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طرق التحليل الهروكيميائي
طرق التحليل الهروكيميائي
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K אא
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אאא،אאאאאאא
KEאFאא
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אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
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Kאאאאאא
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Kאא .١
Kאאא א.٢
Kאא .٣
Kאאא .٤
Kאאאא א.٥
Wאאא
K٪٩٠אאא
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K٦
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K .١
Kאא .٢
K .٣
K .٤
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א
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אE،،Fאאאאא،א
Kאאא،אאא
Wאא
Wא א J
אאאאE
אFאא
KE١Fאאא
50
70
90
110
mV
130
150
170
190
210
230
250
270
290
KאאאאאWE١Fא
WEאאFא א J
אאאE
אFאא
E٢Fאאאא
Kאאאא
-٢-
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
א
א
א
KאאאאWE٢F
Kאאאאאאאא
אא
אא אא
אאאאא
Kא ZIא Eא ١
Ion Selective Potentiometry
אאא
אא
KEאאאF ZIא ٢
א
Potentiometric Titrations
Kאאא אא
א ٣
Electrogravimetry EאאF
Voltammetry א Kאא א٤
אאא אא
א ٥
Amperometric Titrations א
KCoulometryא א KEאxאF ٦
KConductanceא א KEאFא ٧
אאא EאF1/R
א ٨
Conductometric Titrations Kאא
-٣-
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
אאאאאא
Kא
WElectrochemical Cellsאא
אאא
אאKelectrodehalf cell
אCu0אאאא، Cu2+
KE٣FCu2+א
א
KאWE٣F Cu2+
2+
Cu → Cu + 2e
o
אEאFאאא
Ag+AgאאאKanode
KE٤FKAgoא
KאWE٤F
Ag + + e → Ag o
-٤-
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
אEאFאאאאא
אאאא E
אFאKcathode
KE٥F
א
א
א אא
CuSO4 AgNO3
[Cu2+]= 0.02 M [Ag+]= 0.02 M
Cuo(s) Cu2+(aq)+2e Ag+(aq) + e Agoo(s)
(s)
KאאאאאWE٥F
Wאאא
W
WGalvanic cell (١)
אאאאאא
אאאאאKאא
אאאאE٥Fאאא
K אאאא
WElectrolytic cell (٢)
K
אאאא
E٥Fאאאא
-٥-
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
K
אאאאEFאא
אאאאE٦Fא
KEFאEאאFאK
א
א
א אא
CuSO4 AgNO3
2+ +
[Cu ]= 0.02 M [Ag ]= 0.02 M
2+
Cu (aq) + 2e Cuo(s) o
Ag (s) Ag+(aq)+ e
KWE٦F
Wאא
אאאE٦FE٥Fא
(KCl) א
K(Ej) Liquid Junction Potentialאאא
Wאא
אאא
E٧Fאא
KCl-H+אEFא
-٦-
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
KאאאWE٧F
K א אא
אא
K
Wאאא
WE٨FFאאאא
KאEאFאאאאא -١
Ag+،Cu2+אאFאאאאאא -٢
אNO3-،HSO4-،SO42-אאאא
KEא
KאאאWE٨F
-٧-
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
K+אCl-אאא
Kא
אאאcoupledאא א-٣
Kאאאאא
Wא
Wא
Kא
WNernest Equationאאא
Wאאא
aCu 2+ + 2e ⇒ bCu o
o RT [Red] b
E=E - ln
nF [OX] a
W
KEאאFא،אאZEo
KEאאאאFאאאZE
8.314 jk-1mol-1אZR
K25 Coא298 kאאאZT
K96485 CאאZF
2.303 log10ZאאZIn
KאאאZn
KאאאZ[Red]
KאאאZ[OX]
אאאאאא
W
[Red] b
E = E o - 0.0592
n log
[OX] a
-٨-
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
W
،אאאאאאא
[ ]=1
W
،אאEאFאא J١
Cu 2+ + 2e ↔ Cuo
Eo = + 0.34 V
0.1MZCu2+
Wא
[Red] b
E=E - o 0.0592
n log
[OX] a
E = 0.34 - ( 0.0592
2 log 0.1
1
) = + 0.31 V
Kאאא
WאאEאFאא J٢
Cl 2 + 2e → 2Cl -
E = + 1.48 V
Kאאא
W
??אאאאS
anode∴ Zn = - 0.763
-٩-
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
??אאאאאS
cathode∴ Cu = + 0.34
KE٢FאKאאאאWא
Wא
אEaאEcאא
Wאא
Ecell = Ec – Ea
אאWE٢Fא
א 25 Co א Eo
Cl 2 ( g ) + 2e ↔ 2Cl - + 1.359
O 2 ( g ) + 4 H + + 4e ↔ 2 H 2 O + 1.229
Br2 ( aq ) + 2e ↔ 2 Br − + 1.087
Br2 ( l ) + 2e ↔ 2 Br − + 1.065
Ag + + e ↔ Ag (s ) + 0.799
Fe 3+ + e ↔ Fe 2+ + 0.771
I − 3 + 2e ↔ 3I − + 0.536
Cu 2+ + 2e ↔ Cu ( s ) + 0.337
UO 2 2 + 4 H + + 2e ↔ U 4+ + 2 H 2 O + 0.334
Hg 2 Cl 2 ( s ) + 2e ↔ 2 Hg ( l ) + 2Cl − + 0.268
AgCl ( s ) + e ↔ Ag ( s ) + Cl − + 0.222
Ag ( S 2 O3 ) 3− 2 + e ↔ Ag ( s ) + 2 S 2 O 2− 3 + 0.017
2 H + + 2e ↔ H 2 ( g ) 0.000
AgI ( s ) + e ↔ Ag ( s ) + I − - 0.151
PbSO4 ( s ) + 2e ↔ Pb( s ) + SO 2− 4 - 0.350
Cd 2+ + 2e ↔ Cd ( s ) - 0.403
Zn 2+ + 2e ↔ Zn( s ) - 0.763
- ١٠ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
E١Fאא
Kאאא
WאאEאFאא K١
Br2 + 2e 2Br-
K2 x 10-3 Mא،Eo = 1.087 Vאאא
Wאאאא K٢
Zn2+ + 2e Zno
K1.0 x 10-4 MאEo =-0.763V
אאאCuAg K٣
؟א،E0Cu = + 0.34E0Ag= + 0.790.02 M = (Cu2+/Ag+)
1M =Cu2+Zn2+אCuZn K٤
؟א، EoZn= - 0.763EoCu = + 0.34
Kאאאא K٥
אאאאאאאא K٦
Kאאא
א؟אאKClHClא K٧
؟אא؟אא K٨
- ١١ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
E٢Fאא
Kאאא
Wא
Wאאא K١
Zn2+ + 2e Zno
א
א
Wאאא K٢
-
Br2 + 2e 2Br Eo = + 1.08 V
Kא
Kאא K٣
Kא K٤
אאא K٥
אאK
א
אאEoאא K٦
Kא
- ١٢ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
E١Fאאא
[red]
E = Eo − RT log K١
nF [[ox]
= 1.087 - 0.0592 log [2 × 10-3] 2
2
= 1.087 – (-0.159) =1. 25 v
Wא K٣
Kא
W אא
Ag+ + e Ago
0.0592
E = + 0.79 - log 1
1 0.02
E = + 0.79 – (0.0592 x 1.69)
= + 0.79 – 0.1 = + 0.69 V
Wא
W אא
2+ o
Cu + 2e Cu
0.0592
E = + 0.34 - log 1
2 0.02
0.059
= +0.34 − ( × 1 .6 )
2
= +0.34 – 0.1 = + 0.24 V
Wאאא
אאאאא
Wאא
Ecell = Ec - Ea
= 0.69 – 0.24 = + 0.45 V
- ١٣ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
Wא K٤
Wא
2+ o
Zn + 2e Zn
E = - 0.763 - ( 0.0592 log 1)
2 1
E = - 0.763 – 0
E = - 0.763 V
Wא
Cu2+ + 2e Cuo
0.0592
E = + 0.34 - log 1
2 1
E = 0.34 V
Wאאא
אאאאא
Ecell = Ec - Ea
= 0.34 – (-0.763) = 1.103 V
אאאאאא K٥
אאKאאאא
אאאא
אאאאא،אא
Kא
KEאFאאא אK٦
KאאClKKClא K٧
אאא، K٨
Kאא
- ١٤ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
E٢Fאאא
Wאא K١
2+ o
Zn + 2e Zn
אאא
א
Wאאא K٢
Br2 + 2e 2Br- Eo = + 1.08 V
א
Kאאאא K٣
Kא K٤
אאאאא K٥
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Kאא
אאEoאאK٦
Kאא
- ١٥ -
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K١٢
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K .١
Kאא .٢
K .٣
K .٤
K .٥
Wאא
Kאאא
- ١٦ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
אא
Potentiometric Methods
W
Kאאאאא אא
אאFאאאאא
WאאEא
Windictor electrodesEאFא א-١
אאאEindאא
KאKKKKKKאאאאא
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אאאאאErefאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאא
(Ej)אאאKא
Wא
אאאא
Eref Ej Eind
אZreference electrode potentialZEref W
אZindicator electrode potentialZEind
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K
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Ecell = Eind – Eref + Ej
- ١٧ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
א
א
KאWE٩F
אאE108Fאאאאאאא
אאK אאאא
אאאion-meterאאאאא
אאאא(voltage-Follower operational ampilifier)א
Kאאא
- ١٨ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
א
אא
א
אHCl0.1
אאאא
א
KאאאWE١٠F
- ١٩ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
א
אאאאאא
אKא-SiO-H+אאאאא
אאE1אאאאא
אאH+אH+א
אאH+אאא
אE2אאאKא
KE١٢Fאאא
E2
א
E1
KאWE١٢F
אאאE1Ecellאא
Kאא
2.303RT
Ecell = Eb = E1 – E2 = k H log [H+]
nF
2.303RT
Ecell = k J pHEF
nF
k − Ecell
pH EF =
2.303RT / nF
(0.0592 V) ، 2.303
nF
RT אאא
K1.0 pH1.0
EאאאאHאFאKא
Kasymmetry potentialאא(E2) H+אאא
Kאאא אא
- ٢١ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
אאאאאאאא
Kאאא
אאא
Kאאאאאא
pH = 9 pH = 7 אאא
אאאאאpH = 4 pH = 7
Kא
אאאאאא
Kאא
Wאא
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Li2OאאpHאאא
KNa2Oאא
Wאא
אאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
WPrecipitate Electrodesאא
S2-, Br-, Cl-, I-،אאאא
Kאאא
אK אאאאא
אאאאאKAg2Sא
אאאKאאא
Kא
- ٢٢ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
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(١٣)אאאאא
א
KאאWE١٣F
א(١٤)אא
אאLaF3א
אאאאK
K(II)אאאאא
א
אאKF
א LaF3
KאאWE١٤F
- ٢٣ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
F-Fe3+אאOH-א
OH-אאא،א
א KF-אאEFאאא אא
KpH = 5אאאא
Wliquid electrodesאא
Fאאאאאאא
אK אאאאE
אFE
(Ca2+, Mg2+)אאאאא
WEE١٥FFאאא
Kאא
Kאא
Kאאא
אאאא
אא[((RO)2POO)2Ca]א
אאאאאאאאאאאKhydrophobic
Kאאא
- ٢٤ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
א
אH
(a2)
(a1)
אא
KאאWE١٥F
Wאאאאאאאא
[(RO) 2 POO] 2 Ca ↔ 2(RO) 2 POO − + Ca 2 +
אאאK
אאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
0.0592 a1
E b = E1 - E 2 = log
2 a2
W
KאEb
Kאאאאa2
Kאאאa1
KאאאאאאאE2
KאאאאאאE1
אא،(a2)אאאא
אאא(a1)אאא
- ٢٥ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
אאאאאאא
אאאאאא
Wאא
0.0592 0.0592 P Ca
E Cell = K + log a 1 = K -
2 2
אאאא
KאNO3-אא
Wאא
Kאאאאא
אאאאא
אאאאKאא
KאLאאא
WSaturated Calomel Electrode (SCE)אא K١
Wא
W
KאHg2Cl2
KאאאхM
K4.6אא1.0،0.1אאא
אאאאאא
W
Hg2Cl2 (S) + 2e 2Hg(L) + 2Cl-
W
0.0592
E = Eo -
log [Cl - ]2
2
אCl-א
K0.242א
- ٢٦ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
WE١٦Fאאא
אLאא
אאאKאא،א
Kאאא
Kאאאאא
א
אא
א
א
א Jא
א
KאאWE١٦F
- ٢٧ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
א
AgCl 1 + KCl
KCl
KCl
KאLאאאWE١٧Fא
Wאא
Kאאאאאא
WpHאא J
א،אאאאא
KEHFאא
2.303RT
Ecell = k J pHu ………… (1)
F
k − Ecell
………………. (2) pHu=
2.303RT / F
Wאאא k
2.303 RT
k = E cell + pHs…………… (3)
F
Wאא32א
- E cell u
pHu=pHsH Ecell s
…………. (4)
2.303RT/F
אאpHsKאאא4א
א Ecell s אאאpHuEאאFא
4אKאאאאא Ecell u אאאא
אאאאאאא
- ٢٨ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
אאאpHmVא
Kא k א
W
א25 oCאא
0.814Vאאאאאאא4.01
؟אאא0.822VE 1.00 X10-4MFא
Wא
- E cell u
pHu=pHs + Ecell s
2.303RT/F
pHu=4.01+ 0.814 − 0.822 = 3.88
0.0592
Wאא J
KEאאאFאאאאא
Wאא א.١
K
Cl-אCa2+אאאאא
אאאFאאKא
אאאאאאE
Wאאאion selective meterא
Ecell = Eind - Eref + Ej ...............(1)
W
KאZEcell
KEאאאFאZEind
KEFאZEref
KאאZEj
Wאא25oא(Xn+)
0.0592 0.0592
E ind = L - pX = L + log a .......... ..... (2)
n n X
W
- ٢٩ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
KEFאאZL
KאZpx
KאאZax
W(2)(1)א
E cell - (E j + E ref + L)
pX = - log a x = - 0 . 0592
.......... ..... (3)
n
WKאאאא
E cell - K
pX = - log a X = -
0 . 0592
.......... ..... (4)
n
W(An-)
E cell - K
p A n- = .......... ..... (5)
0 . 0592
n
WEcellא(5)(4)אאאא
K - 0.0592
E cell (cations) = p x
.......... ..... (6)
n
WE١٨Fא(6)אא
(intercept)אZK
−0.0592
n Z(slope)א
א
pX
KאWE١٨F
WEcellא
- ٣٠ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
K + 0.0592
E cell ( anions ) = p A .......... ..... (7)
n
WE١٩Fא(7)אא
א
0.0592
n Z(slope)א
(intercept)אZK
pA
KאWE١٩F
Wאאא
WStandard Calibration Methodאא
אאEאאאאFא
אEFאאא
Kא
W
WאאאאאCl-א
mVא אCl-
230 10-5
219.3 10-4
169.6 10-3
114.5 10-2
55.9 10-1
168 EאFא
K؟EאFp.p.mCl-E٢٠Fאא
- ٣١ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
50
70
90
110
mV
130
150
170
190
210
230
250
270
290
Chloride (mole/L)
KאאWE٢٠F
Wא
Wא(p.p.mFא1.2 x 10-3Zאא
Cl-אאxאZא
35.5 x (1.2x10-3)Z
(g/L)אא0.0426Z
WEFאאא
0.0426 x 1000Zא
(mg/L)אא42.6Z
mg/LאאאZp.p.mאא
p.p.mא42.6Zp.p.mCl-∴
WStandard Addition Methodאא
אאאאא(matrix)א
אאאאא
Wאאאאא
- ٣٢ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
C u . 101
Antilog 10 - ∆ E =
α 100 C u + C s
W
Kאאאא= ∆E
אאאאאאKאא
WאאKא
KEאאFE versus Vאא א
KEאFאא∆E/∆V
KאאE٢١Fאא
∆E/∆V
א
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
א א
EFE F
KאאEFאאEFWE٢١F
Wאאא
אאאאאאK١
K
Kאאא K٢
אאאאאא K٣
Kא
Kאאאאאאאאא K٤
- ٣٤ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
E١Fאאא
Kאאא
4.01א25 oCאאK١
א0.814Vאאאאאאא
؟אאא0.9VE 1.05 X10-4MF
؟אאאאK٢
؟אאאא אK٣
؟אאאאK٤
؟אאאאאאK٥
؟אאאאאאאאאאK٦
؟אאK٧
؟אאאאאK٨
؟אאK٩
؟אאא K١٠
- ٣٥ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
E٢Fאאא
Kאאא
W
Kא אK١
Kאא K٢
K،،א אK٣
אאאאאא K٤
Kאא
Wאאא K٥
אאאא אK٦
K
K،،א אK٧
Kאא א K٨
Kאא K٩
Kאאאא K١٠
אאאא K١١
K
- ٣٦ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
E٣Fאאא
Kאאא
W
Kאא K١
Kא E2אאא K٢
Kאאאא K٣
Kאאאאא K٤
Kאאאאאאא K٥
Kאאאאאא K٦
- ٣٧ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
E١Fאאא
Wאאא K١
- E cell u
pHu=pHs + Ecell s
2.303RT/F
pHu=4.01+ 0.814 − 0.9 = 2.6
0.0592
אאאאאאא K٢
Kאא
אאאאאא K٣
Kאאאא
אאאאאא אK٤
Kאאאאא א
אאאאא אK٥
Kאאאאאאא
Kא K٦
Kא K٨
K٩
Kא
Kאא
- ٣٨ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא אא א
Wאאאאאאא K١٠
אאאאא
Kאאא
אאא
Kאאאא
- ٣٩ -
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1) Gary D.Chritian, Analytical Chemistry, fifth edition, john Willy & sons, inc, 1986.
4) J.S. Fritz & G.H. Schenk, Quantitative Chemistry, Fourth edition, Allyn Bacon,
Boston1979.
5)D.A. Skoog & D.M. West, principles of Instrumental Methods of Analysis, sixth edition,
Holf Rinehart & Wiston, New York, 1991.
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