 2𝜋 286.479 m T2
360 360°
𝐿1 = 150 m R1 PT
24°
R2
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶𝐶 = 4 + 480.15 + 150 m
30°
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑪𝑪 = 𝟒 + 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
Surveying
126° 54°
c. Determine the stationing of PT.
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 + 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 T1 B 30° PCC
PC 24°
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶𝐶 + 𝐿2
D
T2
𝐼2 24°
𝐿2 = 2𝜋𝑅2 × = 2𝜋 229.1832 m
360𝑜 360° R1 24° PT
𝐿2 = 96 m
R2
30°
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 4 + 630.15 + 96 m
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟒 + 𝟕𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟓
4. The perpendicular distance between two parallel tangents of the reverse curve is 35
Surveying
m. The azimuth of the back tangent is 270° while the common tangent is 300°. The
first radius of the curve is 160 m and the stationing of PRC is 2+578. Determine the
following:
a. Radius of the second curve.

𝑃 R2 30°
sin 𝐼 =
T1+ T2
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 PC
35 𝑃
sin 𝐼 = T1
𝐼 𝐼
I 𝑅1 tan + 𝑅2 tan
2 2 P = 35 m
35
sin 30 =
30 30 T2
160 tan + 𝑅2 tan
2 2
30° R1 = 160m PT
𝑹𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 𝐦
Sta. PRC = 2 + 578

Surveying
following:
b. Stationing of PC.
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑅𝐶 − 𝐿1
R2 30°
𝐼 PC
𝐿1 = 2𝜋𝑅
360
30𝑜
𝐿1 = 2𝜋 160 m
360° P = 35 m
𝐿1 = 83.7758 m
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 = 2 + 578 − 83.7758 m 30° R1 = 160m PT

𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑪 = 𝟐 + 𝟒𝟗𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟐
Sta. PRC = 2 + 578
Surveying
following:
c. Stationing of PT.
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑅𝐶 + 𝐿2
R2 30°
𝐼 PC
𝐿2 = 2𝜋𝑅
360
30𝑜
𝐿2 = 2𝜋 101.24 m
360° P = 35 m
𝐿2 = 53.011 m
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 2 + 578 + 53.011 m 30° R1 = 160m PT

𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟐 + 𝟔𝟑𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟏
Sta. PRC = 2 + 578
VERTICAL CURVES
• A gradient is a dimensionless number. It is usually Notes on Vertical Curves:

expressed in percentages; (e.g., a road of +4%
• The length of the parabolic curve L is the
gradient rises 4 units vertically in 100 units
horizontal distance between PC and PT.
horizontally).
• Gradients rising from left to right are positive and • PI is midway between PC and PT.
gradients falling left to right are negative. • The curve lies midway between PI and the
Types of Vertical Curves midpoint of the chord from PC to PT.
• Summit Curves: Vertical Curves where the total • The stationing of vertical curves is measured
change in gradient is negative. not along the curve but along a horizontal line.
• Sag Curves: Vertical Curves where the total
change in gradient is positive.
VERTICAL CURVES
Symmetrical Curves: L/2 L/2
𝐿 Back tangent PI
𝐻 = (𝑔1 + 𝑔2 )
8 V
𝑔1 𝐿 Forward tangent
x H
𝑆1 = y
𝑔1 − 𝑔2
HP
𝑔2 𝐿
𝑆2 = PC
H
𝑔2 − 𝑔1
𝐿 2
𝑥2 2
= PT
𝑦 𝐻
S1 S2
VERTICAL CURVES
Unsymmetrical Curves: L1 L2
𝐿1 𝐿2 Back tangent PI
𝐻= (𝑔1 + 𝑔2 )
2 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 V
Forward tangent
2
x H
𝑔1 𝐿1 y
𝑆1 =
2𝐻 HP
𝑔2 𝐿2 2
PC
H
𝑆2 =
2𝐻
PT
S1 S2
5. The back tangent with grade of +3.4% and forward tangent with grade of -4.8%
Surveying
intersects at station 14+750 and elevation 76.3m. The two tangents are connected
by a 320 m parabolic curve.
V Sta. 14 + 750
a. Find the location of the highest point from PC.
Elev. 76.3 m
𝑔1 𝐿 +0.034 320
𝑆1 = = HP
𝑔1 − 𝑔2 +0.034 − −0.048 PC
𝑯𝑷 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟗 𝐦
b. Compute the stationing of the highest point of PT
the curve.
𝐿 L = 320 m
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐻𝑃 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑉 − + 𝑆1
2
320 S1
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐻𝑃 = 14 + 750 − + 132.6829
2
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟏𝟒 + 𝟕𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟗
Surveying
S1
c. Determine the elevation of the highest point. L/2 V Sta. 14 + 750

Elev. 76.3 m
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑉 − 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑦 a S1
b y H
320 PC
𝑎 = 0.034 = 5.44 m
2 HP
𝑏 = 0.034 132.6829 = 4.5112 m PT
𝐿 320
𝐻 = 𝑔1 + 𝑔2 = 0.034 − −0.048 = 3.28
8 8
2 2
L = 320 m
𝐿 320
2 2
𝑆1 2 132.6829 2
= → = → 𝑦 = 2.2556
𝑦 𝐻 𝑦 3.28
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑃 = 76.3 m − 5.44 m + 4.5112 − 2.2556 m
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝐦
Surveying
S2
a. Find the location of the highest point from PC. V Sta. 14 + 750
Elev. 76.3 m
By ratio and proportion
𝑆1 320 − 𝑆1 HP
= PC
3.4% 4.8%
𝑯𝑷 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟗 𝐦
PT
b. Compute the stationing of the highest point of
the curve.
𝐿 L = 320 m
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐻𝑃 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑉 − + 𝑆1
2
320 3.4% 320 - S1
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐻𝑃 = 14 + 750 − + 132.6829
2 S1
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟏𝟒 + 𝟕𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟗 -4.8%
Surveying
L/2 V Sta. 14 + 750

c. Determine the elevation of the highest
Elev. 76.3 m
point. a
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑉 − 𝑎 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 HP
PC
320
𝑎 = 0.034 = 5.44 m PT
2
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 = 132.6829 m 0.034
2 L = 320 m
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 = 2.2556 m
3.4% 320 - S1
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑃 = 76.3 m − 5.44 m + 2.2556 m
S1 -4.8%
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝐦
6. A descending grade of 6% and an ascending grade of 2% intersect at Sta 12+200
Surveying
whose elevation is at 14.375 m. The two grades are to be connected by a parabolic
curve, 160 m long. Find the elevation of the first quarter point on the curve.
L = 160 m
S 2%
160 - S 40 m
-6% 𝑆1 160 − 𝑆1
=
6% 2%
PT
𝑆 = 120 m
V
Sta. 12 + 200
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑉 + 𝑎 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 Elev. 14.375 m
40 80 2%
−6% 𝑔 160 - S
= g
120 80 -6%
𝑔 = −4%
6. A descending grade of 6% and an ascending grade of 2% intersect at Sta 12+200
Surveying
whose elevation is at 14.375 m. The two grades are to be connected by a parabolic
curve, 160 m long. Find the elevation of the first quarter point on the curve.
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑉 + 𝑎 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 L = 160 m
40 m
160
𝑎 = 0.06 = 4.8 m PT
2
1 V
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 = 0.06 + 0.04 40 m Sta. 12 + 200
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 = 2.0 m Elev. 14.375 m
40 80 2%
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑃 = 14.375 m + 4.8 m − 2 m g 160 - S
-6%
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝐦
7. An unsymmetrical parabolic curve connects a +4.2% grade and a -3.4% grade. The
Surveying
length of the curve on the left side of the vertex is 80 m and 110 m on the other
side. If the stationing of the point of intersection is 4+460 and its elevation is 145.2
m. Determine the following:
Sta. 4 + 460
a. Location of the summit from PT. V
Elev. 145.2 m
𝑔1 𝐿1 + 𝑔2 𝐿2
𝑔3 =
𝐿1 + 𝐿2
0.042 80 m + −0.034 110 m PC PT
𝑔3 =
80 m + 110 m
𝑔3 = −0.2%
L1 = 80 m L2 = 110 m
𝑆 80 − 𝑆
= 4.2%
4.2% 0.2% 80 - S 110
𝑆 = 76.36 m; if from PT = 190 m − 76.36 m
S -3.4%
𝑺 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟔 𝐦 -0.2%
Surveying
length of curve on the left side of the vertex is 80 m and 110 m on the other side. If
the stationing of the point of intersection is 4+460 and its elevation is 145.2 m.
Determine the following:
Sta. 4 + 460
b. Stationing of the summit. V
Elev. 145.2 m
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐻𝑃 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑉 + 𝐿2 − 𝑆
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐻𝑃 = 4 + 460 + 110 − 113.636
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟒 + 𝟒𝟓𝟔. 𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔 PC PT
L1 = 80 m L2 = 110 m
4.2%
80 - S 110
S -3.4%
-0.2%
Surveying
length of curve on the left side of the vertex is 80 m and 110 m on the other side. If
the stationing of the point of intersection is 4+460 and its elevation is 145.2 m.
Determine the following:
Sta. 4 + 460
c. Elevation of the summit. 80 m V
Elev. 145.2 m
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑉 − 𝑎 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔
a
𝑎 = 0.042 80
𝑎 = 3.36 m PC PT
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 = 76.3636 m 0.042
2
L1 = 80 m L2 = 110 m
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 = 1.6036 m
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑃 = 145.2 m − 3.36 m + 1.6036 m 4.2%

80 - S 110
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟔 𝐦
S -3.4%
-0.2%
CIVINCO: TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
HIGHWAY SAFETY AND ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
➢ Accident rate for 100 million vehicles ➢ Accident rates per million entering
per mile of travel in a segment of a vehicles in an intersection:
highway: A 1,000,000
R=
A 100,000,000 ADT × N × 365
R=
ADT × N × 365 × L • A = number of accidents during period
• A = number of accidents during period of analysis
of analysis • ADT = the average daily traffic entering
• ADT = average daily traffic the intersection from all legs
• N = time period in years • N = time period in years
• L = length of segment in miles
HIGHWAY SAFETY AND ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
➢ Severity Ratio
fatal + injury
SR =
fatal + injury + property damage
• f = fatality
• i = injury
• p = property damage
Transpo 1. A 20 km stretch of a highway had the following reported accidents:
a. Find the severity ratio.

fatal + injury
SR = Property
fatal + injury + property damage Year Fatal Injury ADT
Damage
24 + 324
SR = 1991 4 42 110 1000
24 + 324 + 917
1992 2 54 210 1200
𝐒𝐑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟓 1993 5 60 182 1250
1994 7 74 240 1300
1995 6 94 175 1350
24 324 917
b. Determine the rate of injury accidents.

A 100,000,000
R= Property
ADT × N × 365 × L Year Fatal Injury ADT
Damage
(324 + 24) 100,000,000 1991 4 42 110 1000
R=
1 mi
1220 × 5 × 365 × 20 km ×
1.609km 1992 2 54 210 1200
𝐑 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟕. 𝟒𝟑 1993 5 60 182 1250
1994 7 74 240 1300
1995 6 94 175 1350
24 324 917 1220
c. Compute the rate of total accidents.

A 100,000,000
R= Property
ADT × N × 365 × L Year Fatal Injury ADT
Damage
(324 + 24 + 917) 100,000,000 1991 4 42 110 1000
R=
1 mi
1220 × 5 × 365 × 20 km ×
1.609km 1992 2 54 210 1200
𝐑 = 𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 1993 5 60 182 1250
1994 7 74 240 1300
1995 6 94 175 1350
24 324 917
DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL CURVE
➢ Minimum radius of curvature ➢ Centrifugal Ratio (CR) or Impact Factor (IF)

v2 v2
R= CR or IF =
g e+f gR
• R = min. radius of curvature CF
CR or IF = e + f =
W
• e = superelevation in m/m
• f = coefficient of side friction or skid
resistance
• v = design speed in m/s e
• g = 9.81 m/sec2
1m
Transpo 2. A car having a weight of 40 KN is moving at a certain speed around
the curve. Assuming no lateral pressure between the tire and
pavement and considering a centrifugal ratio of 0.30.
a. Compute the force that will tend to b. If the degree of curve is 4° determine the
pull the car away from the center of maximum speed that the car could move
the curve. around the curve.
CF Wv 2 v2
CR = CF = ; CR =
W gr gR
CF
0.30 = Therefore,
40 kN
v2
𝐂𝐅 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐤𝐍 0.30 =
1145.916
9.81 mൗ 2
s 4°
𝐯 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
Transpo 2. A car having a weight of 40 KN is moving at a certain speed around
the curve. Assuming no lateral pressure between the tire and
pavement and considering a centrifugal ratio of 0.30.
c. Compute the angle of embankment to

be provided for this speed if the skid
resistance is 0.12.
CR
v2
e+f=
gR
e + 0.12 = 0.30
e = 0.18
e = 0.18 = tan 𝜃
𝜽 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟎°
SIGHT DISTANCE
v2
S = vt +
2g f ± G
• v – running speed in m/s Wall? v=0
• t - perception time + brake reaction
time
• f – coefficient of friction between tires vt v2
and pavement 2g f ± G
• G – grade/slope of the road Breaking distance or
Length of skid mark
Transpo 3. A driver traveling at 50 mph is 80 m from a wall ahead. If the driver
applies the brake immediately at a brake reaction time of 2 seconds
and begins slowing the vehicle at 10 m/s2.
a. Find the distance from the stopping

point to the wall.
0 - Perception Reaction
2 2 Breaking
Vt = Vi + 2aS Distance Distance
Vi 2
𝑆=
2a
v2 80 m
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = vt +
2g f ± G
a. Find the distance from the stopping

point to the wall.
1.609 kph 1 m/s Perception Reaction Breaking
𝑉 = 50 mph × ×
Distance
1 mph 3.6 kph Distance 10.32m
m
𝑉 = 22.35
s
v2
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = vt +
2g f ± G
22.35 2 80 m
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = 22.35 2 +
2 10 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 80 𝑚 − 69.68 𝑚
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = 69.68 m 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 𝐦
b. Determine the braking time or time

during deceleration.
𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 Perception Reaction Breaking
𝑎=
𝑡 Distance Distance 10.32m
0
𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖
𝑡=
𝑎
0 − 22.35 m/s
𝑡𝑏 =
−10 mൗ 2
s 80 m
𝒕𝒃 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒 𝐬𝐞𝐜.
c. Assume that the brake efficiency of the

vehicle is 70%, find the average skid
resistance of the pavement. Perception Reaction Breaking
𝑎 = g f±G Distance Distance 10.32m
10 m/s 2 = 9.81m/s 2 f ± 0
𝑓 = 1.02
f
𝐸𝐹 = × 100%
fave
80 m
1.02
70 = × 100%
fave
𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔
DESIGN OF PAVEMENT
➢ Rigid pavement without dowels where:

t = thickness of pavement
3W
t= W = wheel load
f
➢ Rigid pavement with dowels f = allow tensile stress of concrete
3W
t1 = ← at the edge
2f
3W
t2 = ← at the center
4f
DESIGN OF PAVEMENT
➢ Flexible pavement ➢ Thickness of pavement in terms of

expansion pressure
W
t = 0.564 −r expansion pressure
f1 t=
pavement density
where: ➢ Stiffness factor of pavement
f1 = allowable bearing pressure of subgrade
3 Es
r = radius of circular area of contact S. F. =
Ep
between wheel load and pavement
Es = modulus of elasticity of subgrade
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pavement
Transpo 4. Determine the thickness of pavement from the following conditions:
a. The pavement is rigid and to carry a b. The concrete pavement has an expansion
maximum wheel load of 60 KN. pressure of 0.15 kg/cm2 and a pavement
Neglect effect of dowels. fc’ = 20 MPa density is 0.0025 kg/cm3.
and use allowable tensile stress of expansion pressure
𝑡=
concrete pavement equal to 0.06fc’. pavement density
kgൗ
3W 3(60,000 N) 0.15 2
𝑡= = 𝑡= cm
f 0.06 (20 MPa) kg
0.0025 ൗ 3
cm
𝒕 = 𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟑𝟎 𝐦𝐦 ≈ 𝟑𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦
𝒕 = 𝟔𝟎 𝐜𝐦
W = 53,500 N
c. A 53.5 KN wheel load has a max. tire

pressure of 0.62 MPa. This pressure is
to be uniformly distributed over the
area of tire contact on the roadway. pavement
Assuming the subgrade pressure is not
to exceed 0.14 MPa, determine the 0.62 MPa
required thickness of flexible pavement base
structure, according to the principle of
the cone pressure distribution.
subgrade
f1 = 0.14 MPa
W = 53,500 N
For Flexible Pavement,
W
𝑡 = 0.564 −r
f1 pavement
F N 53,500 N
𝑃 = → 0.62 = 0.62 MPa
A mm2 πr 2
r = 165.73 mm base
53,500 N
𝑡 = 0.564 − 165.73 mm
0.14 MPa subgrade
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐. 𝟗𝟐 𝐦𝐦 ≈ 𝟏𝟖𝟑 𝐦𝐦
f1 = 0.14 MPa
Transpo 5. A turnout has a frog with the following data:
Frog Angle = 5° 43’ 29’’ Heel Spread = 311 mm
Toe length = 1820 mm
a. Compute for the frog number.

HL
𝐹𝑁 =
HS
1 𝜃
𝐹𝑁 =
cot
2 2 θ frog angle Heel
1 5° 43′ 29′′ Spread
𝐹𝑁 = cot
2 2
𝑭𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎
Toe length Heel length

Transpo 5. A turnout has a frog with the following data:
Frog Angle = 5° 43’ 29’’ Heel Spread = 311 mm
Toe length = 1820 mm
b. What is the length of the heel?

HL
𝐹𝑁 =
HS
HL
10 =
311 mm θ frog angle Heel
𝑯𝑳 = 𝟑𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦 Spread
c. What is the total length of the

turnout?
𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = TL + HL
𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1820 mm + 3110 mm Toe length Heel length
𝑳𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟎 𝐦𝐦
DEFINITION OF TERMS
➢ Ports – a harbor with the necessary ➢ Natural Harbor – a harbor which is

terminal facilities to expedite the moving protected by storms and waves by the
of cargo and passenger at any stage of natural land contours, rocky outcrops or
the journey aside from its wharves, pier islands. The entrance to such harbor permits
and cargo handling machinery. navigation.
➢ Harbor – any body of water with ➢ Artificial Harbor – a harbor protected by
sufficient depth for ships to enter and means of engineering works on all sides.
find shelter in storm and other natural
➢ Commercial Harbor – a harbor in which
phenomena.
terminal facilities are provided.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
➢ Refuge Harbor – a harbor which is ➢ Pier – A platform extending from a shore

used as a haven in a storm. over water and supported by piles, used to
➢ Wharf – a landing place or the platform secure, protect, and provide access to ships
built out into or onto the water parallel or boats.
to the shore for the berthing of vessels. ➢ Lighthouse – they are tall tower structures
with a marine beacon-light camera lantern
➢ Jetty – A solid structure which projects
on top. They are usually erected on points
into the sea perpendicular to the shore
along the shore to guide ships to a nearby
to berth vessels.
port as well as on reefs, shoals or other
points of danger to shipping.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
➢ Breakwater – a structure constructed ➢ Dikes or Training Wall – these are

around harbor in order to protect the employed to direct the flow of current in
interior water area from the effect of rivers with a view to the establishment of
stormy waves. the more favorable and fixed channel and
➢ Revetment – structures used for often also to prevent scour and erosion and
protecting riverbanks against erosion. the carrying away of river banks.
➢ Quaywall or Bulkhead – protection walls
➢ Levee – an embankment built along the
for quay and wharves for retaining and
side of the rivers to prevent the
protecting embankments or retaining fill.
overflow of banks and thus to protect
the adjoining land from flood waters.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
➢ Mooring – a structure where a ship is tied ➢ Free Port – an isolated and enclosed area
when it is anchored to enable cargo to be within which goods maybe landed, stored,
handled in the absence of wharves. mixed, repacked, manufactured and
reshipped without payment of duties and
➢ Apron – a space provided in large ports in
without intervention of custom officials.
front of berth to facilitate loading and
unloading of cargo. ➢ Inland Port – ports which are located at
the entrance of a river.
➢ Ocean Port – ports of call for large ships
or ocean liners. ➢ Approach Channel – the path or channel
in which ship proceeds from the sea to the
➢ Entry Port – isolated area of ports where
harbor.
foreign goods are cleared through customs.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
➢ Outer Channel – the portion of the

channel beyond harbor entrance in the
open sea.
➢ Inner Channel – the portion lying
between the entrance and harbor basin.
➢ Turning Basin – water space which is
required for maneuvering the ships after
they enter the harbor for going to or
leaving a berth.
Transpo 6. For the given data: Elev. of MLLW = 0 m (datum), Elev. of HWL = +1.28 m, Elev. of
LWL = -0.21 m. Determine the elevation of the residual water level (RWL) for:
a. Gravity type quaywall.

HWL
El. +1.28
• HWL – High Water Level
• LWL – Low Water Level
• RWL – Residual Water Level RWL
H El. ?
MLLW stands for: MLLW
El. 0
a) Mean Level Low Water
b) Mean Low Lower Water LWL
El. -0.21
c) Mean Lower Low Water
a. Gravity type quaywall.

HWL
𝐻 = 1.28 − −0.21 El. +1.28
𝐻 = 1.49
RWL
1 El. ?
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑅𝑊𝐿 = −0.21 + (1.49) H
3 MLLW
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 𝑹𝑾𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗 𝐦 El. 0
For gravity 1
type 𝐻
LWL 3
El. -0.21
b. Sheet pile type quaywall.

HWL
𝐻 = 1.28 − −0.21 El. +1.28
𝐻 = 1.49
RWL
2 El. ?
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑅𝑊𝐿 = −0.21 + (1.49) H
3 MLLW
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗 𝑹𝑾𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖 𝐦 El. 0
For sheet 2
pile type 𝐻
LWL 3
El. -0.21

Civinco Quiz 1

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CIVINCO: SET 1

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Laws of Exponents Properties of Radicals Properties of Logarithms

Roots of Quadratic Equation • Product of roots:

If x = present age of a person

Four years ago, the sum of the ages of A Eq. 1 + Eq.2

Let: Five years ago, the sum of the parent’s ages

𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚 𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚

𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚 𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚

𝑺𝟏 𝑎 − 𝑏 4 = 𝑎4 − 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 4

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑠 𝑝 Distance = Number of leaps x Length of a leap

Accomplishment = Number of People × Rate × Time

If the minute hand of the clock will

𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 = 𝟐: 𝟏𝟖: 𝟐𝟕. 𝟔𝟗 𝒚

12% dye 0% dye 20% dye

Using the water relationship

C lbs T lbs 100 lbs 𝐶 + 𝑇 + 100

100% C = 20% C = 30%

A sequence of numbers are in harmonic progression if their reciprocals form an arithmetic

First 10 days penalty: 40,000 × 10 = 400,000

Fundamental Principle of Counting

Permutation – is an arrangement of objects where the order of selection is important:

Combination – is an arrangement of objects where the order of selection is not important:

Theorem 2: The number of combinations of n objects taken 1 at a time, 2 at a time, 3 at a time,

Theorem 2: The number of combinations of

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

In simple terms, the possible outcomes are as follows:

𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠: 𝑃 𝑄 𝑜𝑟 ◆ = 𝑃 𝑄 + 𝑃 ◆ − P(Q and ◆)

b. 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐵 d. Neither A nor 𝐵

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟

1. 𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 90𝑜 Angles of Measurements:

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

Pythagorean Relations: Sum and Difference of Two Angles:

Double Angle: No need to memorize. Sum and Difference of Two Angles:

S1 Co-Function Identities: S2 Substitute any value for x:

Right Triangle Formula: Oblique Triangle Formula:

Concave Polygon – polygon having an interior angle greater than 180°.

Triangles – a polygon with three sides that are contained in a plane.

a) Given the base and altitude Area of Triangle

Medians of Triangle – the median of a triangle B

Altitudes of a Triangle – the altitude of a B

Angle Bisectors of a Triangle – the angle

Quadrilaterals – a portion of a plane bounded by four straight lines. It is also known as a

Rectangle – a parallelogram whose angles are right angles.

Square – a rectangle with equal sides.

Cyclic Quadrilaterals – is a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the circumference of a

Circle Circumscribed about a Quadrilateral

(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑)(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑)(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)

Circle – a plane curve that is the locus of tangent

Two chords rule – if two chords

Two secants rule – if two secant

Secant–Tangent rule – if a secant and a B A

Circle Inscribed in a Triangle

Circle Circumscribing a Triangle

Sum of Interior Angles: 𝑆𝑖 = 180° 𝑛 − 2 𝑛

A • Inscribed angle – an angle whose vertex is a point on the

C x Using Pythagorean Theorem:

Asegment = Asector − Atri

For ∆ABC: Use Cosine Law, B