Properties of Nylon:

Physical Properties:
1. Tenacity : 4-9 gm/den (dry), in wet 90% of dry.
2. Elasticity : Breaking extension — 20-40%.
3. Moisture regain : 3.5-5%; (not absorbent due to crystallinity).
4. Specific gravity : 1.14.
5. Abrasion resistance : Excellent.
6. Dimensional stability : Good.
7. Resiliency : Excellent.
8. Hand feel : Soft and smooth.
Chemical Properties
 Effect of acid:
 Nylon 6,6: Attacked by mineral acids, but inert to dilute acetic acid & formic acids. It is
dissolved in the concentrated formic acid.
 Nylon 6: Attacked by mineral acids, but resistant to dilute boiling organic acid.
 Effect of bleaches: Not affected by oxidizing & reducing bleaches, but may be harmed by
chlorine & strong oxidizing bleaches.
 Effect of alkali: Nylon is substantially inert to alkalis.
 Effect of organic solvent: Most organic solvent has little or no effect on nylon.
Thermal & Other Properties
 Light: No discoloration. Nylon 6 gradually loss of strength on prolonged extension.
 Softening point : Nylon 6,6 — 229 degree C, Nylon 6 — 149 degree C.
 Melting point : Nylon 6,6 — 252 degree C, Nylon 6 — 215 degree C.
 Biological: Neither micro-organism nor moth, larvae attack nylon.
 Electrical: High insulating properties leads to static charges on the fiber.
 Flammability: Burns slowly.
Spinning for Man Made Fiber : The conversion of polymer into fiber, filament is
called the spinning. This is the process of extrusion and solidification of endless filaments.
The basic principle is, “fiber forming substance is made temporal fluid extruded through
spinneret and then return to solid state (by solidifying) in fiber or filament form”.
The spinning process is sometimes designated as “chemical or primary spinning” to
distinguish it from the “textile or mechanical or secondary spinning”. The polymer
i)By melting: this method can be applied on thermoplastic polymers which show stable
performances
at the processing temperatures (this method is used by 70% of the fibers)
ii)By solution: the polymer is solved in variable concentrations according to the kind of
polymer and of solvent, anyhow such as to produce a sufficiently viscous liquid (this method is
used by
30% of the fibers.
use of carbon:
1)Air craft structural compound
2)Golf club shafts
3)Submarines
4)Productive clothing
5)Nursery night wear
6)The frame of racing cars
use of acrylic:
1)knitted and woven fabrics
2)Bulky,soft and light fabrics are produced from it
3)Blankets,carpets and upholstery
4)Industrial applications like filter cloth,protective cloth etc
5)Especially use of acrylics in wigs.

use of Modacrylic:
1)In manufacturing pile fabrics.i.e.blanket,travel,cloths etc.
2)In manufacturing knitwear. I.e.sports shirts,underwear,children garments.
3)In making carpets and used in upholstery.
4)Industrially used in filter cloths and protective cloth.

Uses of Spandex Fiber:

1.Garments where comfort and fit are desired: Hosiery, swimsuits, aerobic/exercise wear, ski
pants, golf jackets, disposable diaper, waist bands, bra straps and bra side panels.
2.Compression garments: Surgical hose, support hose, bicycle pants, foundation garments

Polyolefin end use:

Apparel - activewear, sportswear, jeans, socks, underwear, lining fabrics.
Home Fashions - indoor and outdoor carpets, carpet backing, upholstery, wall coverings,
furniture and bedding construction fabrics.

Glass fiber end uses:

For making home furnishings fabrics;
For making apparels and garments; and
For the purpose tires and reinforced plastics.
Filament windings around rocket cases;
Nose cones;
Exhaust nozzles;
And Heat shields for aeronautical equipment
Boat hulls and seats;
Fishing rods;
And wall paneling

End Uses Of Acetate Fiber:

• Women’s dress wear, linings, lingerie, gowns, bathing suits and blouses.
• Men’s linings, ties, socks, pyjamas, shirts.
• Insulated covering for electric wires.
• Staple acetate fibers are the major product used for cigarette filters.
• Household fabrics such as drapery and upholstery fabrics

End use of Tri-acetate fibre:

1. Many warp knitted fabrics and garments. 2. Ladies dress goods. 3. Blended with wool &
acetate for making suiting. 4. In staple fibre form, triacetate is blended with wool, nylon and
viscose. 5. Table cloths and furnishing fabrics due to non-staining properties. 6. Ease of care
skirts and dresses due to drip-dry property. 7. Used in blends with linen due to high melting
points.

Physical Properties of viscose: 1. Fine structure & Appearance: The filament of viscose rayon is
smooth & straight. It may be crimped. White in color. 2. Tenacity: 2.0 – 2.6 g/den 3.
Elongation: 15-25% 4. Elastic recovery: Good 5. Resiliency: low 6. Abrasion resistance: Low 7.
Density: 1.52 g/den (same as cotton) 8. Average stiffness: 11.1 g/den 9. Initial modulus: 54
g/den 10.Moisture content: Under standard condition (65% RH & 22ºC) the Moisture Content
of viscose rayon is 11-13%. 11.Absorbency: Highly absorbent & takes up water readily without
the aid of any assistants like wetting agents. 12. Electrical properties: → Owing to its high
moisture absorption, viscose rayon does not lend itself particularly well to insulation purposes.
→ When quite dry, it is a good insulator. → Not so liable to develop static charges in textile
working as is cellulose acetate.
Thermal Properties of viscose:
Effect of high temperature: → Rayon is not thermoplastic, & does not melt or become tacky
(sticky) on heating. → It begins to lose strength at 150ºC, after prolonged heating, & begins to
decompose at 185-205ºC. Flammability: → Rayon burns readily with a characteristic odour of
burnt paper.

Chemical properties of viscose: 1. Effect of acids: Viscose rayon is attacked by hot dilute or
cold concentrated mineral acids, which weaken & disintegrate the fiber. 2. Effect of alkalis:
Like cotton, viscose rayon has a high degree of resistance to dilute alkalis. Strong solutions of
alkali cause swelling, with loss of tensile strength. 3. Effect of bleaches: It is attacked by
oxidizing agents such as high-strength H₂O₂, but will withstand normal hypochlorite or
peroxide bleaches 4. Effect of organic Solvents: → Insoluble in most organic solvents →
Dissolves in a few complex solutions, such as cuprammonium. → Dry cleaning solvents don’t
have any deleterious effect. 5. Effect of Age: → so slight as to be almost nil. 6. Effect of light:
Light has a deteriorating influence on all regenerated cellulosic products & degradation takes
place on the surface exposed to sunlight. It is due both to water & to the UV rays of sun. Loses
little strength when exposed to UV rays, & loses more when exposed to day light. This is due to
formation of photocellulose. 7. Effect of Micro-organisms: The influence of moths, mildew on
viscose cause discoloration & stains in rayon materials. It’ll affect the strength, dye-affinity &
lustre. 8. Effect of Iron: Fe(OH)₂ tends to weaken rayon yarns directly. In the presence of air,
moisture, carbonic acid, iron is transferred & is readily absorbed by rayon. 9. Dyeing
Properties: Viscose fibers dye readily with all dyestuffs. The dyeing should be carried out at
low temperature, with the presence of retarding agents & lower conc. of electrolytes for a
good affinity & better exhaustion from the dye bath.
End use of Polyester:
a) Apparel use: Men’s/women’s/children’s wear, tropical suiting, blending with cotton, wool,
acrylic, nylon etc. for dress goods and other purposes. b) Domestic use: Upholstery, floor
covering, carpet etc. c) Industrial use: High tenacity PET for tire cords, v-belt, ropes, fire hoses,
sail cloth, conveyor belts, paper making.
Properties of Polyester:
1. Physical properties: Moisture absorption: Hydrophobic due to extremely crystalline
structure, MR% = 0-0.4%. Tenacity: Very strong & Remains unaltered when wet because of
their extremely crystalline polymer system. Tenacity= 7-8 gm/den Elongation at break: 20-30%
Recovery from stretch: Elastic recovery 97-100% in case of 2% extension.
2. Chemical properties: Effect of acid: The ester groups of the polyester polymers are resistant
to acid hydrolysis. Effect of alkali: Alkaline conditions as encountered during laundering may
hydrolyze the polyester polymers at their ester groups. The extreme crystallinity of restricts
the hydrolysis to the surface of polyester. Effect of solvent: Resistant to all dry-cleaning
solvents. Effect of bleaching: Don’t need to be bleached, affected using Sodium Chlorite. Dye
ability: Difficult for dye molecules to penetrate the extremely crystalline polymer. Only
disperse dyes are used to dye or print polyester fibers.
3. Thermal Properties: Effect of light: The benzene rings of polyester polymer provide to
withstand against ultra violet radiation. Effect of heat: Thermoplastic, retain a heat set
permanently.

Properties of glass fiber:

Applications of Glass Fibers:

Optical Applications: light & data transfer, decoration, illumination, sensor technology, Laser.
Mechanical Applications: strength, stiffness, reinforcing fibre, insulation, filtration. Woven
Fabric: Automotive, Filtration ,Reinforcement - plastic/rubber/cement,Thermal insulation,
Printed circuit boards – electrical. Needlefelts: Aircraft and aerospace. Cushion material,
Filtration, Thermal insulation and spacers. Acoustic insulation.