AIM: To verify Bernoulli’s theorem.

APPARATUS USED:

• Converging Diverging nozzle.

• Piezometer
• Flow rate measuring tank
• Pump
• Overhead tank

THEORY: Bernoulli’s theorem state that for an incompressible flowing fluid, the
total energy of the flow remains constant provided there is no addition or reduction
of energy at any point, i.e. The sum of datum head (Z), pressure head (P/w), and
velocity head (V²/2g) will be constant at all points.

P/w + Z + V²/2g = constant at all points

PROCESS AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM ( P & ID):

PROCEDURE:

1. Check for sufficient water level in the tank.

2. Open all the control valves at the recirculation line and discharge line.
3. Switch on the power supply to the pump.
4. With the help of inlet and outlet valve adjust the rate of inflow and outflow
of water. The rate of inflow and out flow is kept same to get constant supply.
5. Note down the height in the piezometer at all section after all the piezometer
gives a steady readings. This will give P/w values at all section.
6. Note down the height of water collected in the measuring tank for a given
interval of time.
7. Measure datum head ‘Z’ from the centre of the pipe line.
8. Add all the heads at different section, the sum of the all heads at different
section should be equal.
9. Take three sets of readings with three different discharges.
Note: The nozzle-diffuser section is divided into 9 sections ( numbered 1 to
9) as shown in figure above. At each section, there is one piezometer
attached.

GIVEN DATA - 1:

Numbering Diameter of passage (d) Area of the passage (a)

of various
piezometers m m²
from L.H.S
1 0.025 4.9078 × 10 ¯⁴
2 0.022 3.8006 × 10 ¯⁴
3 0.019 2.8348 × 10 ¯⁴
4 0.017 2.2694 × 10 ¯⁴
5 0.015 1.7668 × 10 ¯⁴
6 0.017 2.2694 × 10 ¯⁴
7 0.019 2.8348 × 10 ¯⁴
8 0.022 3.8006 × 10 ¯⁴
9 0.025 4.9078 × 10 ¯⁴
GIVEN DATA - 2:

Length of the measuring tank = 0.4 m

Breadth of the measuring tank = 0.25 m

FORMULA USED:

• Discharge ‘Q’ by using

Q = Volume of water collected/time required to collect…m3/s

• Velocity of flow at each section

V = Q/A……………….m/s
Where A = cross sectional area at a particular locations

• Velocity head at each section

Velocity head = V²/2g…………m/s

• Area of the measuring tank = L x B ................m2

• Rise of water in the measuring tank, h = ........ m
• Volume of the measuring tank, V = L x B x H..................m3
• Time taken for rise in water in the measuring tank = ........ sec
volume
• Actual discharge ,Qa = ...........m3/sec
time
 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl Area of the Height of Discharge Velocit Velocit Datum Total head

no pipe at each the water in Q y at y head= head H
section of the the each V²/2g Z = P/w + V²/2g + Z
passage piezometer section
tube (P/w) V= Q/A
(m²) (m) (m3/sec) (m) (m) (m)
(m/sec)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

CALCULATIONS:

RESULTS:

PRECAUATIONS:

• The piezometer tube should be free from air bubble while taking readings.
• Never run the pump at low voltage.
• Bypass line should be partially closed or open.

TOPICS FOR VIVA:

• Euler’s Equation of motion.

• Statement of Bernoulli’s Theorem.
• Various forms of Bernoulli’s Equation and its assumptions.
• Application of Bernoulli’s Theorem.