All text types + features (for

analysis)
Review
1. Intro

2. Explanation

3. Opinion

The register is usually informal but can change depending on the audience

The emotive language used to persuade the reader

A catchy hook, in the beginning, may be required

Varied sentence structures to create a tone of excitement (to create any tone)

Imagery is required to some extent to set the scene for the reader

The main purpose isn't persuasion but some persuasive techniques are used to
convince the reader of the review’s validity

When analysing:

Is the language catered to the audience/ purpose of the review

Grammar/ intertextuality (esp. 1b)

Editorial
1. Lead with an objective explanation of the issue/ controversy

a. Include 5Ws and H

b. Use relevant facts and quotations from the sources

2. Present opposition first

a. Identify those who disagree with you

b. Use facts and quotations to state their opinions

All text types + features (for analysis) 1

 c. Give a strong stance for the opposition

3. Refute the opposition’s beliefs

a. Put in counter facts/ quotations supporting your position

b. Concede to a point of the opposition, thus making you seem more rational

4. Give other reasons/ analogies

a. From strong to strongest ideas

b. Use literary/ cultural allusion

5. Conclude with a punch (strong)

a. Give solutions to the problem/ challenge the reader to become informed

b. Quotations will be effective

c. Rhetorical questions to conclude are effective

When analysing:

Look for strong points

Formal language

Aggressive tone and register through questions/passive-aggressive statements

Use of facts and opinions

Clear explanations of the problem in the introduction

Sociolect, jargon, specialised language

Leaflets
Full sentences and shorter paragraphs

Long sentences are more serious/ informative & short sentences are
humourous etc.

Informal language

Varied vocabulary (no slang)

All text types + features (for analysis) 2

 Bullet points can be used to set out key points (end/ near end of the leaflet as
long as each point has been explained fully earlier in the leaflet)

Facts and opinions (+statistics)

Subheadings to divide/ organise ideas (+clear flow of ideas)

A FOREST DRIP
Anecdotes

Facts/ statistics
Opinions

Rhetorical questions
Emotive language/ exaggeration

Sarcasm/ humour
Triples

Direct language/ inclusive language

Repetition

Imperatives
Punctuation for effect

When analysing:

Look for whether the audience is spoken to directly and whether there is a call
for action present

Look for specialised language specific to the audience and topic at hand (jargon,
sociolect)

Narrative
Identify tense + person used

Show not tell technique → creates a unique image in readers’ minds

Freytag’s pyramid (structure)

Themes/ symbols etc (inference/ implicature)

All text types + features (for analysis) 3

 Lexis/ diction/ vocabulary (fantasy/ sci-fi etc. jargon)

Internal monologue/ conflict etc.

Atmosphere/ tone in the setting

Types of narratives:

1. Linear narrative

a. Chronological order

b. Immerse the reader in the daily life of the protagonist

2. Non-linear narrative

a. Presents the events of the story out of order

b. Flashbacks etc. to shift the story’s chronology

c. Emphasises the emotional mindset of a personal narrative

d. Makes thematic connections between noncontemporary events

3. Quest Narrative

a. The protagonist works tirelessly towards a goal

b. Face many obstacles on the way towards their goal; usually geographically
remote

4. Viewpoint narrative:

a. Subjective personal experience of the character(s) in the story

b. Unreliable narration (deliberately deceptive or unintentionally misguided)

Descriptive
Organisation: a smooth flow of ideas

5 senses to set the scene

Movement of the scene

Precise language specific to the theme/ idea

Heading

All text types + features (for analysis) 4

 Create reader interest

Variety

Form

Location of text

Context

Mode

Structure

Sentence length

Grammar

Paragraphing for ideas/ concepts

Title

Language

Figurative language

Show not tell technique

Discursive & Argumentative

Discursive Common Argumentative Checklist for both

• Audience is
• Neutral/ unbiased • Analytical • One stance
addressed
• Statements like • Specific vocabulary
• 5 paragraphs • Reiterate stance
‘people do believe..’ is used

• Open-ended • Stylistic features are

• Statistics/ facts • Rebuttal
discussion identified

• Subjective/ • Rhetorical devices

• Tone-rigid/ aggressive
personal are used
• Persuasive (ethos/ • PEEL paragraphs
• Tone/ voice
pathos/ logos) are implemented

• Personal • Personal pronouns • Topic sentence is

pronouns such as ‘i believe’ etc. included

All text types + features (for analysis) 5

 • Argument-
specific
language

Scripted Speech
Form:

Has argumentative/ persuasive aspects to it; relates to the context

Mode:

Planned

Auditory

Spoken

Transactional

Structure:

Engaging, motivational opening:

Hook

An objective understanding of the topic

2 body paragraphs

1-3 arguments (400 words)

Conclusion

Conclude with a memorable idea of your speech; similar to a hook

Varied sentence structures (long sentences for more developed points, shorter
sentences to keep variety + emphasis)

Language:

Handling objections

Anecdotes

Hyperbole

Personal pronouns

All text types + features (for analysis) 6

 Rhetorics

Rule of 3

Emotive language

Ethos, pathos, logos

Anaphora/ Epiphora/ Hypophora

Article
Target Audience: Identify the concerning reading group (form)

Purpose: Find the objective or aim of writing the article (form)

Organize: Arrange the information and the facts in a logical way (structure)

Topic-specific language; jargon, sociolect etc.

The opening must be eye-catching; hook, rhetorics etc.

Unique, catch, title

Discursive Article:

Paragraph 1: Introduction

Paragraph 2: Advantages/’For’

Paragraph 3: Disadvantages/’Against’

Paragraph 4: Conclusion- Summary and final opinion

Argumentative Article:

Paragraph 1: Introduction

Paragraph 2: First point with justification (or counter-argument)

Paragraph 3: Second point with justification (or counter-argument)

Paragraph 4: Opposing point which you contradict (here, you state a point
said by people who have a different opinion from yours and explain why they
are wrong. This is called argument and counter-argument)

Paragraph 5: Conclusion- summary, (solution?), repeat your opinion

All text types + features (for analysis) 7

 Diary
Date at the top

First person

Include personalisation

Topic sentences to begin each paragraph

Showcase the author’s personality and inner emotions through writing

Provide a sense of time/ sequence (aim for a chronological pattern)

Varied sentence types

Informal text so slang, colloquialism etc. is important

Sociolect should be present (eg. for a teenage girl specific slang etc.)

Blog
Address audience: most often, the blog audience requires a more relaxed,
cheery register

The purpose should be fulfilled clearly (if the question asks for advice, ensure
you stay on topic)

Catchy heading; with pun, sarcasm, humour, wordplay etc. (only in a blog post,
not review)

Opening should have a brief introduction to the topic, alongside an intriguing

opening.

Organise each idea in paragraphs with subheadings

First person, informal, specific language

Advertisements
Propaganda Techniques

Bandwagon → hopping onto a trend, keeping up with pop culture, weasel

words

Testimonial → by celebrities, people in authority/ influence

All text types + features (for analysis) 8

 Snob Appeal → catering to higher class society, luxury, elite class

Plain folks → common man, anyone can buy this

Patriotism → ‘made in the USA, stamps, branding of the country etc.

Facts and Figures → statistics, logos, done by an expert usually, truth &
facts

Expert →

Logical appeal → hierarchy of needs pyramid, caters to must-haves/ needs

Glittering Generalisation → deception, may not be true to what is being

advertised

Transfer/ Emotional → catering to emotions

Name-calling → comparisons, bringing down other competitors to bring

their products up

Repetition → slogan, word to catch attention ‘fall for the advertisements

Humour → memorable, connection to the audience

Card Stacking → only presents information that is positive to a product and

omits negative information

Use slogans, puns, anything memorable

Think of the audience and the result you wish to come from the advert

Rule of 3

Imperative writing

Persuasive techniques (ethos, pathos, logos)

Letters
Topic sentences for each paragraph

Think about the audience (language varies depending on the audience)

Difference in sentence types

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 Depending on the purpose, tone and register should be implemented (reply
letter → can be aggressive; persuasive letter; friendly/ informal letter)

Adressing the recipient in the beginning and end

If the letter is informal → colloquial writing; inside jokes; background context

Brochures
Stick to the specific topic given and not the broad image

Catchy title

Mix both informal and formal styles of writing (one to persuade/ include and one
for the information)

Call for action

Headers

Bullet points

Testimonials

Target audience/ consumers (focus on social class and gender)

5W 1H

Brief/ concise writing

Facts/ statistics

News Stories
Reports an event/ personality (not discursive/ argumentative)

Headline + Byline (?)

Layman language for the common person

Investigative Journalism

Podcasts

(Auto)Biographies

All text types + features (for analysis) 10

 Travel Writing

Essays

All text types + features (for analysis) 11