Chapter Two

01. Formulae
n1
x dx
1.  x n dx   c ; n  1 2.   ln x  c 3.  e x dx  e x  c
n1 x
4.  sin xdx   cos x 5.  cos xdx  sin x 6.  tan xdx  ln sec x   ln cos x
 x
7.  cot xdx  ln sin x   ln cos ecx 8.  sec xdx  ln sec x  tan x  ln tan(  )
4 2
x dx 1 x
9.  cos ecxdx  ln cos ecx  cot x  ln tan 10.   tan 1
2 x2  a2 a a
dx x
11.   sin 1
a2  x2 a
1
12.  (ax  b ) n dx  (ax  b ) n  1 ; n  1
a(n  1)
dx 1
13.   ln ax  b
ax  b a
dx 1
14.  
(ax  b ) 2 a(ax  b )
xdx b 1
15.    ln ax  b
2
(ax  b ) a (ax  b ) a 2
2

dx 1 x
16.   ln
x(ax  b ) b ax  b
dx 1 a ax  b
17.    ln
x 2 (ax  b ) bx b 2 x
2
18.  (ax  b )dx  (ax  b ) 3
3a
2( 3ax  2b )
19.  x (ax  b )dx  (ax  b ) 3
2
15a
ax  b dx
20.  dx  2 ax  b  b 
x x ax  b
dx 2 ax  b
21.  
ax  b a
dx 1 ax  b  b
22.   ln ;b  0
x ax  b b ax  b  b
dx 2 ax  b
23.   tan 1 ;b  0
x ax  b b b

1 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 dx ax  b a dx
24.    
2 bx 2b x ax  b
xax  b
cx  d ax  b cx  d ad  bc dx
25.  dx   
ax  b a 2a ax  b cx  d
dx 1 px
26.   ln
p x2 2 2p p  x
dx 1 xp
27.   ln
x2  p2 2p x  p
dx 1 a
28.   tan 1 ( x ) ; a, c  0
ax 2  c ac c
x 1
29.  dx  ln ax 2  c
2 2a
ax  c
1
30.  x 2  p 2 dx  [x x 2  p 2  p 2 ln x  x 2  p 2 ]
2
1
31.  x 2  p 2 dx  [x x 2  p 2  p 2 ln x  x 2  p 2 ]
2
1 x
32.  p 2  x 2 dx  ( x p 2  x 2  p 2 sin 1 )
2 p
dx
33.   ln x  x 2  p 2
x2  p2
dx
34.   ln x  x 2  p 2
x2  p2
dx x
35.   sin 1 c
a2  x2 a
x sin 2ax
36.  sin 2 axdx  
2 4a
1 1
37.  sin 3 ax dx   cos ax  cos 3 ax
a 3a
sin n 1 ax cos ax n  1 n 2
38.  sin n axdx     sin axdx
na n
x sin 2ax
39.  cos 2 ax dx  
2 4a
1 1
40.  cos 3 axdx  sin ax  sin 3 ax
a 3a
n cos n 1 ax sin ax n  1 n 2
41.  cos axdx    cos ax dx
na n

2 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 1
42.  sec 2 ax dx  tan ax
a
sec n  2 ax tan ax n  2 n 2
43.  sec n ax dx    sec axdx ; n  1
a(n  1) n1
1 1
44.  x sin ax dx  sin ax  x cos x
2 a
a
1 1
45.  x cos ax dx  cos ax  x sin ax
a2 a
1 n
46.  x n sin ax dx   x n cos ax   x n 1 cos axdx n is positive
a a
1 n
47.  x n cos ax dx  x n sin ax   x n 1 sin ax dx n is positive
a a
e ax
48.  xe ax dx  (ax  1)
a2
1 n
49.  x n e ax dx  x n e ax   x n 1 e ax dx
a a
ax
e
50.  e ax sin bx dx  (a sin bx  b cos bx )
a  b2
2

e ax
51.  e ax cos bx dx  2 (a cos bx  b sin bx )
a  b2
ln ax 1
52.  x n ln ax dx  x n  1 [  ] ; n  1
n  1 (n  1) 2
1
53.  sin 1 ax dx  x sin 1 ax  1  a2x2
a
1
54.  cos 1 ax dx  x cos 1 ax  1  a2x2
a
1
55.  tan 1 ax dx  x tan 1 ax  ln(1  a 2 x 2 )
2a
cos(m  n )x cos(m  n )x
56.  sin mx cos nx dx    c
2(m  n ) 2(m  n )
sin m 1 x cos n 1 x m  1 m 2
57.  sin m x cos n x dx     sin x cos n x dx
mn mn
sin m 1 x cos n 1 x n  1 n 2
58.  sin m n
x cos x dx   m
 sin x cos x dx
mn mn
 
2 2 1.3.5.7.               (n  1) 
59.  sin x dx   cosn x dx  {
n
; n even
0 0 2 .4 .6 .8 .               ( n ) 2

3 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 2.4.6.8                    (n  1)
 ; n odd
1 .3 .5 .7 .                  ( n )

60.  e  x dx  
2



2 3 n 1 a(1  r n )
61. a  ar  ar  ar              ar  ;r  1
1r
2 2 x x2  a2 a2 x
62. ∫ x  a dx   sin -1
2 2 a
f ( x )
63.  dx  ln f ( x )  c [[
f (x)
]
m1 n1

2 )( ( )
64. [  sin m x cos n xdx  (m, n )  2 2 ]
mn2
0 2 ( )
2
m1

2

2 ( )
1 2
65. [  cos xdx   sin xdx    
m m
]
2 m2
0 0 ( )
2
2a a
66.  f ( x )dx  2  f ( x )dx
0 0
a 2a
67. [  f ( t )dt   f ( t )dt ]
a 0

4 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

02. Some technique to integrate the functions for indefinite integral
Method # 01: linear factor
dx dx
i)  ii ) 
(ax  b ) (ax  b ) n
(Denominator linear factor x power one factor
variable
Substitution u  ax  b
dx Let, u  ax  b
i) 
ax  b du
  a .1
du dx
dx 1 du 1 1
Thus   a    ln u  c  ln ax  b  c Therefore dx 
du
ax  b u a u a a a
dx
ii ) 
(ax  b ) n
du
dx a  1 u  n du  1 u
 n 1
(ax  b )  n 1 1
   n   c  c c
(ax  b ) n
u a a (  n  1) a(  n  1) a(  n  1)(ax  b ) n 1

Example 41:
dx dx
Find a) 
( 3 x  2) 5
b)  3x  2 Let, u  3x  2.
du d
dx 1 1 1   ( 3x  2 )
a)   du   u  5 du dx dx
5 5 3 3
( 3x  2 ) u du d d
  3 (x)  ( 2)
1 u 5  1 1 u 4 x n 1 dx dx dx
 .  .  c [  x n dx  ]
3 51 3 4 n1 du
  3 .1  0
1 dx
 ( 3 x  2)  4  c
12 du 1
1
  3  dx  du
 c dx 3
12( 3x  2) 4
dx 1 1 1 1 dx
b)  3x  2   u . 3 du = ln u  c = ln 3x  2  c Answer [   ln x  c]
3 3 x

Method # 02: Quadratic Function

dx
 ax 2
 bx  c
It will be assumed that the polynomial ax 2  bx  c is irreducible; that is, it cannot be factored
into two first-degree polynomials. As for Example

5 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

We can write: ax 2  bx  c  a [ x 2  b x  c ]
a a
b b b c
 a[ x 2  2. x .  ( )2  ( )2  ]
2a 2a 2a a
b b c b
 a[{ x 2  2. x .  ( )2 }   ( )2 ]
2a 2a a 2a
b c b
 a[( x  ) 2   ( ) 2 ]
2a a 2a

01. Denominator Quadratic Function ax 2  bx  c x

2
power two x common
02. (a  b ) 2
(a  b ) 2
formula
(a  b ) 2 (a  b ) 2 formula constant
variable

Example 42: Find  dx

2
x  4x  13
Solution: x 2  4 x  13 = x 2  2. x .2  2 2  13  2 2 = ( x  2)2  9
dx
Thus  2 dx = = dx 1
 tan 1
x  2 [Formula # 10]
x  4x  13 x  22  9  x  22  3 2 3 3

Example 43: Find  dx

4x 2  8x  13
Solution:
01. 4x 2  8x  13  4  x 2  2x  13  [First taking common 4]
 4 

02. 4x 2  8x  13  4 x 2  2x  13   4 x 2  2x  1  13  1
 4   4 
  
03. 4x 2  8x  13  4 x 2  2x  13   4 ( x  1) 2  13  1
 4   4 
  

04. 4x 2  8x  13  4 x 2  2x    4 ( x  1) 2 
13 13 4
 4   4 
 
05. 4x 2  8x  13  4 x 2  2x  13   4( x  1) 2  9 
 4   4 
 
 2
06. 4x 2  8x  13  4 x 2  2x  13   4( x  1) 2   3  
 4 
   2  
dx dx 1 dx
   
 4 3 2
4x 2  8x  13  3 
2
(x  1) 2  ( )
4( x  1) 2     2
  2  

6 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 1 1 x1
=  tan 1 c [Formula # 10]
4 3 3
2 2
1 2 x  1
  tan 1 c
4 3 3
2
1 2( x  1)
 tan 1  c Answer
6 3

dv dv dv dv
Example 44: ∫  ∫  ∫  ∫
v 2 - 6v  5 v 2 - 2 . v .3  3 2  4 ( v  3) 2 - 4 ( v  3) 2 - 2 2
1 v32
 log [Formula #27]
2 .2 v32
1 v5
 log Answer
4 v1
dx
Example 45: Find 
4x 2  1
 1
01. 4x 2  1  4  x 2  
 4
 1 
02. 4x 2  1  4  x 2  
 22 
 2
2 2 1
03. 4x  1  4  x    
  2  

dx dx 1 dx 1 1 x 1 2 2x
Then       tan 1  c   tan 1 c
2  1 4 1 1
1  4 4 1 1
4x  1 2
4x 2     x2  ( )2
2 2 2
  2  
1
tan 1 2x +c

2
1
Example 46: Integrate the function
2
4x  9
1 2x
Solution: Try yourself: = tan 1  c Answer
6 3
dx
Example 47: ∫
16x 2 - 9
 9
01. 16x 2  9  16  x 2  
 16 

7 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

  2
2 2  3
02. 16x  9  16  x    
  4  
dx dx 1 dx
∫ 2
  
16x - 9  2  16  2
2  3 2  3
16  x     x    
  4     4  
3 3 3
x x x
1 1 4  1 . 4 log 4  1 log 4
= . log [Formula #27]
16 3 3 16 6 3 24 3
2. x x x
4 4 4 4

Method # 03:
f ( x )
We have,  dx  ln f ( x )  c
f (x)
[
]


Example 48 ( x 2  1)
( 2x ) Example 48
log( x 2  1)

Example 48:  2x dx  ln( x 2  1)  c

2
x 1
Here, f ( x)  x  1 f ' ( x)  2x
2

Proof:
2x
x 2
1
dx -------------------------------(i)

Let, z  x 2  1
dz
  2x
dx
 dz  2xdx
2x dz dx
 dx    ln z +c [Formulla 2 :   ln x  c]
2 z x
x 1
f ( x )
 ln( x 2  1) [ z  x 2  1] [  dx  ln f ( x )  c]
f ( x)

Method # 04:
px  q
 2 dx
ax  bx  c

8 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 d
 (ax 2  bx  c )  2ax  b
dx
px  q
 dx
2
ax  bx  c
p pb
( 2ax  b )  q
  2a 2a dx
ax 2  bx  c
p pb
( 2ax  b )  q
  2a 2 dx   2 2a dx
ax  bx  c ax  bx  c
p pb
( 2ax  b ) q
  2a 2 dx   2 2a dx
ax  bx  c ax  bx  c
p ( 2ax  b ) pb 1
 
2a ax  bx  c
2
dx  ( q  ) 2
2a ax  bx  c
dx

p ( 2ax  b ) pb 1

2 a  ax 2
 bx  c
dx   (q 
2 a
) 2
ax  bx  c
dx
     
Method  03 Method  02

 Denominator ax 2  bx  c x power two

numerator x power one

 x balance constant
variable x

xdx
Example 49: Find  4x 2
 8x  13
Solution:
01. Here denominator is 4x 2  8x  13
d
 (4x 2  8x  13)  8x  8
dx
02. 8x  8 Numerator
1
03. Numerator x x balance 8x  8
8
x 8x  8 x
8 8
04 x balance 1
1
05. x 8x  8  1  1  8x  1  8  1  x  1  1  x
8 8 8

9 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 1
xdx
8x  8  1
 2 8
4x  8x  13
  4x 2  8x  13
dx

1 8x  8 1
= 
8 4x  8x  13
2
dx   2
4x  8x  13
dx

=1 8x  8 1
8  4x 2  8x  13
dx   dx
13
4 ( x  2x  )
2

4
1 8x  8 1
  2 dx   dx
8 4x  8x  13 13
4 ( x 2  2x  )
4
1 8x  8 1 1
=  dx   dx
8 4x  8x  13
2
4 13
( x  2x  1 
2
 1)
4
1 8x  8 1 1
=

8 4x  8x  13
2
dx  
4 9
dx
( x  2x  1)  )
2

4
1 8x  8 1 1
=

8 4 x  8 x  13
2
dx  
4 3 2
dx
( x  1)  ( )
2

2
1 8x  8 1 1
 
8  42
x 8x 13
dx   
4 3 2
dx
  ( x  1)  ( )2
Method  03
 2 
Method  02
integration Method # 03 Method # 02
= 1 ln( 4x 2  8x  13)  1  1 tan 1 x  1
8 4 3 3
2 2
[
f ( x )
 f (x) dx  ln f (x)  c and Formula # 10]
1 1 2( x  1)
= ln( 4x 2  8x  13)  tan 1 Answer
8 6 3

3xdx
Example 50: ∫
x2 - x  2
Solution:
01. Here denominator x 2  x  2
d
 ( x 2  x  2 )  2x  1
dx
02. 2x  1 Numerator

10 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 3
03. Numerator 3x 3x balance 2x  1
2
x 2x  1 x
2
3
04 3x balance
2
3
05. 3x  2x  1  3  3  2x  3  3  3x  3  3  3x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3xdx 3
( 2x  1)  3
∫ ∫ 2 2
dx [Method # 04]
x2 - x  2 x2 - x  2
3 2x  1 3 dx
 ∫ 2 dx  ∫ 2
2 x -x2 2 x -x 2
integration Method # 03 Method # 02
3 3 dx 
f ( x)
 log( x 2 - x  2)  ∫ 2 [ dx  ln f ( x )  c & Method-03]
2 2 x -x2 f ( x)
[
]
3 3 dx
 log( x 2 - x  2)  ∫ Method # 02]
2 2 1 1 1
x - 2 .x .  ( ) 2 -  2
2
2 2 4
3 3 dx
 log( x 2 - x  2)  ∫
2 2 (x  1 ) 2 - 9
2 4
3 3 dx
 log( x 2 - x  2)  ∫
2 2 (x  1 ) 2 - ( 3 ) 2
2 2

3 2 3 1 x  12 - 32
 log( x - x  2)  . log [Formula #27]
2 2 3 x  1 3
2. 2 2
2
3 1 x2
 log( x 2 - x  2)  log Answer
2 2 x1
2x  3
Example 51: ∫ dx
3x 2 - x  1
01. Here denominator 3x 2  x  1
d
 ( 3x 2  x  1)  6x  1
dx
02. 6x  1 Numerator

11 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

03. Numerator 2x  3 2x  3 balance 6x  1
1
x
3
6x  1 x 6 6
1
04 2x  3 balance 3
3
2 2 1 1 1
05. 2x  3  (6x  1)   3   6x    3  2x  3
6 6 3 3 3
1 1
(6x  1)   3
2x  3
∫ 2
dx   3 2
3 dx [Method # 04]
3x - x  1 3x  x  1
1 10
(6x  1) 
3 2 3 dx
3x  x  1
1 ( 6x  1)  10
∫ 3 2 3
dx
3x - x  1
1 6x  1 10 dx
 ∫ 2
dx  ∫ 2
3 3x - x  1 3 3x - x  1
integration Method # 03 Method # 02
1 10 1 dx
 log( 3x 2 - x  1)  . ∫ 2 x 1 [Formula # 63]
3 3 3 x -33
1 10 dx
 log( 3x 2 - x  1)  ∫ 2
3 9 x - 2.x. 6  ( 16 ) 2 - ( 16 ) 2 
1 1
3

1 10 dx
 log( 3x 2 - x  1)  ∫ 2
3 9 x - 2 .x .  ( 1 ) 2 - 1 
1 1
6 6 36 3
1 10 dx
 log( 3x 2 - x  1)  ∫ 2
3 9 x - 2.x. 6  ( 16 ) 2  13 - 361
1

1 10 dx
 log( 3x 2 - x  1)  ∫
3 9 (x  ) 2 
1 11
6 36
1 10 dx
 log( 3x 2 - x  1)  ∫
3 9 (x  1 ) 2  ( 11 2
)
6 6

1 10 1 x  16
 log( 3x 2 - x  1)  . tan 1 [Formula # 10]
3 9 11 11
6
6
1 10 6 x 1
 log( 3x 2 - x  1)  . tan 1 11 6
3 9 11 6

12 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 1 20 6x  1
 log( 3x 2 - x  1)  tan 1 Answer
3 3 11 11

Method # 05:

 Denominator ax 2  bx  c x power two

numerator ax 2  bx  c x power
two
 function balance constant or variable

x2 - x  1
Example 52: ∫ dx
x2  x  1
( x 2  x  1)  2x
∫ dx
x2  x  1
( x 2  x  1) 2x 2x
 2 dx   2 dx  ∫ dx - ∫ 2 dx [Apply Method # 04
( x  x  1) x  x1 x  x1
in 2nd Integral]
( 2x  1)  1 2x  1 1
 x∫ dx  x  ∫ 2 dx  ∫ 2 dx
x  x1
2
x  x1 x  x1
integration Method # 03 Method # 02
dx
 x  log( x 2  x  1)  ∫ 2
x  2.x. 2  ( 12 ) 2  ( 12 ) 2  1
1

dx
 x  log( x 2  x  1)  ∫ 2
x  2.x. 2  ( 12 ) 2  1  ( 12 ) 2
1

dx
 x  log( x 2  x  1)  ∫ 2
x  2.x. 2  ( 12 ) 2  1  14
1

dx
 x  log( x 2  x  1)  ∫
( x  12 ) 2  3
4
dx
 x  log( x 2  x  1)  ∫
( x  12 ) 2  ( 2
3 2
)
x 1
1 f ( x)
 x  log( x 2  x  1)  tan 1 2
[  dx  ln f ( x)  c & Formula # 10]
3 3 f ( x)
2
2

13 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 x 1
2 2 1 2
 x  log( x  x  1)  tan
3 3
2
2 2x  1
 x  log( x 2  x  1)  tan 1 Answer
3 3

x2
Example 53: ∫ x 2 - 4 dx
x2 - 4  4 x2  4 4
∫ dx   2 dx   2 dx
2
x -4 x 4 x 4
4 1
 ∫ dx  ∫ 2 dx  x  4 ∫ 2 2 dx
x -4 x -2
1 x2
 x  4. log [Formula #27]
2 .2 x 2
x2
 x  log Answer
x2
Method # 06:
px  q
 dx
ax 2  bx  c

 Denominator ax 2  bx  c x power two

numerator x power one
root
 x balance constant
variable

 ax 2  bx  c  z
2x  2
Example 54:  x  2x  1
2
dx
Let , z  x 2  2x  1
2x  2
 dx 
dz
 2x  2
x  2x  1
2
dx
1
 1  dz  ( 2x  2)dx
x n 1
1
dz  z 2
=  z 2
dz  [  x n dx  ]
z 1 n1
 1
2
1
z2
  2 z  2 x 2  2x  1  c Answer
1
2

14 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 x2
Example 55:  dx
2x 2  8 x  5
01. Here denominator: 2x 2  8x  5
d
 ( 2x 2  8x  5)  4x  8
dx
02. 4x  8 Numerator
03. Numerator x2 x2 balance 4x  8
1
4
1
05. x  2  ( 4x  8 )  x  2
4
x2
 dx
2 x 2  8x  5 Let , z  2x 2  8x  5
1 4x  8
  dx 
dz
 4x  8
4 2x 2  8x  5 dx
1 4x  8  dz  (4x  8)dx
  dx
4 2x 2  8x  5
 1 1
1 dz 1 1 1 z 2 x n 1
     z 2 dz   [  x n dx  ]
4 z 4 4  1 1 n1
2
1
1 z 2 1 1 1
    2 z  z  2x 2  8x  5 Answer
4 1 4 2 2
2

Method # 07:
dx
 (ax  b) cx  d
( a  0, c  0 ) ; put cx  d  z 2

Example 56:
dx
( 2x  1) 4x  3 Let, z 2  4x  3
 2zdz  4dx
dx  zdz  2dx

( 2x  1) 4x  3 1
 dx  zdz
2 zdz
1
z 2. - 3 2
∫ [ x  & z 2  4 x  3]
z 3
2
4 Again, z  4x  3
2
( 2.  1) z 2
4 z 2. - 3
∴ x
1 zdz 4
 ∫
2 z 3
2
(  1)z
2

15 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 1 zdz 1 2zdz 1 2 dz
  ∫  ∫ 2
2∫ z 3 2
2
2 ( z  3  2) z 2 z - 3  2
2
( )z
2
dz dz dz 1 z 1
∫ 2 ∫ 2 ∫ 2 2  log [Formula #27]
z -32 z -1 z -1 2 .1 z1
1 4x  3 - 1
 log Answer [z 2  4x  3;  z  4x  3 ]
2 4x  3  1

dx
Example 57: ∫ ( 2  x) 1  x
dx
∫ Let, z 2  1  x
(2  x) 1  x  2zdz  1dx
2zdz Again, z 2  1  x
∫ [ x  z 2 - 1 & z 2  1  x]
( 2  z - 1) z
2 2
 x  z2 -1
dz z
 2∫ 2  2 tan 1 [Formula # 10]
z 1 1
1
 2 tan 1  x Answer [ z 2  1  x;  z  1  x ]

dx
Method # 08: ∫ ( a ≠ 0, p ≠ 0 )
(px  q ) ax 2  bx  c
1
Let, px  q 
z
Then Find x  ?
And dx  ?

Example 58:
dx
∫ Let, 2x  3 
1
( 2 x  3) x 2  3x  2
z
dx 1
∫  2dx   dz
( 2x  3 ) x  3 x  2
2
z2
1 1
 2 dz  dx   2 dz
2z 2z
∫
1 1 1 1
4 ( z - 3 )  3. 2 ( z - 3 )  2
2 1 1
Again , 2x  3 
z z
1 1
 2 dz  2x  - 3
1 z z
 ∫
2 1 1 1 1 1 1  3z
4 ( z - 3 )  3. 2 ( z - 3 )  2
2 1 1
∴ x  ( - 3) 
z 2 z 2z

16 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 1 -zdz

2 ∫ z2 1 6 z  9 z 2
 3 9 z
2
4z2 2z

1  dz 1  dz 1  dz
  
2∫ z 2 2
1 6 z  9 z  6 z  18 z  8 z 2
2∫ 1  z2 2∫ 1
4z2 z z. 1  z2
4z 2 2z

2  dz  dz
  ∫   sin 1 z
2∫ 1  z2 1 z2
1 1 1
 - sin 1 ( ) [ 2 x  3  ; z  ] [Formula #11]
2x  3 z 2x  3

Method # 09:

∫ (px  q ) (ax  bx  c) dx(a  0)

2

 px  q x power one ax 2  bx  c
( x power two ax 2  bx  c
px  q
 px  q x balance constant
variable

 integration ax 2  bx  c  z
ax 2  bx  c (a  b ) 2 (a  b ) 2 formula
(a  b ) 2 (a  b ) 2 formula constant
variable

Example 59:  ( x  1) x 2  x  1 dx
[Here, px  q  x  1 and ax 2  bx  c  x 2  x  1 ]

d 2 1 1
[ ( x  x  1)  2x  1 and x  1  ( 2x  1)   1]
dx 2 2
2
01. x x1
d
[ ( x 2  x  1)  2x  1 ]
dx
02. 2x  1 x1
1
03. x1 balance 2x  1
2
1
04 2x  1 balance 1
2

17 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 1 1 1 1 1
05. x1 ( 2x  1)   1   2x    1  x  1
2 2 2 2 2
  ( x  1) x 2  x  1 dx
1 1 1 1
 ∫ { ( 2x  1)   1} x 2 - x  1dx  ∫ { ( 2x  1)  } x 2 - x  1dx
2 2 2 2
1 1
  ( x  1) x 2  x  1 dx  ∫ ( 2x  1) x 2 - x  1 dx  ∫ x 2 - x  1 dx --------------(i)
2 2

 integration x2  x  1  z x2  x  1
(a  b ) 2
(a  b ) 2 formula (a  b ) 2 (a  b ) 2
formula constant variable
Now, ∫ ( 2x  1) x 2 - x  1 dx

 ∫ ( 2x  1) x 2 - x  1 dx Let, z  x 2 - x  1
1 dz
∫ zdz   z 2 dz   2x  1
1 1
dx
z 2 n x n 1  dz  ( 2x  1)dx
 [  x dx  ]
1 1 n1
2
3
z 2
2 32 2 2 3
  z  ( x  x  1) 2
3 3 3
2
 ( x  x  1)dx
2
Now,
1 1 1
  {x 2  2.x.  ( ) 2  ( ) 2  1}dx
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
  {( x  ) 2   1}dx   {( x  ) 2  1  }dx
2 4 2 4
1 41 1 3
  {( x  ) 2  }dx   {( x  ) 2  }dx
2 4 2 4
1 3
  {( x  ) 2  ( ) 2 }dx
2 2
1 3
∫ x 2 - x  1 dx   {( x  ) 2  ( ) 2 }dx
2 2

18 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 2 1
( x  12 ) ( x  12 ) 2  ( 3 2
) ( 3
) (x  )
{
2
 2
sin 1 2 }
2 2 3
2
x x2  a2 a2 x
[ Formula # 62 ∫ x 2  a 2 dx   sin -1 ]
2 2 a
Putting the value of ∫ ( 2x  1) x - x  1 dx and
2
∫ x 2 - x  1 dx in (i)
1 1
  ( x  1) x 2  x  1 dx  ∫ ( 2x  1) x 2 - x  1 dx  ∫ x 2 - x  1 dx
2 2
2 1
1 1 2 3 2 3 (x  )
1 2 2 3 1 (x  2 ) (x  2 )  ( ) ( ) 2 }
sin 1
2 2
  ( x  x  1)  {
2

2 3 2 2 2 3
2
1
2 (x  )
1 (x  2 ) (x  2 )  (
1 2 3 2
1 3
1
) ( 3
) 2 } Answer
sin 1
2
 ( x 2  x  1) 2  {  2

3 2 2 2 3
2
Example 60:  ( 3x  2) ( x 2  x  1)dx

d 2 3 3
[ ( x  x  1)  2x  1 and 3x  2  ( 2x  1)   2]
dx 2 2
2 2
[Here, px  q  3x  2 and ax  bx  c  x  x  1 ]

d 2 1 1
[ ( x  x  1)  2x  1 and x  1  ( 2x  1)   1]
dx 2 2
2
01. x x1
d
[ ( x 2  x  1)  2x  1 ]
dx
02. 2x  1 3x  2
3
03. 3x  2 balance 2x  1
2
3
04 2x  1 balance 2
2
3 3 3 3 3
05. ( 2x  1)   2   2x    2  3x  2
2 2 2 2 2

  ( 3x  2) ( x 2  x  1)dx
3 3 d
  { ( 2x  1)   2} x 2  x  1dx [ ( x 2  x  1)  2x  1]
2 2 dx

19 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 3 1
  { ( 2x  1)  } x 2  x  1dx
2 2
3 1
  ( 2x  1) x 2  x  1dx   x 2  x  1dx -----------------------(i)
2 2

 integration x2  x  1  z x2  x  1
(a  b ) 2
(a  b ) 2 formula (a  b ) 2 (a  b ) 2
formula constant variable
Now,  ( 2x  1) x 2  x  1dx
Let, z  x 2  x  1
 ( 2x  1) x 2  x  1dx

dz
 2x  1
1 dx
 ∫ zdz   z 2 dz
 dz  ( 2x  1)dx
1 1
z 2 x n 1
 [  x n dx  ]
1 1 n1
2
3
z 2 2 32 2 2 3
  z  ( x  x  1) 2 -------------------------(ii)
3 3 3
2
And,  x 2  x  1dx
1 1
  x 2  2.x. 12  ( ) 2  1  ( ) 2 dx
2 2
1 1 3
  x 2  2.x. 12   1  dx   ( x  12 ) 2  dx
4 4 4
3 2
  ( x  12 ) 2  ( ) dx
2
2 1
( x  12 ) ( x  12 ) 2  ( 3 2
) ( 3
) (x  )
{
2
 2
sin 1 2 } ------------------(iii)
2 2 3
2
x x2  a2 a2 x
[ Formula # 62 ∫ x 2  a 2 dx   sin -1 ]
2 2 a
∫ ( 2x  1) x - x  1 dx and  x 2  x  1dx in (i)
2
Putting the value of

20 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 3 1
 ( 2x  1) x 2  x  1dx   x 2  x  1dx
2
 ( 3x  2) ( x  x  1)dx 
2 2
2 1
1 1 2 3 2 3 (x  )
3 2 3 1 (x  2 ) (x  2 )  ( ) ( ) 2 }]
sin 1
2
 . ( x 2  x  1) 2  [{  2
2 3 2 2 2 3
2
2 1
3 ( x  1 ) (x  1 ) 2  ( 3 ) 2
( 3
) (x  )
2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 }] Answer
 ( x  x  1)  [{
2  sin
2 2 2 3
2

Method # 10: Partial Fraction

Fractions
7 Numerator
A Fraction (such as ) has two numbers:
4 Deno min ator
The top number is the Numerator.
The bottom number is the Denominator.
7
Example:
4
1 3 2
Proper Fractions: The numerator is less than the denominator Examples: , ,
3 4 7
Improper Fractions: The numerator is greater than (or equal to) the denominator
4 11 7
Examples: , ,
3 4 7

A proper fraction may be written as the sum of partial fractions according to the following rules:

Procedure#01: Linear Factors: None of which are repeated

x4 A B
Example:  
( x  7 )( 2x  1) x  7 2x  1
Procedure#02: Linear Factors: Some of which are repeated:
3x  1 A B
Example:   [ ( x  4) 2  ( x  4)( x  4)]
( x  4) 2
x  4 ( x  4) 2
Procedure#03: Quadratic Factors: None of which are repeated
x2  3 A Bx  C
Example:   2
( x  2)( x  4) x  2 x  4
2

Procedure#04: Quadratic Factors: Some of which are repeated

x 2  4x  1 Ax  B Cx  D Ex  F
Example:  2  2  2
( x  1) ( x  x  1) x  1 ( x  1)
2 2 2 2
x  x1

dx
Example 61: x 2
x2

21 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

Solution: The integrand is a proper rational function that can be written as
1 1 1 1
 2   ------------------(i)
x  x  2 x  2x  x  2 x( x  2)  1( x  2) ( x  2)( x  1)
2

1 A B
Let,   [Procedure#01]----------------------------------(ii)
( x  2)( x  1) x  2 x  1

Multiplying (ii) by denominator ( x  2)( x  1)

1 A B
 ( x  2)( x  1)   ( x  2)( x  1)   ( x  2)( x  1)
( x  2)( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  1)
 1  A( x  1)  B( x  2) -------------------------------------------------------------------(iii)
Let, x  2  0
 x  2
Putting x   2 in (iii)
1  A( 2  1)  B( 2  2)
 1  A( 2  1)  B.0
 1  3A
1
A
3
Again, Let, x  1  0
 x1
Putting x  1 in (iii)
1  A(1  1)  B(1  2)
 1  A .0  B(1  2)
 1  3B
1
B
3
1 1
Substituting these values A   and B  in (ii)
3 3
 1 1
1 3 3

( x  2)( x  1) x  2 x  1
1 1 1 1
 2   3  3
x  x  2 ( x  2)( x  1) x  2 x  1
Now,
dx 1 1
3 dx  3 dx
 x x2
2

x2

x1
1 1 1 1
  dx   dx
3 x2 3 x1
1 1 f x 
  ln( x  2)  ln( x  1) Answer [Formula-63:  dx  ln f ( x )  c ]
3 3 f x 

22 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 3x  1
Example 62:  ( x  4) 2
dx

3x  1 A B
Solution: Let,   [Procedure#02] ----------------(i)
( x  4) 2 x  4 ( x  4) 2
Multiplying (i) by the denominator ( x  4) 2
3x  1 A B
 ( x  4) 2   ( x  4) 2   ( x  4) 2
( x  4) 2
( x  4) ( x  4) 2

( 3x  1)  A  ( x  4)  B
( 3x  1)  A( x  4)  B ---------------------------------------------------(ii)
Let, x  4  0
 x  4
Putting x   4 in (ii)
( 3x  1)  A( x  4)  B
 ( 3.( 4)  1)  A( 4  4)  B
 12  1  B
 13  B
 B  13
Equation (ii) can be written as
( 3x  1)  A( x  4)  B
 ( 3x  1)  Ax  4 A  B
 3x  1  Ax  4 A  B ---------------------------------------------(iii)
Equating the coefficient ( ) of x and constant terms on both sides in (iii)
3A
 1  4A  B
Putting the value of A and B in (i), we get
3x  1 A B
 
( x  4) 2 x  4 ( x  4) 2
3x  1 3  13
  
( x  4) 2
x  4 ( x  4) 2
3x  1 3  13
 dx   dx   dx ----------------------(iv)
( x  4) 2
x4 ( x  4) 2
From (iv),
3x  1 3  13
 dx   dx   dx
( x  4) 2
x4 ( x  4) 2 Let,
3  13 x  4  z [Method-01]
  dz   2 dz  z  x4
z z
3 dz
  dz  13  z  2 dz   1 0
z dx
1  dz  dx
 3  dz  13  z  2 dz
z

23 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 z 2  1 x n1 dx
 3 ln z  13 [Formula-1&2,  x dx 
n
; n  1;   ln x ]
21 n1 x
z 1 1
 3 ln z  13  3 ln z  13z 1  3 ln z  13
1 z
1 13
 3 ln( x  4)  13  3 ln( x  4)  Answer
( x  4) ( x  4)
x2  x  2
Example 63:  3x 3  x 2  3x  1 dx.
x2  x  2 x2  x  2 x2  x  2
 
3x 3  x 2  3x  1 x 2 ( 3x  1)  ( 3x  1) ( 3x  1)( x 2  1)
x2  x  2 A Bx  C
Let,   2 [Procedure#03]----------------------(i)
( 3x  1)( x  1) 3x  1 x  1
2

Multiplying (i) by the denominator ( 3x  1)( x 2  1) yields

x2  x  2 A Bx  C
 ( 3x  1)( x 2  1)   ( 3x  1)( x 2  1)  2  ( 3x  1)( x 2  1)
( 3x  1)( x  1)
2
3x  1 x 1
x 2  x  2  A( x 2  1)  (Bx  C)( 3x  1) -----------------------------------------(ii)
Putting 3x  1  0 in (ii)
 3x  1
1
x
3
1
Substituting x  in (ii)
3
x  x  2  A( x 2  1)  (Bx  C)( 3x  1)
2

1 1 1 1 1
 ( ) 2   2  A(( ) 2  1)  (B   C)( 3   1)
3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
 ( ) 2   2  A(( ) 2  1)  (B   C)(1  1)
3 3 3 3
1 1 1
   2  A(  1)  0
9 3 9
1  3  18 A  9A
 
9 9
 10 A  14
 14 7
A   ------------------------------------------------(iii)
10 5
Equation (ii) can be written as
x 2  x  2  A( x 2  1)  (Bx  C)( 3x  1)
 x 2  x  2  Ax 2  A  3Bx 2  Bx  3Cx  C)
 x 2  x  2  Ax 2  3Bx 2  Bx  3Cx  C  A )

24 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

  x 2 .1  x.1  2  ( A  3B )x 2  (  B  3C)x  ( A  C) --------(iv)
Equating corresponding coefficient ( ) of x 2 , x and constant term on both sides from (iv)
1  ( A  3B ) ---------------------------------(v)
1  (  B  3C) -------------------------------(vi)
 2  A  C -------------------------------------(vii)
7
Putting the value of A   in (vii), we get
5
2 AC
7
 2    C
5
7
 2    C
5
 10  7
  C
5
3
  C
5
3
 C
5
3
C 
5
7
Putting the value of A   in (v), we get
5
1  ( A  3B )
7
 1    3B
5
7
 1   3B
5
12
  3B
5
4
 B
5
4
B 
5
7 4 3
So, Putting the values of A   , B  , C  in (i) becomes
5 5 5
x x2
2
A Bx  C
  2
( 3x  1)( x  1) 3x  1 x  1
2

7 4 3
 x
x x2
2
5  5 5

( 3x  1)( x  1) 3x  1 x  1
2 2

25 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

And

x2  x  2 7 dx 4 x 3 dx
 ( 3x  1)(x 2  1) dx   5  3x  1  5  x 2  1 dx  5  x 2  1
x2  x  2 7 dx 4 1 2x 3 dx
 (3x  1)( x 2  1) dx   5  3x  1  5  2  x 2  1 dx  5  x 2  1
x2  x  2 7 dx 2 2x 3 dx
 (3x  1)( x 2  1) dx   5  3x  1  5  x 2  1 dx  5  x 2  1
7
15
2
5
3
  ln 3x  1  ln x 2  1  tan 1 x  C Answer
5
 
f x 
[Formula-63:  dx  ln f ( x )  c ; Formula # 10]
f x 
3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9
Example 64:  ( x  2)( x 2  3) 2
dx .

The partial fraction decomposition of the integrand is

3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9 A Bx  C Dx  E
   --------------------------(i)
( x  2)( x 2  3) 2 x  2 x 2  3 ( x 2  3) 2
[Procedure#04]
Multiplying (1) by the denominator ( x  2)( x  3) yields on both sides
2 2

3x4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9 A Bx  C Dx  E

 ( x  2)(x 2  3)2   ( x  2)( x 2  3)2  2  ( x  2)( x 2  3)2  2  ( x  2)( x 2  3)2
( x  2)( x 2  3)2 x 2 x 3 ( x  3) 2

 3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9
 A( x 2  3) 2  (Bx  C)( x 2  3)( x  2)  ( Dx  E)( x  2) -----------------------(ii)
 3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9  A( x 4  2x 2 .3  3 2 )  (Bx  C)( x 3  2x 2  3x  6)
 ( Dx 2  2Dx  Ex  2E)

 3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9  A( x 4  6x 2  9)  (Bx  C)( x 3  2x 2  3x  6)

 ( Dx 2  2Dx  Ex  2E)

 3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9  Ax 4  6 Ax 2  9 A  (Bx 4  2Bx 3  3Bx 2  6Bx

 Cx 3  2Cx 2  3Cx  6C)  ( Dx 2  2Dx  Ex  2E)

 3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9  Ax 4  6 Ax 2  9 A  Bx 4  2Bx 3  3Bx 2  6Bx

 Cx 3  2Cx 2  3Cx  6C  Dx 2  2Dx  Ex  2E
 3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9  Ax 4  Bx 4  2Bx 3
 6Bx  3Cx  2Dx  Ex  9 A  6C  2E

 3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9  ( A  B )x 4  ( 2B  C)x 3  (6 A  3B  2C  D)x 2

 (6B  3C  2D  E)x  (9A  6C  2E) ..-..--…….......-------------------------------. (iii)

26 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

Equating the coefficient ( ) of x 4 , x 3 , x 2 , x and constant term from (iii)
A  B  3 ----------------------------------------------------(iv)
6 A  3B  2C  D  16 ----------------------------------------(v)
6B  3C  2D  E  20 ----------------------------------------(vi)
9 A  6C  2E  9 -------------------------------------------(vii)
Let, x  2  0 in (ii),
 x  2
Substituting  x  2 in (ii),
3( 2) 4  4( 2) 3  16( 2) 2  20( 2)  9  A(( 2) 2  3) 2  (B( 2)  C)(( 2) 2  3)( 2  2)
 ( D( 2)  E)( 2  2)
 3.16  4.8  16.4  40  9  A(4  3) 2  ( 2B  C)(4  3).0  ( 2D  E).0
 48  32  64  40  9  49 A  0  0
 16  24  9  49 A  0  0
 40  9  49 A
 49  49 A
 A1
Put the value of A  1 in (iv), we get
AB  3
1 B  3
B  31
B2
Putting the value of A, B in (v),
6 A  3B  2C  D  16
 6.1  3.2  2C  D  16
 6  6  2C  D  16
 12  2C  D  16
 2C  D  16  12
 2C  D  4
 D  4  2C --------------------------------(viii)
Putting the value of B, D in (vi),
6B  3C  2D  E  20
 6.2  3C  2(4  2C)  E  20
 12  3C  8  4C  E  20
 20  3C  4C  E  20
 20  C  E  20
 C  E  0
 C  E
 C  E -----------------------------------------(ix)
Putting the value of A , C in (vii),
9 A  6C  2E  9
 9.1  6.E  2E  9
 9 .1  8 E  9
 9  8E  9
 8E  9  9

27 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

  8E  0
 E  0 ---------------------------------------(x)
Putting the value of E in (ix),
CE
 C  0 -------------------------------------------(xi)
Putting the value of C in (viii),
 D  4  2C
 D  40
D4
Substituting A , B, C, D, E in (i), we get
3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9 A Bx  C Dx  E
  2 
( x  2)( x  3)
2 2
x  2 x  3 ( x 2  3) 2
3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9 1 2x  0 4x  0
   2  2
( x  2)( x  3)
2 2
x  2 x  3 ( x  3) 2
3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9 1 2x 4x
   2  2
( x  2)( x  3)
2 2
x  2 x  3 ( x  3) 2

3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9 dx 2x x
 dx    2 dx  4  2 dx
( x  2)( x  3)
2 2
x2 x 3 ( x  3) 2
3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9 dx 2x x

( x  2)( x 2  3) 2
dx   x2  x 2
3
dx  4  2
( x  3) 2
dx

x
 ln x  2  ln( x 2  3)  4  2 dx
( x  3) 2
f x 
[Formula-63:  dx  ln f ( x )  c ; Formula # 10]
f x 
x
Now,  (x 2
 3) 2
dx
Let, x 2  3  z
dz
1 dz 1  2 1 z 2  1 1 1 1  2x x n 1
    z dz      [dx x n dx  ]
2 z 2
2 2  21 2 z 2( x  3)
2
2x dx  dz n  1
x 1 2 dz
 4 2 dx  4   2 x dx 
( x  3) 2
2( x  3)
2
( x  3) 2

3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9 x
 dx  ln x  2  ln( x 2  3)  4  2 dx
( x  2)( x  3)
2 2
( x  3) 2

3x 4  4x 3  16x 2  20x  9 2
 dx  ln x  2  ln( x 2  3)  2 Answer
( x  2)( x  3)
2 2
( x  3)
3x 4  3x 3  5 x 2  x  1
Example 65:  x2  x  2
dx

28 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

Solution: The integrand is an improper rational function since the numerator has degree 4 and the
denominator has degree 2.

3 x 4  3x 3  5x 2  x  1
x2  x  2
 x 2  x  2 3x 4  3x 3  5 x 2  x  1 3 x 2  1
 3x 4  3x 3  6x 2
x2  x  1
 x2  x  2
1

3 x 4  3x 3  5 x 2  x  1 1
  ( 3x 2  1)  2
x x2
2
x x2
And hence
3x 4  3x 3  5x 2  x  1 dx
 dx   ( 3x 2  1)dx   2
x x2
2
x x2
3x  3x  5x  x  1
4 3 2
dx
 dx   3x 2 dx   1dx   2
x x2
2
x x2
3x  3x  5x  x  1
4 3 2
dx
 dx   3x 2 dx   1dx  
x x2
2
1 1 1
x 2  2.x.  ( ) 2  ( ) 2  2
2 2 2
[Method # 02]
4 3 2
3x  3x  5 x  x  1 2 dx
 dx   3 x dx   1dx  
x2  x  2 1 1
(x  )2   2
2 4
4 3 2
3x  3 x  5 x  x  1 dx
  dx   3x 2 dx   1dx  
2
x x2 1 (1  8)
(x  ) 2 
2 4
4 3 2
3x  3x  5 x  x  1 2 dx
  dx   3 x dx   1dx  
x2  x  2 1 9
(x  )2 
2 4
4 3 2
3x  3 x  5 x  x  1 dx
  dx   3x 2 dx   1dx  
2
x x2 1 3
(x  ) 2  ( ) 2
2 2
1 3
x 
3x 4  3x 3  5 x 2  x  1 x 2 1 1 2 2 [Formula #27]
  dx  3. x ln
2
x x2 2  1 3 1 3
2. x 
2 2 2

29 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 2x  1  3
3x 4  3 x 3  5 x 2  x  1 x3 1 2
 dx  3.  x  ln
2
x x2 3 3 2 x  1 3
2
2x  2
3x 4  3x 3  5 x 2  x  1 x3 1
 dx  3.  x  ln 2
2
x x2 3 3 2x  4
2
2( x  1)
4 3 2 3
3x  3x  5 x  x  1 x 1 2
 dx  3.  x  ln
2
x x2 3 3 2( x  2)
2
4 3 2 3
3x  3x  5x  x  1 x 1 ( x  1)
 dx  3.  x  ln
2
x x2 3 3 ( x  2)

x 4  2x  6
Example 66:  x 3  x 2  2xdx
Now,
x 4  2x  6 x 4  2x  6
 x  x  2x
3 2
x1
x 3  x 2  2x  x 4  x 3  2x 2
 x 3  2x 2  2 x  6
 x 3  x 2  2x
3x 2  6
x 4  2x  6 3x 2  6
  ( x  1) 
x 3  x 2  2x x 3  x 2  2x

x 4  2x  6 3x 2  6
 x 3  x 2  2xdx   {(x  1)  x 3  x 2  2x } dx
3x 2  6 3x 2  6
  {( x  1)  }dx   {( x  1)  }dx
x( x 2  x  2 ) x( x 2  2 x  x  2 )
3x 2  6 3x 2  6
  {( x  1)  dx   {( x  1)  }dx
x{x( x  2)  1( x  2)} x( x  1)( x  2)
x 4  2x  6 3x 2  6
 x 3  x 2  2x 
dx  ( x  1)dx   x(x  1)(x  2)dx ----------------------------(i)
3x 2  6 A B C
Let,    -------------------------------------------(ii)
x( x  1)( x  2) x x  1 x  2
[Procedure#01]
Multiplying (ii) by the denominator x( x  1)( x  2) yields on both sides
3x 2  6 A B C
 x( x  1)( x  2)   x( x  1)( x  2)   x( x  1)( x  2)   x( x  1)( x  2)
x( x  1)(x  2) x x1 x2

30 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

3x 2  6  A( x  1)(x  2)  Bx( x  2)  Cx( x  1) -----------------------------------(iii)
Let, x  2  0 in (3),
 x  2

Substituting  x  2 in (iii),
3x 2  6  A( x  1)(x  2)  Bx( x  2)  Cx( x  1)
 3( 2) 2  6  A( 2  1)(2  2)  B( 2)(2  2)  C( 2)(2  1)
 3.4  6  A( 2  1).0  B( 2).0  C( 2)( 3)
 18  0  0  6C
 18  6C
 6C  18
C3

Let, x  1  0 in (iii),
x1
Substituting x  1 in (iii),
3x 2  6  A( x  1)(x  2)  Bx( x  2)  Cx( x  1)
 3(1) 2  6  A(1  1)(1  2)  B(1)(1  2)  C(1)(1  1)
 3.1  6  A.0.(1  2)  B(1)( 3)  C(1).0
 9  0  3B  0
 9  3B
 3B  9
B3

Let, x  0 in (iii),
Substituting x  0 in (iii),
3x 2  6  A( x  1)(x  2)  Bx( x  2)  Cx( x  1)
 3(0) 2  6  A(0  1)(0  2)  B(0)(0  2)  C(0)(0  1)
 3.0  6  A( 1)( 2)  B.0.( 2)  C.0.(0  1)
 6  2 A  0  0
 6  2 A
 2 A  6
 A  3
Putting the values of A  3, B  3, C  3 in (ii) becomes
3x 2  6 A B C
  
x( x  1)( x  2) x x  1 x  2
3x 2  6 3 3 3
   
x( x  1)( x  2) x x1 x 2
From (i),
x 4  2x  6 3x 2  6
 x 3  x 2  2x 
dx  ( x  1)dx   x(x  1)(x  2)dx

31 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 x 4  2x  6 3 3 3
 3   ( x  1)dx   {   }dx
x  x  2x
2
x x1 x 2
x 4  2x  6 3 3 3
 3   ( x  1)dx   dx   dx   dx
x  x  2x
2
x x1 x2
x 4  2x  6 x2
 3   x  3 ln x  3 ln( x  1)  3 ln( x  2) Answer
x  x 2  2x 2
f x 
[Formula-63:  dx  ln f ( x )  c ; Formula # 10]
f x 
2x  4
Example 67:  3 dx
x  2x 2
Answer: The integrand can be rewritten as
2x  4 2x  4
 2
x  2x
3 2
x ( x  2)
Let,
2x  4 A B C
  2 ----------------------------------------------(i)
x ( x  2) x x
2
x2
Multiplying (i) by the denominator x 2 ( x  2) yields on both sides
2x  4 A B C
 x 2 ( x  2)   x 2 ( x  2)  2  x 2 ( x  2)   x 2 ( x  2)
x ( x  2)
2
x x x2
 2x  4  Ax( x  2)  B( x  2)  Cx 2 -----------------------(ii)
 2x  4  Ax 2  2 Ax  Bx  2B  Cx 2
 2x  4  Ax 2  Cx 2  Bx  2 Ax  2B
 2x  4  ( A  C)x 2  (B  2 A )x  2B ----------------------(iii)
Equating the coefficient ( ) of x 2 , x and constant term
A  C  0 -----------------------------------------------------------(iv)
B  2 A  2 ----------------------------------------------------------(v)
 2B  4 -------------------------------------------------------------(vi)
Let, x  2  0 in (ii),
x2
Substituting x  2 in (ii),
 2x  4  Ax( x  2)  B( x  2)  Cx 2
 2.2  4  A.2( 2  2)  B( 2  2)  C.2 2
 4  4  A .2 .0  B .0  C.2 2
 4  4  0  0  C.2 2
 8  4C
 4C  8
C2
Let, x  0 in (ii),
Substituting x  0 in (ii)

32 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

  2x  4  Ax( x  2)  B( x  2)  Cx 2
 2.0  4  A.0(0  2)  B(0  2)  C.0 2
 4  0  B(  2 )  0
 4   2B
  2B  4
 B  2
Putting the value of C  2 in (iv),
AC0
A20
A  2
Putting the values of A  2, B  2, C  2 in (i) becomes
2x  4 A B C
  2
x ( x  2) x x
2
x2
2x  4 2 2 2
  2 
x ( x  2)
2
x x x2
2x  4 dx dx dx
 2 dx  2   2 2  2
x ( x  2) x x x2
2x  4 dx dx
 dx  2   2  x  2 dx  2 
x ( x  2)
2
x x2
2x  4 x 2  1 x n 1
 dx   2 ln x  2  2 ln( x  2 )  C [  x n
dx  ]
x 2 ( x  2) 21 n1
2x  4 x 1
 dx   2 ln x  2  2 ln( x  2)  C
x 2 ( x  2) 1
2x  4 1
 2 dx  2 ln x  2  2 ln( x  2)  C Answer
x ( x  2) x

Method # 11:
a cos x  b sin x
 dx
c cos x  d sin x
Let, a cos x  b sin x  l (Differentiate of denominator) + m (denominator)

3 cos x  4 sin x
Example 68:  dx
4 cos x  5 sin x

3 cos x  4 sin x
Let, I   dx
4 cos x  5 sin x
d
Let , 3 cos x  4 sin x  l{ (4 cos x  5 sin x )}  m(4 cos x  5 sin x ) ----------------------(i)
dx
 3 cos x  4 sin x  l( 4 sin x  5 cos x )  m(4 cos x  5 sin x )

33 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

  3 cos x  4 sin x  4l sin x  5l cos x  4m cos x  5m sin x
 3 cos x  4 sin x  sin x( 4l  5m )  cos x(5l  4m )
 3 cos x  4 sin x  cos x(5l  4m )  sin x( 4l  5m )
Equating the co-efficient ( ) of cos x and sin x we get
 3 cos x  cos x(5l  4m )
 3  5l  4m .....................................( ii )
 4 sin x  sin x( 4l  5m )
 4  4l  5m ....................................( iii )
(ii)  4  ( iii)  5 
 12  20  20l  16m  20l  25m
 32  41m
 m  32
41
Putting the value of m  32 in (ii)
41
32
 3  5l  4 
41
128 123  128
 5l  3  
41 41
5
 5l  
41
1
l
41
Putting the value of l , m in (i)
d
 3 cos x  4 sin x  l{ (4 cos x  5 sin x )}  m(4 cos x  5 sin x )
dx
1 32
 3 cos x  4 sin x   ( 4 sin x  5 cos x )  (4 cos x  5 sin x ) ---------------(iv)
41 41
3 cos x  4 sin x
I   dx
4 cos x  5 sin x
 1 41 ( 4 sin x  5 cos x )  32 41 (4 cos x  5 sin x )
I dx [From (iv)]
4 cos x  5 sin x
( 4 sin x  5 cos x ) 32 (4 cos x  5 sin x )
  { 1 41  }dx
4 cos x  5 sin x 41 (4 cos x  5 sin x )
( 4 sin x  5 cos x ) 32
  { 1 41 dx   dx
4 cos x  5 sin x 41
1 32
  ln( 4 cos x  5 sin x )  x  c Answer [Formula#63]
41 41
[
]

34 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

Method # 12:
a cos x  b sin x  e

c cos x  d sin x  f
Let, a cos x  b sin x  e  l (Differentiate of denominator) + m (denominator) +n

2  3 sin x  cos x
Example 69:  dx
1  cos x  sin x
d
Let, 2  3 sin x  cos x  l  (1  cos x  sin x )  m(1  cos x  sin x )  n
dx
 2  3 sin x  cos x  l(0  sin x  cos x )  m(1  cos x  sin x )  n ---------------(A)
 2  3 sin x  cos x   l sin x  l cos x  m  m cos x  m sin x  n
 2  3 sin x  cos x  (  l  m ) sin x  (l  m ) cos x  m  n
  cos x  3 sin x  2  (l  m ) cos x  (  l  m ) sin x  m  n
Equating the co-efficient ( ) of cos x , sin x and constant term we get
l  m  1 --------------------------------(i)
 l  m  3 ------------------------------(ii)
m  n  2 ---------------------------------(iii)
(i)+ (ii) =>
l  m  1
lm  3
2m  2
m  1
Putting the value of m  1 in (iii)
mn 2
 1 n  2
n1
Putting the value of m  1 in (i)
l  m  1
 l  1  1
 l  2
Putting the value of l , m , n in (A)
2  3 sin x  cos x  l(0  sin x  cos x )  m(1  cos x  sin x )  n
 2  3 sin x  cos x  2(0  sin x  cos x )  1(1  cos x  sin x )  1
 2  3 sin x  cos x  2 sin x  2 cos x  1  cos x  sin x  1
 2  3 sin x  cos x  2(  sin x  cos x )  (1  cos x  sin x )  1
2  3 sin x  cos x
 dx
1  cos x  sin x
 2(  sin x  cos x )  (1  cos x  sin x )  1
 dx
1  cos x  sin x
 sin x  cos x (1  cos x  sin x ) 1
 2  dx   dx   dx
1  cos x  sin x (1  cos x  sin x ) 1  cos x  sin x

35 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 1
 2 log(1  cos x  sin x )  x   dx [Formula#63]
2 cos 2 x2  2 sin x2 cos x2
x x x
[ 1  cos x  2 cos 2 ; sin x  2 sin cos ]
2 2 2
1
x
cos 2
 2 log(1  cos x  sin x )  x   2 dx
2 x
2 cos 2  2 sin x2 cos x2
cos 2 x
2
[Dividing by cos 2 x ]
2
x
sec 2
 2 log(1  cos x  sin x )  x   2 dx
2 cos 2x
2
2 sin x2 cos x2
2 x

cos 2 cos 2 x
2
x
sec 2
 2 log(1  cos x  sin x )  x   2 dx
2 sin x2
2
cos x2
x
sec 2
 2 log(1  cos x  sin x )  x   2 dx
x
2  2 tan
2
x
 2 log(1  cos x  sin x )  x  ln( 2  2 tan ) [Formula#63]
2

Proof:
d
 ( 2  2 tan x )
dx 2
x d x d
 0  2 sec 2 ( ) [ (tan x )  sec 2 x]
2 dx 2 dx
x 1 1 x x
 2 sec 2   2  sec 2  sec 2
2 2 2 2 2

Method # 13: Integration by parts is based on the equation:  udv  uv   vdu

Where u and v are both differentiable functions of x . Prove that  udv  uv   vdu
Answer: Let u( x ) and v( x ) have continuous derivatives. Then

36 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 d d d
(u( x ) v( x ))  u( x ) v( x )  v( x ) u( x )
dx dx dx
d
 (u( x ) v( x ))  u( x ) v' ( x )  v( x )u' ( x )
dx
d
 {u( x ) v( x )}dx   {u( x ) v' ( x )  v( x )u' ( x )}dx
dx
 u( x ) v( x)   [(u( x) v' ( x)  v( x )u' ( x))]dx ---------------------- (i)
 u( x) v( x)   (u( x) v' ( x)dx   v( x)u' ( x )dx
  u( x) v' ( x)dx  u( x) v( x)   v( x)u' ( x)dx ----------------------- (ii)
Rewriting (ii)
d d
  u( x ) ( v )dx  u( x ) v( x )   v( x ) (u )dx
dx dx
d d
[ v ' ( x )  ( v ) & u ' (x)  (u )]
dx dx
  u( x)d( v )  u( x) v( x)   v( x)d(u )
  udv  uv   vdu (Proved)

Example 70:  x e x dx
Solution:
We have,  u dv  uv   v du --------------------------(i)
Given,  xe x dx

u dv

Let, Let
ux
dv  e x dx .
du
 1   dv   e x dx
dx
 du  dx  v  ex

Putting the values of u, dv , v , du in (i)

 u dv  uv   v du
x x x
 x e dx  xe
   edx
u dv uv v du
x x x
 xe dx  xe  e  c . Answer

Example 71:  x ln xdx.

Solution:
We have,  u dv  uv   v du ------------------------(i)
Given,  ( ln
x ) xdx

u dv

37 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 du 1 dx
Let, u  ln x    du 
dx x x
x2
Let, dv  xdx   dv   x dx  v 
2
Putting the values of u, dv , v , du in (i)

 u dv  uv   v du
x2 x 2 dx
 x ln xdx  ln x 
2
 2  x
v v du
2
x ln x xdx
 
2 2
x 2 ln x x 2 x n 1
  c [Formula-1:  x n dx   c ; n  1 ]
2 4 n1
Example 72: Find  tan 1 xdx
Solution:
We have,  u dv  uv   v du ---------------------------(i)
1
Given,  tan
 x dx

u dv

Let Let
u  tan x1 dv  dx
du 1  dv   dx
 v  x
dx 1  x 2
dx
du 
1  x2
Putting the values of u, dv , v , du in (i)
 u dv  uv   v du
1 1 dx
 tan
   (tan
x dx 
x) x  x
  2
u dv u v v x
1
du
x 1 2x
= x tan 1 x   dx  x tan 1 x   dx .
1 x 2 2 1  x2
1
 x tan 1 x  ln(1  x 2 ) [Formula#63] Answer
2
Example 73:  x sin xdx
Solution: We have,  u dv  uv   v du -------------------------(i)
Given,  x
 sin
 xdx

u dv

Let, Let
ux dv  sin xdx
du Prof. dv   sin x dx
 1 38 Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC
dx
 v   cos x
 du  dx
Putting the values of u, dv , v , du in (i)
 u dv  uv   v du
 x sin
   x (
xdx  cos x )   (  cos x ) dx
    
u dv u v v du
  x cos x   cos xdx
  x cos x  sin x  c Answer
Example 74:  x 2 e x dx
Solution:
We have,  u dv  uv   v du -------------------------------(i)
2 x
Given,  x e dx
u dv
Let Let,
2
ux dv  e x dx

du
 2x   dv   e x dx
dx  v  ex
 du  2xdx .

Putting the values of u, dv , v , du in (i)

 u dv  uv   v du
2 x
 x e dx  x2 ex   ex 2
xdx
u dv u v v du
2 x x
 x e  2  e xdx
 x 2 e x  2( xe x  e x )  c [See example 51]

Another way:
d
Show that:  uvdx  u  vdx   { (u ) vdx}dx
dx
d d d
We have, (uw )  u ( w )  w (u )
dx dx dx
d d d
  (uw )dx   {u ( w )  w (u )}dx
dx dx dx
d dw du
  (u, w )dx   u dx  w  dx
dx dx dx

39 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 dw d du
  u dx   (uw )dx  w  dx
dx dx dx
du
 uw   w dx ---------------------------------------(i)
dx
Let,
dw
v
dx
 dw  vdx
  dw   vdx
 w   vdx
Putting w   vdx in (i)
d
 uvdx  u  vdx   { (u ) vdx}dx (Proved)
dx
Example 75:  x log xdx
=  log x x dx
d d
= log x  x dx   { (log x )  xdx} dx [  uvdx  u  vdx   { (u )  vdx}dx ]
dx dx
2 2 2
x 1 x x 1
= log x    {  }dx = log x    x dx
2 x 2 2 2
x2 1 x2 x n 1
= log x   [  x n dx  c ]
2 2 2 n 1
x2 1
= log x  x 2 Answer
2 4

Method # 14:

Prove that  e x {f ( x )  f ' ( x )} dx  e x f ( x )  c

We have,  e x f ( x )dx
d d
= f ( x )  e x dx   { f ( x)  e x dx} dx [  uvdx  u  vdx   { (u )  vdx}dx]
dx dx
x x
= f ( x ) e   f ( x ) e dx
  e x f ( x)dx  e x f ( x)   f ( x) e x dx
 e x f ( x)   e x f ( x)dx   f ( x) e x dx
 e x f ( x) =  e x {f ( x)  f ( x)}dx  c
  e x {f ( x)  f ' ( x)} dx  e x f ( x )  c (Proved)
x x
Example 76:  e (sin x  cos x) dx  e sin x  c
[Here, f ( x)  sin x and f ' ( x)  cos x]

40 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

Example 77:  e x (sin x  cos x ) dx   e x (sin x  (  cos x )) dx
  e x (  cos x  sin x) dx
 e x (  cos x)  c
[Here, f ( x )   cos x and f ' ( x )   (  sin x )  sin x]

xe x [Here,
Example 78:  dx 1
( x  1) 2 f ( x) 
x1
( x  1)  1 x
= e dx f ( x)  ( x  1) 1
( x  1) 2
d
x1 1 f ' ( x )  1( x  1) 11 ( x  1)
= {
2
 2
}e x dx dx
( x  1) ( x  1) d n
[ ( x )  nx n 1 ]
1 1 dx
 {  }e x dx
x  1 ( x  1) 2
f ' ( x)  1( x  1) 2 (1  0)
1 1
 ex c f ' ( x )   ]
x1 ( x  1) 2

x 1  sin x
Example 79: e dx
1  cos x
x x
1  2 sin cos
2 2 dx x x x
=  ex [ sin x  2 sin cos ; 1  cos x  2 sin 2 ]
x 2 2 2
2 sin 2
2
x x x
2 sin cos cos
1 2 2 } e x dx  { 1 2 } e x dx
= {   
x x x x
2 sin 2 2 sin 2 2 sin 2 sin
2 2 2 2
1 x x x 1 x
=  { cos ec 2  cot } e x dx =  e x {(  cot )  cos ec 2 } dx
2 2 2 2 2 2
x
= e x (  cot )  c [  e x {f ( x)  f ' ( x)} dx  e x f ( x)  c]
2
x
 e x cot  c Answer
2

x
[Here, f ( x )   cot
2

41 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC

 x d x d
f ' ( x )   (  cos ec 2 ). ( ) [ (cot x )   cos ec 2 x]
2 dx 2 dx
x 1
 f ' ( x )  cos ec 2 ( )
2 2
1 x
 f ' ( x )  cos ec 2
2 2

42 Prof. Dr. A.N.M.Rezaul Karimr/CSE/IIUC