CBSE Class-12 Physics Quick Revision Notes Chapter-07: Alternating Current ‘© Alternating Current: ‘The current whose magnitude changes with time and direction reverses periodically is called alternating current, a) Alternating emf E and current | at any time am given by: E=E,sinax Where I= 1, sin(er-9) where 1, = NBA® R oma 2t o=2an= = a Where T is the time period, ‘+ Values of Alternating Current and Voltage a) Instantaneous value: It is the value of alternating current and voltage at an instant t b) Peak value: Maximum values of voltage Eo and current lo in a cycle are called peak values. ©) Mean value: For complete cycle, ) 0.707 E, = 70.7%E, Ig, =F >Y" 7071, = 20.7%, RMS values are also called apparent or effective values. ‘+ Phase difference Between the EMF (Voltage) and the Current in an AC a) For pure resistance: ‘The voltage and the current are in same phase i b) For pure inductance: ireuit . phase differenceg=0‘The voltage is ahead of current by Fie. phase difference g = + ©) For pure capacitance: ‘The voltage lags behind the current by Z ce, phase difference Reactance: Reactance tal? Inductive reactance X, = @L=2anb Capacitive reactance 9 Vx. ait eC Bane Impedance: Impedance is defined as, z= b) For R - C series circuit: Zao =YRE+ Xe = ,[R°4| tund= <2 OF p= tan ©) For LC series circuit: Zieg = R +X, -XeP { or-—. oC 1 - (e ok R tang Conductance: Reciprocal of resistance is called conductance.‘mho © Power in and AC Circuit a) Electric power = (current in circuit) x (voltage in circuit) P=IE b) Instantaneous power: Pose = Bins X Tint ©) Average power: B,, = LE ly 089 = Epp, C089 4) Virtual power (apparent power): =Egel ‘ly = Era lins + Power Factor: a) Power factor R Pp. costa ak Cp TZ b) For pure inductance Power factor, cos#=I ©) For pure capacitance Power factor, cosg=0 4) For LCR circuit Power factor, cose= © Wattless Current: The component of current differing in phase by % relative to the voltage, is called wattles current, + The rms value of wattless current:Choke Coil a) An inductive coil used for controlling alternating current whose self- inductance is high and resistance in negligible, is called choke coil, b) The power factor of this coil is approximately zero. Series Resonant Circuit a) When the inductive reactance (XL) becomes equal to the capacitive reactance (XC) in the circuit, the total impedance becomes purely resistive (Z=R). b) In this state, the voltage and current are in same phase (¢@ = 0), the current and power are maximum and impedance is mi ©) Atresonance, L imum, This state is called resonance. Oe Hence, resonance frequency is, 1 5 Tale d) Inresonance, the power factor of the circu Half - Power Frequencies: ‘Those frequencies f; and fr at which the power is half of the maximum power (power at resonance), i, fi and fs are called half - power frequencies. is one. Band - Width: a). The frequency interval between half - power frequencies is called band - width. +. Bandwidth Af = f,— b) Fora series LCR resonant circuit, IR la Quality Factor (Q): Maximum energy stored Energy dissipated per eyele 2 Maximum energy stored T ~ Mean power dissipated Q=22x