Chapter Four

The gamma and Beta function

Method # 20:
The gamma function:

The gamma function Г(n) =  x n  1e  x dx -------------------------------- (i)
0
and is convergent for x > 0.

Example 121:
Prove that Г (1) = 1
Solution Put n  1 in (i)

Г(1) =  x 11e  x dx
0

 Г(1) =  x 0 e  x dx
0

 Г(1) =  1.e  x dx [ x 0  1]
0


x
 e x 
 Г(1) =  e dx =   = e
x
  
0 [  e ax dx 
1 ax
e ]
0   1  0 a

  1
e
 1
e 
 1 1
 Г(1) =  e   e 0 =     0  =     [ e   ; e 0  1]
  1
1
 Г(1) =  0  1 [  0]

 Г(1) = 1  Г(1) = 1 (Proved)

Example 122: Г (n+1) = n Г (n)


Solution We have, Г(n) =  x n  1e  x dx -----------------------------------(i)
0
Put n  n  1 in (i)

Г(n+1) =  x n 11 e  x dx
0

Г(n+1) =  x n e  x dx ----------------------------------------------------(ii)
0
n x
Now, we find  x e dx
d
We have,  uvdx  u  vdx   { (u ) vdx}dx
dx
d
  x n e  x dx  x n  e  x dx   { ( x n ) e  x dx}dx
dx

1 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 n x
 e x 
  x e dx  x  n n 1 e
   nx  
  x  
 dx
  1    1  
  x n e  x dx   x n e  x   nx n 1e  x dx
  x n e  x dx   x n e  x  n  x n 1e  x dx ------------------------------(iii)
Putting the value of  x n e  x dx in (ii)

Г(n+1) =  x n e  x dx
0

   n  x e dx [From (iii)]
  xne x

0

n 1  x
0

  x e   n Г(n)

n x  n 1  x
0 [ Г(n) =  x e dx]
0

   e  0 e   n Г(n)    
n  n 0  1 1 n n
0   n Г(n)  0
 e e 


1 1

    n  0 n   n Г(n)    n .0  0.1  n Г(n)
 1

 Г(n+1)  0.1  n Г(n) = n Г(n) = n Г(n) (Proved)

Example 123: Г (n )  (n  1)!

Solution We have,
Г (n  1)  n Г (n ) ----------------------------------------------------------------(i)
Put, n  n  1 in (i)
Г (n  1  1)  (n  1) Г (n  1)
Г (n )  (n  1) Г (n  1) ----------------------(ii)
Put, n  n  2 in (i)
Г (n  2  1)  (n  2) Г (n  2)
Г (n  1)  (n  2) Г (n  2) -----------------(iii)
Put, n  n  3 in (i)
Г (n  3  1)  (n  3) Г (n  3)
Г (n  2)  (n  3) Г (n  3) -----------------(iv)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Put, n  1 in (i)
Г1  1  1 Г1
Г 2  1 Г 1 -------------------------------------(v)

Putting all the values of Г (n ) , Г (n  1) , Г (n  2) , Г (n  3) ....................... Г 2 in (i)

Г (n  1)  n Г (n )

2 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

  n(n  1) Г (n  1) [ from (ii) Г (n )  (n  1) Г (n  1) ]
 n(n  1)(n  2) Г (n  2) [ from (iii) Г (n  1)  (n  2) Г (n  2)]
 n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3) Г (n  3) [ from (iv) Г (n  2)  (n  3) Г (n  3) ]
......................................................
..........................................................
 n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3) (n  4) ------------------------- 2Г 2
 n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3) (n  4) -------------------------2.1Г 1 [ from (v) Г 2  1 Г 1 ]
 n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3) (n  4) --------------------------2.1.1 [ Г(1) = 1 ]
 n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3) (n  4) ----------------------------2.1
 n! [ n!  n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3) (n  4) ----------- 2.1]

 Г (n  1)  n! --------------------------------------------------------------------------(vi)

Put, n  n  1 in (vi),
Г (n  1)  n!
 Г (n  1  1)  (n  1)!
 Г (n )  (n  1)! -------------------------------------------------------------(vii) (Proved)
As for example
Find the values of Г ( 5) , Г ( 6) , Г ( 7 ) , Г ( 8)
Putting the value of n  5, 6, 7, 8................... in (vii)
 Г (5)  (5  1)!  4!  4  3  2  1  24
 Г (6)  (6  1)!  5!  5  4  3  2  1  120
 Г (7 )  (7  1)!  6!  6  5  4  3  2  1  720
 Г (8)  (8  1)!  7!  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  5040 Answer

Example 124:
Draw Graph of y = (x )
Values of (x ) for a range of positive values of x are available in tabulated form in various sets
of mathematical tables. These, together with the results established above, enable us to draw the
graph of y = (x ) .

X 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

(x)  1.772 1.000 0.886 1.000 1.329 2.000 3.323 6.000

X -0.5 -1.5 -2.5 -3.5

 (x ) -3.545 2.363 -0.945 0.270

3 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 Figure # 29


Example 125:  x 7 e  x dx
0
Solution: We can write the above function
 
7 x 8 1  x
 x e dx   x e dx ------------------------------(i)
0 0
We have,

Г (n) =  x n  1e  x dx
0

 Г (8) =  x 81 e  x dx -------------------------------------(ii)
0
From (i)
 
  x 7 e  x dx   x 81e  x dx  Г (8)  (8  1)!  7!  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  5040
0 0

[ Г (n )  (n  1)! ]

Example 126:  x 3 e  4x dx
0 x 0 
Solution: Let, y  4x y  4x y  4x y  4x
 dy  4dx y  4 .0  0 y  4.  
dy
 dx 
4

4 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
  x 3 e  4 x dx
0
 y dy  y 3  y dy 1  y 3  y
  ( ) 3 e y  ( ) e   ( ) e dy
0 4 4 0 4 4 40 4
1  y 3 y 1  y 3 y 1 1  3 y
  3 e dy   e dy    y e dy
4 04 4 0 64 4 64 0
1  3 y 1  41  y
  y e dy   y e dy
256 0 256 0
1  
  (4) [ Г (n) =  x n  1e  x dx ;  Г (4) =  x 41 e  x dx ]
256 0 0
3! 6 3
   Answer
256 256 128
1

x 2 e  x dx
2
Example 127: 
0
Solution: Let, y  x 2
x 0 
dy
  2x 2 2
dx yx yx y  x2
 dy  2xdx y  02  0 y  2  
dy
 dx 
2x
Again
y  x2
x  y
 x  y1/ 2
1
1 1
1/ 2
x  (y 2 ) 2 y 4

1

x 2 e  x dx
2


0
1 1 1
 dy  4  y dy 1  4  y dy
  y 4 e y  y e 1
 y e 1
0 2x 0 2 20
2y y 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 1  1 
  y 4 e  y y 2 dy   y 4 2 e  y dy   y 4 e  y dy
20 20 20
3 3
1 1 1 3  3  1
 y 4 e y dy  ( ) [ Г (n) =  x n  1e  x dx ;  Г ( ) =  x 4 e  x dx ]
20 2 4 0 4 0

5 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 1 3
  1.2254 [ ( )  1.2254 ]  0.613 Answer
2 4

Example 128:
 3  5 7
   ?,    ? ,    ?
 2  2  2
From this, using the recurrence relation (n  1)  n n we can obtain the following:
We have,
(n  1)  nn ---------------------------------------(i)
1
Putting n  in (i),
2
1 1 1
 (  1)   ---------------------------------(ii)
2 2 2
 3 1 3 1
    (  1) [   1]
 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
  [from (ii ), (  1)   ]
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
 ( ) [ from example 138,     ]
2  2

 
 3 1
    ---------------------------------------------(iii)
 2 2

Again
(n  1)  nn
3
Putting n 
2
(n  1)  nn
3  3 3
   1    ------------------------------------------(iv)
2  2 2
 5 3  5 3
      1  [   1]
 2 2  2 2
3  3 3  3 3
   [ from (iv ),   1    ]
2  2 2  2 2


3 1
.    3 1
[from (iii ),    ]  
2 2  2 2
 5  3    3 
      -----------------------------------(v)
 2  2  2  4
Again,
(n  1)  nn

6 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 5
Putting n 
2
(n  1)  nn
5  5  5
   1     ------------------------------------(vi)
2  2  2
7 5  7 5
For      1  [   1]
 2 2  2 2
5  5 5  5 5
   [ from ( vi ),   1    ]
2  2 2  2  2
5  3    5 3 
 [ from ( v ),    ]
2  4   2 4
15 

8
Example 129:
 3  1
    ?     ?
 2  2

Using the recurrence relation in reverse

(n  1)  nn
(n  1)
n  ---------------------------------------(i)
n
We can also obtain
3
Putting n   in (1),
2
(n  1)
n 
n
3
( 
 1)
3 2
 (  ) 
2 3

2
1
(  )
3 2 --------------------------------(ii)
 (  ) 
2 3

2
1
Again, Putting n   in (i),
2
(n  1)
n 
n

7 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 1
(   1)
1 2
 (  ) 
2 1

2
1
( )
1
 (  )  2
2 1

2
1
 (  ) 

1
1
[     ]  
2
  2
2
1
 (  )  2  -------------------(iii)
2
1
Putting the value of (  )  2  in (ii),
2
1
(  )
3 2
 (  ) 
2 3

2
3 2 
 (  ) 
2 3

2
3 2
 (  )   ( 2  )
2 3
3 4
 (  )  (  )
2 3
Example 130:
 0   ?   1   ?
Answer: We have,
(n  1)
n  ------------------------------------(i)
n
Putting n  0 in (1),
(n  1)
n 
n
(0  1)
 0 
0
(1)
 0 
0
1
  0  [ 1  1]
0
 0  

8 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Putting n  1 in (i),
(n  1)
n 
n
( 1  1)
1
1
( 0)
 1
1

 1
1
  1  

Similarly
 2
 3
 4

Method # 21:

The Beta function

The Beta function (m , n ) is defined by
1
(m, n )   x m 1 (1  x ) n 1 dx ------------------(i)
0
Which, converges for m>0 and n>0.

Example 131:
Prove that (m , n )  (n, m )
Solution: We have,
1
(m, n )   x m 1 (1  x ) n 1 dx ------------------------------------(i)
0
Let, (1  x )  u
x 0 1
 x  1-u
u  1 x u  1 x u  1 x
dx
  1 u  1 0  1 u  11  0
du
 dx  -du
From (i),
1
(m, n )   x m 1 (1  x ) n 1 dx
0
0
 (m, n )   (1  u ) m 1 (u ) n 1 (  du )
1
0
 (m, n )    (1  u ) m 1 (u ) n 1 du
1

9 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 1 b a
 (m, n )   (1  u ) m 1 (u ) n 1 du [  f ( x )dx    f ( x )dx]
0 a b
 (m , n )  (n, m ) (Proved)
Example 132:

2
Prove that (m , n )  2  sin 2m 1  cos 2n 1  d
0
1
Solution: We have, (m, n )   x m 1 (1  x ) n 1 dx ----------------------------------(i)
0

Put x  sin 2  , in (i)

dx d
  (sin 2  )
d d
dx d d
  2 sin  (sin ) [ ( x n )  nx n 1 ]
d d dx
dx
  2 sin  cos 
d
 dx  2 sin  cos d
x 0 1
We have,
2 1 1
sin 2   x x  sin    sin x   sin 1
sin   x 1
 sin   x   sin 0   sin 1 1
   sin 1 x   sin 1 x 1
  sin 0 
  sin 1 sin 0  sin 1 sin
2
From (i) 0

1

2
(m, n )   x m 1 (1  x ) n 1 dx
0


2
 (m , n )   (sin 2  ) m 1 (1  sin 2  ) n 1  2 sin  cos  d
0

2
 (m, n )   (sin ) 2m  2 (cos 2 ) n 1  2 sin  cos  d
0

2
 (m, n )   (sin  ) 2m  2 (cos  ) 2n  2  2 sin  cos  d
0

2
 (m, n )  2  (sin ) 2m  2 sin . (cos ) 2n  2 cos  d
0

2
 (m, n )  2  (sin ) 2m  21 (cos  ) 2n  21 d
0

10 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
2
 (m, n )  2  (sin ) 2m 1 (cos ) 2n 1 d (Proved)
0
Example 133:
m n (m  1)! (n  1)!
Prove that, (m , n )  =
( m  n) (m  n  1)!
Solution: We have,
 
2
1  n  1 2 n 2
I n   sin x dx  [ sin x cos x ]0 
n 0
n n 1 2
sin x dx
0
n
 
2
1   1 n  1 2 n 2
 I n   sin n x dx  [ sin n 1 ( ) cos  sin n 1 (0) cos 0 ] 
n 0
sin x dx
0
n 2 2 n
 
2
1 n  1 2 n2
 I n   sin x dx  [ .1.0  0.1 ] 
n 0
n
sin x dx
0
n
 
2
n  1 2 n 2
 I n   sin x dx  0 
n
 sin x dx
0
n 0
 
2
n  1 2 n2
 I n   sin x dx 
n 0
n
sin x dx
0
 
2
n  1 2 n2 n1
 I n   sin n x dx   sin x dx  I n  2 ------------------(i)
0
n 0 n
Again, We have,
1 n1
 cos xdx  cos n 1 x sin x   cos n  2 xdx
n

n n
  
2
1  2 n  1 2 n2
 I n   cos xdx   cos n 1 x sin x  
n
 cos xdx
0  n  0 n 0

 
2
1   1  n  1 2 n 2
 I n   cos xdx   cos n 1 ( ) sin( )  cos n 1 0 sin 0 
n
 cos xdx
0  n 2 2 n  n 0

 
2
1 1  n  1 2 n 2
 I n   cos n xdx   .0.1  .1.0 
n 0
cos xdx
0 n n 
 
2
n  1 2 n 2
 I n   cos n xdx 
n 0
cos xdx
0

11 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

  
n  1 2 n 2
2
n1
 I n   cos n xdx   cos xdx  I n  2 ---------------------(ii)
0
n 0 n
A third reduction formula for products of sines and cosines is
 
2
m  1 2 m 2
I m ,n   sin ( x ) cos ( x )dx 
m
 sin ( x ) cos n ( x )dx ------------------(iii)
n

0
mn 0


2
m 1
 I m ,n   sin ( x ) cos n ( x )dx 
m
I m  2 ,n
0
mn

m1
 I m ,n  I m  2,n ----------------------------------------------------------- (iv)
mn
Alternatively,
 
2 n1 2 m

m n
 sin ( x ) cos ( x )dx  sin ( x ) cos n  2 ( x)dx ---------------------------(v)
0 mn 0
n1
 I m ,n  I m ,n  2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------(vi)
mn
Again, we have

2
(m, n )  2  (sin ) 2m 1 (cos ) 2n 1 d
0

2
 (m , n )  2  (sin x ) 2m 1 (cos x ) 2n 1 dx
0

According to (iii), we can write

 
2
( 2m  1)  1 2

 (sin x) 
2 m 1 2 n 1
(cos x ) dx  sin 2m 1 2 ( x ) cos 2n 1 ( x )dx
0
( 2m  1)  ( 2n  1) 0
 
2
m  1 2 m 2
[ I m ,n   sin ( x ) cos ( x )dx 
m

n
sin ( x ) cos n ( x )dx]
0
mn 0
 
2
2m  2 2

 (sin x) 
2m 1 2 n 1
 (cos x ) dx  sin 2m  3 ( x ) cos 2n 1 ( x )dx
0
2m  2n  2 0
 
2
2(m  1) 2 2m  3
  (sin x ) 2m 1 (cos x ) 2n 1 dx   sin ( x ) cos 2n 1 ( x )dx
0
2( m  n  1) 0

12 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

  
2
(m  1) 2 2m  3
  (sin x ) 2m 1 (cos x ) 2n 1 dx   sin ( x ) cos 2n 1 ( x )dx
0
( m  n  1) 0

 
2
(m  1) 2 2m  3
 sin 
2m 1 2 n 1
 x cos x dx  sin ( x ) cos 2n 1 ( x )dx ---------------(vii)
0
(m  n  1) 0
Again from (v), we have
 
2 n1 2 m

m n
 sin ( x ) cos ( x )dx  sin ( x ) cos n 2 ( x )dx
0 mn 0
Hence we can write
 
2
( 2n  1)  1 2 2m  3
 sin 
2m  3 2 n 1
 ( x ) cos ( x )dx  sin ( x ) cos 2n 1 2 ( x )dx
0
2m  3  2n  1 0
 
2
2n  2 2

 sin 
2m  3 2 n 1
 ( x ) cos ( x )dx  sin 2m  3 ( x ) cos 2n  3 ( x )dx
0
2m  2n  4 0
 
2
2(n  1) 2

 sin 
2m  3 2 n 1
 ( x ) cos ( x )dx  sin 2m  3 ( x ) cos 2n  3 ( x )dx
0
2(m  n  2) 0
 
2
(n  1) 2

 sin 
2m  3 2 n 1
 ( x ) cos ( x )dx  sin 2m  3 ( x ) cos 2n  3 ( x )dx
0
(m  n  2 ) 0
 
2
n1 2
  sin 2m  3 ( x ) cos 2n 1 ( x )dx   sin 2m  3 ( x ) cos 2n  3 ( x )dx ---------------------(viii)
0
m  n  2 0


2

 sin
2m  3
Putting the value of ( x ) cos 2n 1 ( x )dx in (vii)
0

From (vii),
 
2
(m  1) 2 2m  3
 sin 
2m 1 2 n 1
x cos x dx  sin ( x ) cos 2n 1 ( x )dx
0
(m  n  1) 0
 
2
(m  1) n1 2

 sin 
2m 1 2 n 1
 x cos x dx  . sin 2m  3 ( x ) cos 2n  3 ( x )dx [From viii]
0
(m  n  1) m  n  2 0
 
2
m1 n1 2

 sin m  n  1 m  n  2 0
2 m 1 2n 1
 x cos x dx  . sin 2m  3 ( x ) cos 2n  3 ( x )dx
0

13 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

  
2
m1 n1 2
 2  sin 2m 1 x cos 2n 1 x dx  . .2  sin 2m  3 ( x ) cos 2n  3 ( x )dx
0
mn1 mn 2 0
 
2
m1 n1 2
 (m, n )  2  sin 2 m 1
x cos 2n 1
x dx  . .2  sin 2m  3 ( x ) cos 2n  3 ( x )dx
0
mn1 mn 2 0
---------------------------(ix)

2
 (m, n )  2  sin 2m 1 x cos 2n 1 x dx
0


2
 (m  1, n  1)  2  sin 2( m 1)1 x cos 2( n 1)1 x dx
0


2
 (m  1, n  1)  2  sin 2m  21 x cos 2n  21 x dx
0


2
 (m  1, n  1)  2  sin 2m  3 x cos 2n  3 x dx ---------------------------(x)
0


2
 2  sin 2m  3 x cos 2n  3 x dx  (m  1, n  1) --------------------------(xi)
0


2


Putting the value of 2 sin 2 m  3 x cos 2n  3 x dx  (m  1, n  1) in (ix)
0

From (ix),
 
2
m1 n1 2
 (m, n )  2  sin 2m 1 x cos 2n 1 x dx  . .2  sin 2m  3 ( x ) cos 2n  3 ( x )dx
0
mn1 mn 2 0

2
m1 n1
 (m, n )  2  sin 2m 1 x cos 2n 1 x dx  . .(m  1, n  1) -----------(xii)
0
mn1 mn 2
This is obviously a reduction formula for (m , n ) and the process can be repeated as required.
For Example

2
m1 n1
(m, n )  2  sin 2m 1 x cos 2n 1 x dx  . .(m  1, n  1)
0
m  n 1 m n 2
m 1 n1
 (m , n )  . .(m  1, n  1)
mn1 mn 2
41 31
  ( 4, 3 )  . .(4  1,3  1)
4 31 4 3 2

14 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 3 2
  ( 4, 3 )  . .( 3,2) --------------------------------------------------(xiii)
6 5
Similarly,
m 1 n1
(m , n )  . .(m  1, n  1)
mn1 mn 2
31 21
  ( 3, 2 )  . .( 3  1,2  1)
3 21 3 2 2
2 1
 ( 3,2)  . .( 2,1) -------------------------------------------------(xiv)
4 3
We have,

2
(m, n )  2  sin 2m 1 x cos 2n 1 x dx
0

2
 ( 2,1)  2  sin 2.21 x cos 2.11 x dx
0

2
 ( 2,1)  2  sin 3 x cos 1 x dx -------------------------------------------(xv)
0

Let sin x  z
 z  sin x
dz
  cos x x  0
dx
 dz  cos xdx 2
z  sin x  z  sin x  sin 0  0
z  sin x  sin 1
From (xv), we get 2

2
( 2,1)  2  sin 3 x cos 1 x dx
0
1 1
 z 31 
1
z4 
 ( 2,1)  2  z dz  2    2 
3

0  3  1  0  4  0
 14 0  1  1
 ( 2,1)  2     2   0  2  
 4 4 4  4
1 1
 ( 2,1)     ----------------------------------------------------------(xvi)
2 2
From (xiii),
3 2
  ( 4, 3 ) 
. .( 3,2)
6 5
3 2
 (4,3)  . .( 3,2)
6 5

15 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 3 2 2 1 2 1
  ( 4, 3 )  . . . .( 2,1) [From xiv, ( 3,2)  . .( 2,1)]
6 5 4 3 4 3
3 2 2 1 1 1
  ( 4, 3 )  . . . . [From xvi, ( 2,1)  ]
6 5 4 3 2 2
3 2 2 1 1 3 2 21 ( 3  2 ) ( 2  1) 1 ( 3! )( 2! )
  ( 4, 3 )  . . . .  . .( 2,1)   
6 5 4 3 2 6 5 4 3 ( 6  5) ( 4  3) 2 6!
3 2 2 1 1 ( 3! )( 2! )
  ( 4, 3 )  . . . .  --------------------------------------(xvii)
6 5 4 3 2 6!
3 2 2 1 1 ( 3! )( 2! ) (4  1)! )( 3  1)!
  ( 4, 3 )  . . . .   --------------(xviii)
6 5 4 3 2 6! (4  3  1)!

3 2 2 1 1 3 2 21
Since, ( 4,3)  . . . .  . .( 2,1)
6 5 4 3 2 6 5 4 3
Similarly,
(4)( 2) ( 3)(1)
  ( 5, 3 )  ( 3,1) ---------------------------------------------(xix)
(7 )(6) (5)(4)

2


Now (m , n )  2 sin 2 m 1 x cos 2 n 1 x dx
0

2
 ( 3,1)  2  sin 2.31 x cos 2.11 x dx
0

2
 ( 3,1)  2  sin 5 x cos 1 x dx
0

Let sin x  z
 z  sin x x  0
dz
  cos x 2
dx z  sin x z  sin x  sin 0  0

 dz  cos xdx z  sin x  sin 1
2

2
( 3,1)  2  sin 5 x cos 1 x dx
0
1
 ( 3,1)  2  z 5 dz
0
1 1
 z 51  z6   14 0  1 
 ( 3,1)  2    2    2     2   0
 5  1 0  6  0  6 4  6 
1 1 1
 ( 3,1)  2      
6  3 3

16 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

From (xix),
(4)( 2) ( 3)(1)
  ( 5, 3 )  ( 3,1)
(7 )(6) (5)(4)
(4)( 2) ( 3)(1) 1
  ( 5, 3 ) 
(7 )(6) (5)(4) 3
(4)( 2) ( 3)(1) 1 2
  ( 5, 3 )  .
(7 )(6) (5)(4) 3 2
(4)( 3) ( 2)(1) 2 1
  ( 5, 3 )  .
(7 )(6) (5)(4) 3 2
(4)( 3)( 2)(1) ( 2)(1)
  ( 5, 3 )  .
(7 )(6)(5)(4)( 3)( 2) 1
(4! )( 2! )
  ( 5, 3 ) 
(7! )
(4! )( 2! ) (5  1)! )( 3  1)!
  ( 5, 3 )  
(7! ) (5  3  1)!
(m  1)! (n  1)!
In general, (m , n ) = (Proved)
(m  n  1)!
(m  1)! (n  1)!  m n
 (m , n ) =  [ n  (n  1)! ] ------------------(xx)
(m  n  1)! (m  n )

Another Way:
m n (m  1)! (n  1)!
Prove that (m , n )  =
( m  n) (m  n  1)!
We have

Г (n) =  x n  1e  x dx --------------------------------------------------(i)
0

Let,
x  zy [Where z is not a function of x]
dx
 z .1
dy
dx  zdy

From (i), We get


Г (n) =  x n  1e  x dx
0

Г (n) =  ( zy ) n 1 e  zy zdy
0

17 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
Г (n) =  z n 1 y n 1 e  zy zdy
0

Г (n) =  z n . z 1 . y n 1 e  zy zdy
0

1
Г (n) =  z n . . y n 1 e  zy zdy
0
z

Г (n) =  z n y n 1 e  zy dy
0

Г (n) = z n  y n 1 e  zy dy
0

1
y
n 1
n  e  zy dy ---------------------------------------(ii)
zn 0

Multiplying (ii) on both sides by z m 1 e  z


1
0 y e dy
n 1  zy
 n 
zn

1
z m 1 e  z n
n  z m 1 e  z  y n 1 e  zy dy ---------------------------------------(iii)
z 0
Integrating both sides with respect to z from 0 to 

m 1  z 1
z e n  z e  y n 1 e  zy dy
m 1  z

zn 0
  
1
z e ndz   [ z m 1 e  z  y n 1 e  zy dy ]dz
m 1  z

0 zn 0 0
  

 z e ndz   [ z . z e  y e dy]dz
m 1  z m 1 n z n  1  zy

0 0 0
  

z e  z ndz   [  z m 1 . z n e  z y n 1 e  zy dy ]dz
m 1

0 0 0
  

z e  z ndz   [  z m  n 1 e  z e  zy dz ] y n 1 dy
m 1

0 0 0
  

z e  z ndz   [  z m  n 1 e  z  zy dz ] y n 1 dy
m 1

0 0 0
  

z e  z ndz   [  z m  n 1 e  (1 y ) z dz ] y n 1 dy
m 1

0 0 0
  
( m  n ) n 1 ( m  n)
z e ndz     z m  n 1 e  (1 y ) z dz ]
m 1 z
mn
y dy [ m n
0 0 (1  y ) (1  y ) 0

18 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
y n1
z e ndz  ( m  n)
m 1 z
dy
0 0 (1  y ) m  n
 
y n1
 z e ndz  (m  n)(m , n) [
m 1  z
dy  ( m , n)]
0 0 (1  y ) m  n

1
( m  n) 0
( m , n)  z m 1 e  z ndz

n
( m , n)  
( m  n ) 0
z m 1 e  z dz

n
( m , n)  m [m   z m 1 e  z dz ]
( m  n) 0

m n
( m , n)  (Proved)
( m  n)
1
Example 134:  x 5 (1  x ) 4 dx
0
1
Solution: We have, (m, n )   x m 1 (1  x ) n 1 dx ----------------------------(i)
0
1
Given,  x 5 (1  x ) 4 dx
0
1
  x 61 (1  x ) 51 dx ------------------------------------------------------(ii)
0

Compare (i) and (ii),

Then m  1  6  1 and n  1  5  1
m6 n5
We have,
1
m 1 m  n ( m  1)! ( n  1)!
x (1  x ) n 1 dx  ( m , n)  
0 ( m  n) ( m  n  1)!
1 (6  1)! (5  1)!  6 5
  x 61 (1  x ) 51 dx  (6,5)  
0 (6  5  1)! ( 6  5)
1 (6  1)! (5  1)!
  x 61 (1  x ) 51 dx  (6,5) 
0 (6  5  1)!
1 5! 4!
  x 61 (1  x ) 51 dx  (6,5) 
0 10!
1 (5  4  3  2  1)  (4  3  2  1)
  x 61 (1  x ) 51 dx  (6,5) 
0 10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1

19 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 1 (4  3  2  1)
  x 61 (1  x ) 51 dx  (6,5) 
0 10  9  8  7  6
1 4
  x 61 (1  x ) 51 dx  (6,5) 
0 10  9  8  7
1 1
  x 61 (1  x ) 51 dx  (6,5) 
0 10  9  2  7
1 1
  x 61 (1  x ) 51 dx  (6,5) 
0 90  2  7
1 1
  x 61 (1  x ) 51 dx  (6,5) 
0 180  7
1 1
  x 61 (1  x ) 51 dx  (6,5)  Answer
0 1260
1
Example 135:  x 4 1  x 2 dx
0
1
Solution: We have, (m, n )   x m 1 (1  x ) n 1 dx --------------------------(i)
0
1
Given,  x 4 1  x 2 dx
0
1 1
  x 4 (1  x 2 ) 2 dx
0
1 1
  x 4 (1  x 2 ) 2 dx -------------------------------------------------------(ii)
0
2
Let, y  x
dy
  2x
dx
 dy  2xdx
dy
 dx  ----------------------------------------------------------(iii)
2x
Again
y  x2

x 0 1
x  y y  x2 y  x2 y  x2
 x  y1/ 2 y  02  0 y  12  1
1
1 1
1/ 2
x  (y 2 ) 2 y 4

20 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

From (iii),
dy
dx  -----------------------------------------------------------------------(iv)
2x
dy
 dx  1
[ x  y 1 / 2 ]
2y 2
1 1
 dx  y 2 dy
2
1 1 1
  x 4 1  x 2 dx   x 4 (1  x 2 ) 2 dx
0 0
1
1 1 1 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
  ( x ) (1  x ) 2 dx   y (1  y ) 2 y dy
0 0 2
1 1 1
11 1 1 1 2
  y 2 .y 2 (1  y ) 2 dy   y 2 (1  y ) 2 dy
20 20
3 1
11
  y 2 (1  y ) 2 dy --------------------------------------------------(v)
20
Compare (i) and (v),
3 1
m1 & n1
2 2
3 1
 m  1 n 1
2 2
3 2 1 2
m n
2 2
5 3
m n
2 2
We have,
1
m 1 m  n ( m  1)! ( n  1)!
x (1  x ) n 1 dx  ( m , n)  
0 ( m  n) ( m  n  1)!
From (v),
3 1
1 11
4 2
 x 1  x dx   y 2 (1  y ) 2 dy
0 20
5 3
11 1 1 1 5 3 1
 y 2 (1  y ) 2 dy  ( , ) [  x m 1 (1  x ) n 1 dx  (m , n )]
20 2 2 2 0
5 3
( )( )
1 2 2  m n
 [ (m, n )  ]
2 5 3 (m  n )
(  )
2 2

21 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 5 3 5 3 3  
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2

2 8 2 ( 4) 2 (4  1) !
( )
2
3   3   3  
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
1 4 2  1 4 2  1 4 2

2 3! 2 3 2 2 6
1 3   1 3 1  
 ( )( ) ( ) ( ) Answer
12 4 2 12 8 4 8 32

2
5 4
Example 136:  sin  cos  d -------------------------------------(i)
0
The equation (i) can be written as

1 2
  2  sin 5  cos 4  d -------------------------------------(ii)
2 0

2
We have, (m, n )  2  (sin ) 2m 1 (cos ) 2n 1 d ----------------(iii)
0
Compare (ii) and (iii), we get
2m  1  5 & 2n  1  4
 2m  5  1  2n  4  1
 2m  6  2n  5
5
m3 n
2

2
We have, 2  (sin ) 2m 1 (cos ) 2n 1 d  (m , n )
0
 
2
5 1 2
45 4
 sin  cos  d   2  sin  cos  d
0 2 0
 5
1 2 2.  1
  2  sin 2.31  cos 2  d
2 0

1 5 2
  ( 3 , ) [ 2  (sin  ) 2m 1 (cos  ) 2n 1 d  (m , n ) ]-------(iv)
2 2 0
Again,
m  n ( m  1)! ( n  1)!
( m , n )  
( m  n) ( m  n  1)!
From (iv),

2 1 5
  sin 5  cos 4  d   ( 3 , )
0 2 2

22 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 5 5 5 5
( 3  1)! (  1)!  3 ( 3  1)! (  1)!  3
1 2 1 2  1 2 1 2
  
2 5 2 5 2 5 2 11
( 3   1)! ( 3  ) ( 3   1)! ( )
2 2 2 2
5 5 5 5 3 
( 3  1)!  2!  2 
1 2 1 2 1 2  2  4

11 2 11 2 11 11
( ) ( ) 945 
2
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 32
3  32 3 32 3 8 8
       Answer
4 945  4 945 1 945 315

2
Example 137:  tan  d
0
Solution:

2
I  tan  d
0
1
   1 1  1 1
2 1 2 sin 2  2  1 2 
I   tan 2  d   1
d   sin  cos 2
2  d   2  sin 2  cos 2  d
0 0 0 2 0
cos 2 
 3 1
1 2 2 1 2 1
  2  sin 4  cos 4  d
2 0

1 3 1 2
 ( , ) [ 2  (sin  ) 2m 1 (cos  ) 2n 1 d  (m , n ) ]
2 4 4 0

Again,
m  n ( m  1)! ( n  1)!
( m , n )  
( m  n) ( m  n  1)!

2 1 1 3 1
 I   tan 2  d  ( , )
0 2 4 4
 3 1  3 1  3 1
             
1  4  4 1  4  4 1  4  4
     
2 3 1 2 (1) 2 1
(  )
4 4
1 (1.2254)( 3.6256)
   2.2214 Answer
2 1.0000

23 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Example 138:
1
Prove that   
2
Solution: We have,
m n (m  1)! (n  1)!
 (m , n )  = -----------------------------(i)
( m  n) (m  n  1)!
1
Putting the value of m  n  in (i)
2
1 1
 
1 1 2 2
 ( , )
2 2 1 1
(  )
2 2
1 1
 
1 1
 ( , ) 2 2
2 2 (1)
1
( ) 2
1 1 2
 ( , )
2 2 (1)
1
( ) 2
1 1 2 [ 1  1]
 ( , )
2 2 1
1 1 1
  ( , )  ( ) 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 1
 ( )   ( , )
2 2 2
1 1 1
 ( )   ( , ) ------------------------------------(ii)
2 2 2
Again, we have,
1
(m, n )   x m 1 (1  x ) n 1 dx ----------------------------(iii)
0

From (iii)
1
(m, n )   x m 1 (1  x ) n 1 dx
0

1
Putting the value of m  n  in (iii)
2
1
(m, n )   x m 1 (1  x ) n 1 dx
0

24 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
 ( , )   x 2 (1  x ) 2 dx
2 2 0
1 1
1 1 1  
 ( , )   x 2 (1  x ) 2 dx
2 2 0
1 1 1 1
 ( , )   1 1
dx -----------------------------(iv)
2 2 0 2 (1  2
x x)
2
Put x  sin  , in (iv)
dx d
  (sin 2  )
d d
dx d d
  2 sin 21  (sin  ) [ ( x n )  nx n 1 ]
d d dx
dx d
  2 sin  (sin )
d d
dx
  2 sin  cos 
d
 dx  2 sin  cos  d

We have, x 0 1
2
sin   x x  sin 2    sin 1 x   sin 1 1
 sin   x
1
sin   x   sin 1 0   sin 1 1
   sin x   sin 1 x   sin 1 0 
  sin 1 sin 0  sin 1 sin
From (iv), we get 2
0
1 1 1 1 
( , )   dx 
2 2 1 1 2
0 x 2 (1  x) 2


1 1 2 1
 ( , )   1 1
2 sin  cos  d
2 2 0 2 2 (1  sin 2
(sin  ) ) 2


1 1 2 1
 ( , )   1 1
2 sin  cos  d
2 2 0 2 2
(sin ) 2 (cos ) 2


1 1 2 1
 ( , )   1 1
2 sin  cos  d
2 2 0 2 2 {(cos  ) 2 } 2
{(sin ) }

1 1 2 1
 ( , )   2 sin  cos  d
2 2 0 (sin )(cos  )

25 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
1 1 2    
 ( , )   2 d  20 2  2   0  2 
2 2 0 2  2
1 1
 ( , )   ----------------------------------------------------(v)
2 2
1 1
Putting the value of ( , )   in (ii),
2 2
1 1 1
 ( )   ( , )
2 2 2
1
 ( )   (Proved)
2
Example 139:
1 x5
Show that  dx
0 (1  x 2 )
1 x5
Let I   dx x 0 1
2
0 (1  x ) x  sin  1 1
   sin x   sin 1  sin 1 1
Put x  sin     sin 1 x   sin 1 0 
dx  sin 1 sin
  cos    sin 1 sin 0 2
d 0
 dx  cos  d 

2
1 x5
I dx
0 (1  x 2 )
 
2 sin 5  2
sin 5 
I  cos  d   (cos 2  )
cos  d
0 (1  sin 2  ) 0


sin 5 
2
I  cos  d
0 cos 

2
 I   sin 5  d
0
51 m1
) ( 
2

2 ) (
1 2 1 2
 I   [  cos xdx   sin xdx    
m m
]
2 5 2 2 m2
( ) 0 0 ( )
2 2

26 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 6
( )
1
 I   2  1     ( 3)
2 7 2 7
( ) ( )
2 2
1 ( 3  1)!
I   [ n  (n  1)! ]
2 7
( )
2
1 2! 1 2!
I      [ Г (n+1) = n Г (n)]
2 5 2 5 5
(  1) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 .1 1 2 .1 1
I   I   [  ]
2 531 1 2 531 2
( ) 
222 2 222
1 2 .1 2 .2 .2 8
I    Answer
2 5 3 1 5.3.1 15
222
Example 140:
2 3
Show that  cos 4 x dx 
0 4
2
Solution: Let, I   cos 4 x dx
0

2 2a a 
 I  4  cos 4 x dx [  f ( x )dx  2  f ( x )dx] [That is 2  4  ]
0 0 0 2
41 m1
( ) 
2 ( )
1 2 1 2
 I  4    [  cos xdx    
m
]
2 4 2 2 m2
( ) 0 ( )
2 2
5 3
( ) (  1)
1 1
 I  4    2  4    2
2 6 2  ( 3)
( )
2
3 3 3 1
( ) (  1)
1 1
 I  4    2 2  4    2 2
2 ( 3  1)! 2 ( 2)!
31 1 31
( ) 
1 1
 I  4    2 2 2  4    2 2
2 2 .1 2 2 .1
3 3
 I  4  Answer
16 4

27 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Example 141:

2
2
 cos x cos 2xdx 
3
Show that
0
5

2
Solution: Let I   cos
3
x cos 2xdx
0

2
I  cos x( 2 cos 2 x  1)dx [ 2 cos 2 x  1  cos 2x]
3

0
   
2 2 2 2
I  2 cos xdx   cos x dx  2  cos xdx   cos x dx
5 3 3 5

0 0 0 0

51 31  m1

( ) ( ) 2 ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
3  2 0
 I  2       [ cos xdx    
m
]
2 52 2 2 m2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
6 4
( ) ( )
1 1
 I  2    2     2
2 7 2 5
( ) ( )
2 2
 ( 3) 1  ( 2)
 I    
7 2 5
( ) ( )
2 2
( 3  1)! 1 ( 2  1)!
 I     [ n  (n  1)! ]
7 2 5
( ) ( )
2 2
2! 1 1!
 I    
7 2 5
( ) ( )
2 2
2 .1 1 1
 I    
7 2 5
( ) ( )
2 2
2 .1 1 1
 I     [ Г (n+1) = n Г (n)]
5 2 3
(  1) (  1)
2 2
2 .1 1 1
 I    
5 5 2 3 3
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2

28 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 2 .1 1 1
 I    
5 3 2 3 1
(  1) (  1)
2 2 2 2
2 .1 1 1
I    
53 3 2 31 1
( ) ( )
22 2 22 2
2 .1 1 1
I    
53 1 2 31 1
(  1) ( )
22 2 22 2
2 .1 1 1
I    
531 1 2 31 1
( ) ( )
222 2 22 2
2 .1 1 1 1
I     [  ]
531 2 31 2
 
222 22
2 .1 1 1 16 4 32  20 12 2
I       (Proved)
5 3 1 2 3 1 15 6 30 30 5
222 22

Example 142:

2 5
Show that  cos 8 x sin 6 xdx 
0 4096

2
Solution: Let I   cos 8 x sin 6 xdx
0

2
I   cos 8 x sin 6 xdx
0
m1 n1

2 ( )( )
We have,  sin m x cosn xdx  (m, n )  2 2
mn2
0 2 ( )
2
 I   ( 8 ,6 )
81 61 9 7 9 7
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
I 2 2  2 2  2 2
862 16 2 ( 8)
2 ( ) 2 ( )
2 2
7 5
(  1)(  1)
I 2 2 [ n  (n  1)! ]
2  (8  1)!

29 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 7 7 5 5
( ). ( )
I 2 2 2 2 [ Г (n+1) = n Г (n)]
2  (8  1)!
7 7 5 5 7 7 5 5
( ). ( ) ( ). ( )
I 2 2 2 2  2 2 2 2
2  7! 2  7!
75 3 1 1 5 3 1 1
. . ( ). . . ( )
I 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2  7!
75 3 1 5 3 1
. . . . . . 
22 2 2 2 2 2 1
I [  ]
2  7! 2
7 .5 .3 .5 .3 .1 . 7 .5 .3 .5 .3 .1 .
I 
2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2  7! 2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2  7.6.5.4.3.2.1
5 5 5
I   Answer
2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2  2.4.2.1 2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2 2.2.2.2 4096
Example 143:
 3 2
Show that  x sin 6 x cos 4 xdx 
0 512

Solution: Let, I   x sin 6 x cos 4 xdx
0

 I   (   x ) sin 6 (   x ) cos 4 (   x )dx
0
 
 I    sin 6 (   x ) cos 4 (   x )dx   x sin 6 (   x ) cos 4 (   x )dx
0 0
 
 I    sin(   x )6 cos(   x )4 dx   xsin(   x )6 cos(   x )4 dx
0 0
 
 I    (sin x ) 6 (  cos x ) 4 dx   x(sin x ) 6 (  cos x ) 4 dx
0 0
[ sin(   x )  sin x & cos(   x )   cos x]
 
 I    sin 6 x. cos 4 xdx   x sin 6 x cos 4 xdx
0 0

 I    sin 6 x. cos 4 xdx  I
0

 I  I    sin 6 x. cos 4 xdx
0

30 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
 2
 2I    sin 6 x. cos 4 xdx  2  sin 6 x. cos 4 xdx
0 0

2
 I    sin 6 x. cos 4 xdx --------------------------(i)
0
m1 n1

2 ( )( )
We have,  sin m x cosn xdx  (m, n )  2 2
mn2
0 2 ( )
2
From (i),

2
I    sin 6 x. cos 4 xdx
0
 I  (6,4)
61 41
( )( )
I 2 2
64 2
2 ( )
2
7 5 7 5 7 5
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
I 2 2  2 2  2 2
12 12 2  ( 6)
2 ( ) 2 ( )
2 2
5 3
(  1)(  1)
 2 2
I [ n  (n  1)! ]
2 (6  1)!
5 5 3 3
( )  ( )
 2 2 2 2
I [ Г (n+1) = n Г (n)]
2 (6  1)!
5 5 3 3 531 1 31 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
 2 2 2 2  222 2 22 2
I 
2 5! 2 5 .4 .3 .2 .1
531 31
 
 222 2 2 1
I [  ]
2 5 .4 .3 .2 .1 2
5 .3 .3 . 2 3 2 3 2
I   Answer
2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1 2.2.2.2.2.2.4.2.1 512
Example 144:
1 5 5
Show that  x 2 (1  x 2 ) 2 dx 
0 256

31 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 1 5 5
Solution: Let I   x 2 (1  x 2 ) 2 dx 
0 256
Put x  sin 
x 0 1
dx
  cos  x  sin     sin x1
  sin 1 1  sin 1 1
d 1
 dx  cos  d    sin x   sin 1 0 
 sin 1 sin
  sin 1 sin 0 2
1 5 5 0 
I   x 2 (1  x 2 ) 2 dx  
0 256 2

2 5
 I   sin 2 (1  sin 2 ) 2 cos  d
0

2 5
 I   sin 2 (cos 2  ) 2 cos  d
0

2
 I   sin 2  cos 5  cos  d
0

2
 I   sin 2  cos 6  d ------------------------(i)
0
m1 n1

2 ( )( )
We have,  sin m x cosn xdx  (m, n )  2 2
mn2
0 2 ( )
2

2
I   sin 2  cos 6  d
0
 I   ( 2 ,6 )
21 61 3 7 3 7
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
I 2 2  2 2  2 2
2 6 2 10 2 ( 5)
2 ( ) 2 ( )
2 2
1 5
(  1)(  1)
I 2 2
2 ( 5)
1 1 5 5
( ) ( )
I 2 2 2 2 [ Г (n+1) = n Г (n)] and [ n  (n  1)! ]
2 (5  1)!
1 1 531 1 1 531 1531
( ) ( )   
I 2 2 222 2  2 222  2222
2 (4)! 2 (4)! 2 .4 .3 .2 .1

32 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 5 .3 . 5 5
I  
2.2.2.22 .4.3.2.1 2.2.2.2.2 .4.2.1 2.2.2.2.2 .2.2.2
5
I Answer
256
Example 145:
1 5
Show that  x 6 (1  x 2 ) dx 
0 256
1
Solution: I   x 6 (1  x 2 ) dx
0
Put x  sin  x 0 1
dx x  sin     sin x 1
  sin 1 1  sin 1 1
  cos  1
d    sin x   sin 1 0 
 dx  cos  d   sin 1 sin 0  sin 1 sin
2
1 0 
I   x 6 (1  x 2 ) dx 
0
2

2
 I   (sin ) 6 (1  sin 2  ) cos  d
0

2
 I   sin 6  cos 2  cos  d
0

2
 I   sin 6  cos  cos  d
0

2
 I   sin 6  cos 2  d -----------------------(i)
0
m1 n1

2 ( )( )
We have,  sin m x cosn xdx  (m, n )  2 2
mn2
0 2 ( )
2

2
 I   sin 6  cos 2  d
0
 I   ( 6, 2 )
m1 n1 61 21 7 3
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
I 2 2  2 2  2 2
mn2 6 2 2 10
2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
2 2 2

33 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 7 3
( )( )
I 2 2 Same as previous problem
2 ( 5)
5
I Answer
256
Example 146:
x 0 a
a
Show that  x 4 2 2
(a  x ) dx x  a sin  x x
   sin 1    sin 1
0 x a a
a sin  
Solution: I   x 4 (a 2  x 2 ) dx a 0 a
   sin 1    sin 1
x a a
0
   sin 1
Put x  a sin  a 1
   sin 0   sin 1 1
dx
  a cos     sin 1 sin 0 
d   0  sin 1 sin
 dx  a cos  d 2

a
4 2 2 
I  x (a  x ) dx 2
0

2
 I   (a sin  ) 4 (a 2  (a sin  ) 2 ) a cos  d
0

2
 I   a 4 sin 4  (a 2  a 2 sin 2 ) a cos  d
0

2
 I   a 4 sin 4  (a 2 (1  sin 2 ) a cos  d
0

2
 I   a 4 sin 4  a 2 cos 2  a cos  d
0

2
 I   a 4 sin 4  a cos  a cos  d
0

2
 I   a 6 sin 4  cos 2  d
0

2
 I  a  sin 4  cos 2  d ----------------------------(i)
6
0
m1 n1

2 ( )( )
We have,  sin m x cosn xdx  (m, n )  2 2
mn2
0 2 ( )
2

34 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
2
I  a  sin 4  cos 2  d
6
0
 I  a 6(4,2)
41 21
( )( )
 I  a6 2 2
4 2 2
2 ( )
2
5 3 5 3 3 1
( )( ) ( )( ) (  1)(  1)
 I  a6 2 2  a6 2 2  a6 2 2
8 2  ( 4) 2  ( 4)
2 ( )
2
3 3 1 1
( ) ( )
6 2 2 2 2
 Ia [ Г (n+1) = n Г (n)]
2 ( 4)
33 1 1 1
( ) ( )
6 2 2 2 2 2
 Ia [ n  (n  1)! ]
2 (4  1)!
33 1 331 331
   
6 22 2 6 222 6 222
 Ia a a
2 3! 2 3! 2 3 .2 .1
3 .3 . 3 3
 I  a6  a6  a6 Answer
2 .2 .2 .2 3 .2 .1 2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 32
Example 147:
1
3 256
 x (1  x) dx 
4
Show that 2

0
15015
1
3
Solution: Let I   x 4 (1  x ) 2
dx
0
x 0 1
Put x  sin 2 
dx d x  sin 2    sin 1 x   sin 1 1
  2 sin  (sin )
d d sin   x   sin 1 0   sin 1 1
1
dx   sin x   sin 1 0 
  2 sin  cos   sin 1 sin
d   sin 1 sin 0 2
 dx  2 sin  cos  d 0


1
2
3
I   x 4 (1  x ) 2
dx
0

2 3
I  (sin ) 4 (1  sin 2  ) 2 sin  cos  d
2 2

35 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
2 3
I  sin . (cos 2 ) 2 sin  cos  d
8 2

0

2
I  sin . (cos  ) 3 2 sin  cos  d
8

0

2
I  sin . cos 3  2 sin  cos  d
8

0

2
 I  2  sin 9 . cos 4  d -------------------------------(i)
0

m1 n1

2 ( )( )
We have,  sin m x cosn xdx  (m, n )  2 2
mn2
0 2 ( )
2
From (i)

2
I  2  sin 9 . cos 4  d
0
 I  2(9,4)
91 41 10 5 5
( )( ) ( )( ) (5)( )
I2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
942 15 15
2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
2 2 2
5 5
(5)( ) (5  1)! ( )
I 2  2 [ n  (n  1)! ]
15 15
( ) ( )
2 2
5 3 3 3
4! ( ) 4! (  1) 4.3.2.1. ( )
I 2  2  2 2
15 13 13 13
( ) (  1) ( )
2 2 2 2
3 1 1
4 .3 .2 .1 . .  ( )
2 2 2 4 .3 .2 .1 .
I 
13 11 9 7 5 3 1 1 13 11 9 7 5
( )
2 2 22222 2 2 2 222
4 .3 .2 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 4 .2 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2
I 
13.11.9.7.5 13.11.3.7.5
2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 256
I  Answer
13.11.3.7.5 15015

36 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Example 148:

3 2
 x cos xdx 
4
Show that
0
16

Solution: Let I   x cos 4 xdx
0

 a a
I   (   x ) cos 4 (   x )dx [  f ( x )dx   f (a  x )dx ]
0 0 0

 
I    cos 4 (   x )dx   x cos 4 (   x )dx
0 0

 
I   cos(   x )4 dx   xcos(   x )4 dx
0 0

 
I   cos( 2.90  x )4 dx   xcos( 2.90  x )4 dx
0 0

 
I   (  cos x ) 4 dx   x(  cos x ) 4 dx
0 0

 
I   (cos x ) 4 dx   x(cos x ) 4 dx
0 0

 
I    cos 4 xdx   x cos 4 xdx
0 0

 
I    cos 4 xdx  I [I   x cos 4 xdx]
0 0


I  I    cos 4 xdx
0


2I    cos 4 xdx
0


2
2I  2   cos 4 xdx
0


2
I    cos 4 xdx
0

37 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
3 2 3
I   [from example 140 :  cos 4 xdx  ]
16 0 16

3 2
I (Proved)
16
Example 149:
 t4  Let t  tan 
Show that  dt  dt
0 (1  t 2 )4 32  sec 2 
d
 t4 dt  sec 2 d
Solution: Let, I   dt
0 (1  t 2 )4

2 tan 4  t 0 
I  sec 2 d
0 (1  tan  )2 4 t  tan    tan t1
  tan 1 
   tan 1 t   tan 1 0 

2 tan 4   tan 1 tan
I  2 4
sec 2 d  tan 1 tan 0  0 2
0 (sec  ) 

 2
2 tan 4 
I  8
sec 2 d
0 sec 

2 tan 4 
I  d
0 sec 6 

2 sin 4  1
I  d
0 cos  sec 6 
4


sin 4  cos 6 
2
I  4
d
0 cos  1

sin 4  cos 2 
2
I  d
0 1 1

2
I   sin 4  cos 2  d ----------------------------(i)
0

38 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 m1 n1

2 ( )( )
We have,  sin m x cosn xdx  (m, n )  2 2
mn2
0 2 ( )
2
From (i),
41 21 5 3 5 3

2 ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
I   sin 4  cos 2  d  2 2  2 2  2 2
422 8 2 ( 4)
0 2 ( ) 2 ( )
2 2
31 1 1 1 31 1 311
( ) ( )   
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
   
2 (4  1)! 2.3! 2.3! 2 .2 .2 .2 .3 .2 .1
 
  (Proved)
2.2.2.2.2.1 32

39 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC