CardiAC Anatomy and

Physiology

PRESENTED BY:
LADY ANGELITA L. TICZON
RM,RN
 Anatomy of the
Hear
tThe cardiovascular
system can be compared
to a muscular pump
equipped with one-way
valves and a system of
large and small plumbing
tubes within which the
blood travels.

The modest size and weight of

the heart give few hints of its
incredible strength.
Associated Great Vessels

Associated Great Vessels

The great blood vessels provide a pathway for the entire cardiac
circulation to proceed.
Superior and inferior vena cava. The heart receives
relatively oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body through the
large superior and inferior vena cava and pumps it through
the pulmonary trunk.
Pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary trunk splits into the right and
left pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs, where oxygen
is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded.
Pulmonary veins. Oxygen-rich blood drains from the lungs and is
returned to the left side of the heart through the four pulmonary veins.
Aorta. Blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of
the heart into the aorta from which the systemic arteries branch to
supply essentially all body tissues.
 Circulatory system

The heart is a hollow muscular organ made of specialized

cells that allow it to act as a pump within the circulatory
system
Cardiovascular and lymphatic
• Blood
systems make up the
• Nutrients To and from the
circulatory system a vast
• Hormones Cells of the body
network of organs and vessels
• Oxygen + other gases
responsible for the flow of:

Heart The Lymphatic system The Cardiovascular system

• Lymph • Blood
• Lymph nodes • Blood vessels
• Lymph vessels • Heart
 The heart

Primary Function is to drive blood

through the cardiovascular system
delivering:
•Oxygenated blood to the tissues
and organs of the body sufficient for
their metabolic needs
•Deoxygenated blood to the lungs
for gaseous exchange

The Heart is: • Located between the

lungs in the center and to the left of
the midline • It is cone shaped and
about the size of your own clenched
fist • Can never stop pumping
The average human adult has 4-
6 liters of blood repeatedly
cycled throughout the body in a
closed circulatory system. It is
called a closed system because
the blood is contained within
the heart and blood vessels at
all time and blood always flows
in a forward direction .
LAYERS OF THE HEART
Stroke Volume = The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles per
beat / contraction (approx 70mls in a healthy adult male E

Cardiac Output (CO)

Amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute = cardiac output (CO)
In a healthy resting adult CO = approx 5-6 litres
CO = Heart Rate x Stroke volume
PULMONARY & SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION
Cardiac Circulation
Vessels
Although the heart chambers are bathed with blood
almost continuously, the blood contained in the heart
does not nourish the myocardium.
 Coronary arteries. The coronary arteries branch
from the base of the aorta and encircle the heart in
the coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) at
the junction of the atria and ventricles, and these
arteries are compressed when the ventricles are
contracting and fill when the heart is relaxed.
 Cardiac veins. The myocardium is drained by
several cardiac veins, which empty into an enlarged
vessel on the posterior of the heart called
the coronary sinus.
Blood Vessels
Blood circulates inside the blood vessels, which form a
closed transport system, the so-called vascular
system.
 Arteries. As the heart beats, blood is propelled
into large arteries leaving the heart.
 Arterioles. It then moves into successively
smaller and smaller arteries and then into
arterioles, which feed the capillary beds in the
tissues.
 Veins. Capillary beds are drained by venules,
which in turn empty into veins that finally empty
into the great veins entering the heart.
 Heart Valves

The heart is equipped with four valves, which allow

blood to flow in only one direction through the
heart chambers.
•Atrioventricular valves. Atrioventricular or AV
valves are located between the atrial and
ventricular chambers on each side, and they
prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles
contract.
•Bicuspid valves. The left AV valve- the bicuspid
or mitral valve, consists of two flaps, or cusps, of
endocardium.
•Tricuspid valve. The right AV valve, the
tricuspid valve, has three flaps.
•Semilunar valve. The second set of valves, the
semilunar valves, guards the bases of the two
large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers,
HEART SOUNDS

S1 – first heart sound “lub” S3 – murmur sound

- systole - ventricular gallop
- closure of A-V valve - normal upto 6mos.
- closure of tricuspid + - CHF
mitral
- ventricular depolarization S4 – due to rapid filling of
- contraction blood in the ventricle
- QRS COMPLEX - atrial gallop
- HTN
S2 – second sound “dub”
- diastole
- closure of semilunar valve
- closure of aortic+pulmonic
- ventricular repolarization
- relaxation
- T-wave
BLOOD VOLUME DISTRIBUTION
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION
There are 2 basic types of cardiac cell (Myocytes)
•Myocardial cells contractile respond to an
electrical impulse and contract
•Specialized cells the conduction system generates
electrical impulses and transmits them through the
myocardium

SA NODE – initiates cardiac contraction

>POWER OF AUTOMATICICITY – capacity of
SA node to initiate contraction.
*Ca+ = initiates contraction
*K+ = maintains cardiac contraction
*Pace Maker – maintains normal rate
and rhythm.

Site of electrical Impulse Generation Rate of impulse generation /

min SA node 60 - 100
AV node 40 - 60
Ventricles < 40
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Thank you

L.A