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Chapter 1 (BLBMW)
Matter and Measurement
I. Matter: Classifications and Properties
II. Units of Measurement
III. Uncertainty in Measurements
IV. Dimensional Analysis and Conversions
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Chemistry the scientific study and manipulation of matter.
Matter
physical material that has mass and occupies
space (volume)
Atom
the building block of matter (smallest, easily,
divisible unit)
Element a unique type of atom (periodic table)
Molecule combination of atoms joined by chemical bonds
Property any characteristic that distinguishes matter
I. Classifications of Matter
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Properties of Matter
Composition the type and number of atoms
Structure how the atoms are connected to each other
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Properties of Matter: Visualized on Two Levels
Chemical analysis requires thinking on different scales
macroscopic properties & behavior we can observe (see)
Ex: mass, volume, color, flammability
submicroscopic properties & behavior we cannot see
Ex: atoms, molecules, chemical bonds
intensive properties - independent of sample size
Ex: temperature, density, melting point, color
extensive properties - dependent on sample size
Ex: mass, volume, energy
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The Physical State of Matter
microscopic
and
macroscopic
differences
Phases of matter:
gas (g)
liquid (l or liq.)
solid (s)
water = H
2
O
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Characteristics of Different Physical States
Gases
Conform to volume and shape of a container
Molecules far apart and moving very rapidly
Liquids
Distinct volume, but assumes shape of a container
Molecules packed together and moving rapidly
Solids
Distinct shape and volume
Particles held tightly together with little movement
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Pure Substances and Mixtures
Pure Substance: Element or compounds with constant
compositions and distinct properties.
Mixture (homogeneous or heterogeneous): Combination of
two or more pure substances where relative amounts of each
component can vary.
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Homogenous and Heterogeneous Mixtures
homogeneous solution
water + blue copper sulfate
uniform (molecular scale) variable (macroscopic scale)
heterogeneous solid
granite = quartz + feldspar
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More on Defining Matter
Review these terms in BLBMW Chp. 1:
physical property versus chemical property
Ex: melting point versus reactivity with air
physical change versus chemical change (reaction)
Ex: melting versus combustion
In a chemical reaction, one substance is transformed
into a chemically distinct new substance.
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Chemical Reaction: Cu and HNO
3
Copper metal reacts with aqueous nitric acid to form a blue
copper nitrate solution and brown NO
2
gas.
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II. Units of Measurement
SI Base Units (Systme Internationale dUnits)
length meter (m)
mass kilogram (kg)
time second (s)
temperature kelvin (K)
amount of substance mole (mol)
electrical current ampere (A)
luminous intensity candela (cd)
Note: most unit names and symbols use lower case letters.
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volume cubic meter (m
3
)
velocity meter per second (m/s)
acceleration meter per second squared (m/s
2
)
Selected SI Based Units w/ Special Names
frequency hertz (Hz = 1/s = s
-1
)
pressure pascal (Pa = kg/ms
2
)
energy joule (J = kgm
2
/s
2
)
2 2
s
m kg

second
meter
kilogram newton
n ratio accele mass force

-
= =
=
Ex:
(N)
Examples of Other Units Based on SI Units
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Ex: C-C bond length (C = carbon)
= 0.000 000 000 154 m
= 154 10
-12
m
= 154 picometers
= 154 pm or 0.154 nm
giga (G) = 10
9
mega (M) = 10
6
kilo (k) = 10
3
deci (d) = 10
-1
centi (c) = 10
-2
milli (m) = 10
-3
micro () = 10
-6
(Greek mu)
nano (n) = 10
-9
pico (p) = 10
-12
femto (f) = 10
-15
Commonly Used Prefixes for SI Units
Note: Capital letter prefixes
used for large quantities (>>1)
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Comparison of Temperature Scales
C = K - 273.15
K C F
1 K = 1 C 1 C = 1.8 F = 9/5 F
F = 9/5 C + 32
or
C = 5/9 (F 32)
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Temperature Conversion Exercise
(A) 37.5 H
(B) 62.5 H
(C) 75.0 H
(D) 150 H
(E) 250 H
The Iowa Tourism Board developed the Hawkeye
temperature scale (H). They choose 0 H equal to 25 C,
and each Hawkeye degree half the size of a Celsius degree.
What is waters boiling point on the Hawkeye scale?
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Chemistry is a quantitative science: The number of
significant figures (digits or sig figs) in a measured value
depends upon the measuring device.
32.3 C 32.33 C
III. Uncertainty in Measurements
Measurements always include some uncertainty
Numbers convey both magnitude and uncertainty
More significant figures less uncertainty
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Accuracy and Precision in Measurements
accuracy = nearness to the true value (the bulls eye)
precision = nearness to the other measurements
Math Note: Review significant figure and rounding rules in
BLBMW Chp. 1, MC Chp. 1 Assignment, and in Discussion.
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Highlights of Significant Figures (SF) Rules
All non-zero numbers are significant.
Exact numbers have no uncertainty = infinite SF
Ex: 1 ft = 12 in is 1.00000..ft = 12.00000.in
Keep a close eye on the decimal point!
Ex. 340. has 3 SF.. but 340 has 2 SF
Use scientific notation and drop insignificant zeros
Ex: 0.00039060 = 3.9060 x 10
-4
has 5 SF
78,900 = 7.89 x 10
4
has 3 SF
Dont round off until you are finished with a calculation.
Multiplication/division answer = smallest SF for one value.
Addition/subtraction answer = fewest SF after decimal place.
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Exercise: How many significant figures are in each
of the following numbers or results?
a) 1.2340
b) 0.1234
c) 1230
d) 123.0
e) 2.4 3.59 = 8.616
f) 16.46 - 14.7 = 1.76
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Example: Calculate and round correctly:
(0.6521 + 1.1) x 15.3 = ?
0.6521
+1.1
1.7521 = 1.8 (rounded to 1 decimal place)
1.8 x 15.3 = 27.54 = 28. (2 SF & rounded)
(A) 27 (B) 28 (C) 30 (D) none of the above
Wrong!
A Common Sig Fig & Rounding Mistake
Right!
1.7521 x 15.3 = 26.80713 = 27. (2 SF & rounded)
5 digits displayed; only 2 SF
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IV. Dimensional Analysis and Conversions
a very useful problem solving methodology
important for unit conversions using conversion factors
Ex: atoms/liter to moles/gallon
choose equalities (ratios or conversion factors) that
cancel out unwanted units, leaving desired units.
A good final units check for any equation:
left-hand side units = right hand side units
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Example: My calculator weighs 192 grams. What is
its weight in pounds?
1 pound (exact) = 453.6 grams (4 SF)
Multiplying any quantity by 1, does not change it.
=
g 453.6
lb 1
g 192
1
pound 1
grams 453.6
and 1
grams 453.6
pound 1
= =
called conversion factors and equal to unity
0.42328 lbs
= 0.423 lbs
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3 3
3
3
3
3
3
174 cm 173.70 cm
1 in
16.387 cm
x ) (10.6 in
1 in
2.54 cm
x ) in (10.6
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
Example: The volume of a ball is 10.6 cubic
inches. What is its volume in cubic centimeters?
1 in (exact) = 2.54 cm (exact)
(a) 26.9 cm
3
(b) 174 cm
3
(c) neither
3
3
3
3
3
cm 26.9 cm 26.924
in 1
cm 2.54
in 10.6 = =
Wrong!
A Common Error Modifying Factors
Right!
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Exercise: Express 5.89 centimeters in nanometers
using scientific notation?
5.89 cm x factor x factor x = _____ nm
1 cm = 10
-2
m
1 nm = 10
-9
m
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Problem Solving: Density Examples
Density: a definition or formula
d
m
V or V d m or
V
m
d or
volume
mass
density = = = =
Example: What is the density of magnesium if a 23.6 g
sample has a volume of 13.6 mL?
Solution:
mL g 1.74
mL 6 . 13
g 6 . 23
d density = = =
since 1 mL = 1 cm
3
density = 1.74 g/cm
3
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Exercise: 35.0 mL of ethanol (d = 0.789 g/mL) is added
to a beaker whose mass is 49.28 g. What is the
mass of the beaker plus alcohol?
Solution: find total mass of all components
mass of ethanol =
total mass =
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More Exercises:
1. Is a solids surface area an intensive or extensive
property?
2. How many SF are in each of the following numbers?
a) 1.230 x 10
-3
m b) 0.0123 s c) 1.2003 g
3. Calculate and round:
(7.49 6.89) (7.49 + 6.81)
4. How many centimeters are in 1.07 km?