Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ي (262312442)
ي (262312442)
ي (262312442)
א
אא
EF
٢٧٣
٢٧٣ א
EFאא א
W،،אא،א
א א א אא א א א א
אאא،אאאאאא
אאאאא
אWאאאאאא
K אא
אאאאאאא
א ،א אא
אאאאאאאא،
א א ،א אא
א א אא א א א א א א א
א אא،א
Kאא،א
א? ? EF א א ? א א
א א אא א א א ?
Kא
אאאאאאא
،א ،א א אא
Kאאאאא
؛ א א א א
Kא
אאאא
٢٧٣ א
EFאא א
אאאאא א
אK אאאא אא
אאאאאאWא
אאK
אאאאא
אאאאאאאא
אא
אאKאאא
W
אאאאאאאא
Kאא
אאאאאאא
Kאאא
אאאאא
Kאאא
אאאאא
KאKאא
EFאא
אא
אא
١
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
KאאאאWאא
Wאא
Wאא
Kאא
Kאאאא א
Kאא א
Kאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
Wאאא
K٪١٠٠אאא
Wאא
K٤
Wאא
K
K0.01 M א
Kא
Kא
K
Kא
Wאא
Kאאא
- ١ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
١
אאא
W
אpHאאא
P = - log H
H
[ ] +
Kאאאאאא
WKwאאא
K W = [H + ][OH − ] = 1 × 10 -14
(1)א
log K W = log [H + ] + log [OH - ] = - 14
E JF
− log Kw = (-log [H + ] ) + (-log [OH - ] ) = 14
Wp- log
pKw = pH + p OH = 14.
pH = pOH = 7 אא
- ٢ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
EFאאאא
K אאאEF
א
.combined electrodeא
Wאא
אא א אא א
א EF pH = ?
א(Ecell)אאאאא
Kאאא
RT
Ecell = K + 2.303 log [ H + ]
nF
RT
Ecell = K − 2.303 pH
nF
- ٣ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
Kאאא •
Kאאאאא •
:Life-Time of the pH electrodeא J٣
א אאאאא •
אאאK
אKClא،assymslope adjust
Kא
אאאאא •
K
אא،אאא J٤
אאאK אאאCO2א
Kאא
pH = 7אאא J٥
K אאא
،א،אא
KpH = 4 or 7
אאא J٦
אאא
אאאאאאKא
Kאא
Kאאאאאא א J٧
- ٤ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
Wאא
אאאאאאאW
Kא
KאאאW
Wא
Wאא
Kאא J١
Kאאאא J٢
- ٥ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
٢
אא
W
אאא(I)א
(ohm)א(R)א،א(E)אא
Wא
E
I=
R
،ohm-1(G) (1/R) א
KSiemens, S
Wא(a)(L)Wא
P.L
R=
a
אresistivityאאP
WPאא
R.a
P=
L
Kohm cmP
WKאאאא
K = 1 = L
P Ra
KScm-1Sm-1Kא
אאאא
אאא700 µ S cm-1אאא
700K
Kאא3000אא3000
Wאא
KTotal Dissolved SolidsT.D.Sאאאא EiF
Kאא EiiF
Kאא EiiiF
- ٦ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
Wא
א אE
אאFאא
א(0.01M) אא
R1אKE١Fאא אKא
אאאR3R2א
Wאאאאא
KאLR1ZR3/R2א
א
R1
R3 R2
אא
KWE١F
אאאאR3, R2, R1
Kאא
Wאא
Kאא -١
אא -٢
Kא
Wאא
KאאאאאאאW
KאאW
- ٧ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
Wא
Wאא
אאא אT.D.S.אאאאא .١
T.D.S.א
T.D.S. = אx0.6
.אא א.٢
- ٨ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
אא
Kאא
؟אא( א١
؟אאאא (٢
؟אאאאא (٣
؟אא (٤
؟אא (٥
؟אא (٦
؟אא (٧
؟אא (٨
؟אאאא א200 µS אא (٩
؟א (١٠
؟אא (١١
؟אאאא (١٢
- ٩ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
אאא
Wאאא (١
Kאאא E
Kאא E
Wא (٢
Kאאא E
Kא E
אאאאא (٣
Kאא
Wאא (٤
K E
K E
Kאאא (٥
Kאא (٦
אאאאאא (٧
K3 Mאא
K (٨
Kאx0.6 Zאאא( א٩
200 x0.6 = 120 mg/l
אאאאא (١٠
Kאא
אאEKאאE (١١
Kא
Kאohm-1 E (١٢
KאScm-1Sm-1 E
- ١٠ -
EFאא
אא
אא
٢
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
KאאאאאאאWאא
Wאא
Wאא
Kאאאאאאא
אאא
Kאא
Kאאא
אאאאאא א
Kאאא
Wאאא
K٪٩٥אאא
Wאא
K٢٨
Wאא
Kא
Kאא
Kאא
Kאא
Kא
K
K
Kא
Kא
Wאא
Kאאא
- ١١ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
אא
W
אאאאאאא
E
אאאFאא
Wאא
: Indicator Electrodes EאFאאE١
אאאאא
KKKKKאאאאKא
: Reference ElectrodesאאE٢
אא،אאאאא
Kאאאאא
Wאאאאא(٢)א
אאא
א
אא
א
אHCl0.1
אאאא
א
אאWE٢)
Wאא
KEאאאFאא א.١
Kאא א.٢
- ١٢ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
EאאאFאאא١٢
W
אאאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאא
אאאאאא
Kא
אאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
אאאאאא
K
KE٣FאאEFאאEF
∆E/∆V
א
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 10 20 30 40 50
א
א
EFE F
KאאEFאאEFW(٣)
- ١٣ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
١١٢
אאאאא
Wאא
אאא 25250
Kא pH meterאא
Wאא
Wאא .١
אא → E v-Lim. To 55 mlF
Kא → E Dos ↑ to 5 ml/minF
א → E Dos ↓ to 100 ml/minF
אEFאא
.٢
K250
אEאHאFcombined electrodeאאא .٣
Kאאא
KאpHאא?Go?אא .٤
Kאא1.0pHא .٥
אא،אpHא .٦
KE 0.5ml )
KאאpHאאא .٧
Wא
Kאאאאאאא .١
Kאאאא א.٢
KNaOH אא .٣
KLאא א.٤
- ١٤ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
W
אא25
KאK20HClאE0.07 MF
W
א
0 10 20 30 40 50
א
Wא
Wא
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H 2 O
1:1א
1 NaOH
=
1 HCl
1 VNaOH × M NaOH
1 = V × M
HCl HCl
1 25 × M
1 = 20 × 0NaOH
.07
20 × 0.07
M NaOH = =0.06
25
- ١٥ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
٢١٢
אא
אא
Wאא
K0.1 Mא .١
KEאFא2.0 .٢
K50 .٣
Kcombined pH glass electrodeאאא .٤
Wאא
Kאאאאאא
Wאא
Wאא
WאאאאאLאא .١
RSI = EPI x COI/COO; g/l
Kאא Lאא .٢
W
KLאEאFNH4Cl=RSI
KאאNaOH= EPI
E53.5FאאאXE0.1FNaOH = COI
Kאא= COO
- ١٦ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
٣١٢
אאאאאאא
Wאא
0.1 M KOH(0.5 M)א(E.D.T.A) .١
Kא50 .٢
א .٣
E 2 MTrishydroximethylamino methane + אא0.1 M F
Wא
KE 0.2 MCaCl2FFאאEiF
KEFאאEiiF
Wאא
Kאאאאאא
Wאא
Wאא
WLא .١
Zא K
Zא K
Zא אK
Wאא
RSI = EPI*COI* CO2LCOO;
RS2 = (EP2-EP1) * CO1*CO2/COO;
RS3=EP2*COl*CO2/COO;
COO = 50
CO1 = 0.05
CO2 = 1000
- ١٧ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
W
Lא = RS1
Lא = RS2
Lאא = RS3
Kא = COO
(0.05M) = CO1
א = CO2
،אאאא א.٢
KEאאFאאא
- ١٨ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
٤١٢
אEFe+2Fא
אא
Wאא
.0.02 Mאא(١
K40HE0.5 MFא10H Fe2+ 2.0E٢
Wא
combined Pt electrode אאא
Wאא
Kאאאאא א
Wאא
Wאא
WאאאאאLא Fe2+ E١
RSI=EPI*COI*CO2/COO;g/1
COO = 2
COI = 0.13955
CO2=55.5
KאאאFe2+ (٢
Wא
5Fe2+ + MnO-4 + 8 H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
W
.(g/l) LאFe2+ZRSI
=א x אxא=COI
0.02 x 1.3955 x 5 = 0.13955
Fe2+ =COO
55.85Z(Fe2+) אא=CO2
- ١٩ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
אאא٢٢
W
Fאאאאאאאא
KאECl-FאENa+
אאE אאאFאא
ion selective meterאאא،אא
K
Wאאאאא
E cell = E ind − E ref + E j .......... .(1)
W
K=Ecell
KEאאאFא=Eind
KEFא=Eref
Kאא= Ej
K٢٥אE Xn+F
Wאא
0.0592 X 0.0592
E ind = L − P = L+ log a x .......... ( 2)
n n
W
KEFאא=L
.א= px
Kאא= ax
WאE2FE1Fא
- ٢٠ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
E cell − (E j + E ref + L )
P
X
= - log a x = - ........( 3)
0.0592
n
Kאאאא
E − K
P = - log a x = - 0.0592
X cell
.......... ( 4 )
n
EAn-F
E cell − K
P A
= .........( 5)
0 .0592
n
(5)(4)א(5)(4)אאאא
W Ecell א Ecell א
0.0592 X
E cell = K − P .......... (6)
n
WE5Fאא
intercept = K
0.0592
Slope= - ــــــ
Ecell
n
X
P
W Ecell א
0 . 0592 A
E cell = K + P .......... ( 7 )
n
WE6Fאא
- ٢١ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
0.0592
Slope= ــــــ
n
Ecell
intercept = K
A
P
Wאאאאא
אאאאאאאEiF
אאאאאאא
Kא
אא،אאEiiF
Kאאאאא
∆E Cu ⋅ 101
Anti log10 − =
α 100Cu + Cs
א
אאאאאG
Kאאא
E אאאFאאאאאאאG
KאאEjאאאאא
- ٢٢ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
١٢٢
אאאאECl-Fא
אא
W
KאAgClאא
א אאKא
אאא
אEFא
Cl-אאאion selective meterא
W
E = E O
+ S log A
Kאא = E
KEFאא = Eo
Kא = S
KEactive concentrationFאא = A
EאאFאאאאא
Ionic Strength אאאא
אאאאאAdjustor "ISA"
Kאא אאאא
?ISA?אא K5Mאאא
Kאאאא
Wאא
K10 % KNO3 3M KCIאWאא אK١
אאא42.5 אK5M NaNO3EISA)א א K٢
Kאאא100
W(10-1M) 0.1 M NaCIאא K٣
- ٢٣ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
אאא،אאא5.84א
K100א10-5M, 10-4M, 10-3M, 10-2M,
Wאא
KElectrode Slopeא?אW
אא100 150ECl-HFא K١
KmVאISA2.0
א(10-1M)0.1 M 1.0 K٢
א،א
Kאאא
א،אא(10-1M)0.1 M 10 K٣
Kאאא
א 57 ± 2mV אאKאאא K٤
K20 – 25
אאאEאFא
K
WאאאW
،ISA2.010-5Mאאא100א K١
Kאאא،א
Kאא١א K٢
Wאא
Wאא
אאאאאאאW
KE 57 ± 2mV אאFא
Wא
אאא (i)
- ٢٤ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
2 . 303 RT
ideal slope =
F
.8.314JK- mol-1=א=R
K273+אא= אאא=T
K96510C =אא=F
=אאא (ii)
K100Xאא ÷ אא
W
Wאאאא K١
Kאאאאאאא אK٢
WG
Kאא K١
.p.p.mא K٢
- ٢٥ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
٢٢٢
אאאאECl-Fא
Kאא
W
אאאאאא
Kאאא( matrix)
א
KאאאEאF
Wאאא
K 0.1 M א .١
KE5.0 M אאFISAאא .٢
Kא .٣
Wאא
K١{٢{٢אאE α FאW א
Wאאא אאאW
Kאא2.0 אא100 .١
Kאאאאאא .٢
Kאאא1.0Mאא1.0 .٣
Wאא
Wאא
Kאאאא .١
אאאאE .٢
∆E Cu ⋅ 101
Anti log10 − =
α 100Cu + Cs
W
KאאאאZ ∆E
،אE 57 ± 2mV Fא= α
- ٢٦ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
Kא= Cu
Kאא= Cs
K ( p.p.m)אאאE
Kא١{٢{٢א
- ٢٧ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
٣٢٢
אאאא( NO3- ) אא
W
אKEאFאאא
K
א
אא
אא
אKאE
אFאא
אאEFאא
WאאKEFא
E = E o − S log (A )
Kאאא=E
KEFא=Eo
KאאאEאאF=A
Kא=S
אאאאאא
Kאא
Wאא
1003M KClאאא א.١
Kאא ISA 2.0H
א26.4אKE2.0 MאF ISAאא .٢
Kאאא100א
א100אא6.2אWEF .٣
KEאאא1001.0אFא
Kאאא
אאאא(10-1M)0.1Wאאא .٤
Wא
K100א10-5M, 10-4M, 10-3M, 10-2M,
- ٢٨ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
Wאא
١{٢{٢אא
Wאא
Wאא
W
Kאאאאאאאא
Wא
Kאא .١
Kאא א.٢
W
Kאאא .١
אאאאאאא א.٢
Kא
KאאK٣
Kp.p.mאK٤
- ٢٩ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
٤٢٢
אאאא( F- )א
W
א אאאא אא
אא(II) אא
EאLאFאאאKאא
Wא
Kא 0.1 ME١
Kא 0.1 ME٢
א
אאאאאאא
אאאאאא
Kcomplexing agentsאאא
Fe 3+א אOH-אאאא
OH J K אאאא
. pH= 5אאאאK
אאאאא
0.75MCH3COOH 0.25MNaCl1.0Mאא، אא
Kאא1.0א
א،אאCH3COOHNaCl
Kאאאאאא אא
Wאאאאאא
2.303 RT
E = K − log aF −
F
אאא א
Kאא
E = K −
2 .303 RT
F
log F − [ ]
- ٣٠ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
Wאאא
K1508 K١
Kאאא K٢
K K٣
. ion selective meterא K٤
K 100א8 K٥
Wאא
Kא K١
KEאאFאא K٢
Wאא
K١٢٢אאאאא W
WאאאW
KE 110Fאא1.0א K١
.desicatorא
K٣،٢،١،٥،٤،٣،٢،١،100א8 K٢
Kאאאא10א K٣
א١א،E١Fאא0.42 K٤
KE10-1 MFא
٢א١ א10אא אK٥
Kאא
٥א٤א٣א٢אאא K٦
WאאאKאא
10 M, 10 M, 10-3 M, 10-2 M
-5 -4
Kאא٣،٢،١אא K٧
אאאא٣١1508 K٨
א
Kאאא K٩
- ٣١ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
Kאא K١٠
Wאא
Wאא
W
אאאאאאא
Wאא
Kאא K
Kאא אK
W
Kאאאא K
אאאאאאא אK
אE١٠٠٩٠FאF Jא
Kאאא
- ٣٢ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
E١Fאא
Kאא
؟אא J١
؟אאאאאא J٢
؟אאא J٣
؟Kאאא J٤
؟א J٥
- ٣٣ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
E٢Fאא
Kאא
W
Kאאאאאאאא אE١
Kאאאאא אE٢
Kאאאאאא אE٣
Kאאאאא אE٤
- ٣٤ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
E٣Fאא
Wאא
WאאאEאאאFאאא E١
∆pH
אpH E א E
∆V
Wאאאאאאא E٢
KאאEKאE
Wאאאא E٣
KאאאאE
KאאE
Wאאא E٤
KEE
Kאא E٥
KEE
Wאאאא E٦
KאאאאE
KאאאE
- ٣٥ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
E١Fאאא
AgClאאא J١
Kא
E cell = E ind - E ref + E j W א J٢
Wא J٣
0.0592 X
E cell = K + P
n
Wא
0.0592 X
E cell = K − P
n
Wאאא J٤
אאאאאEF
אאאאאאאא
Kאא
אא،אאEF
Kאאאאא
∆E Cu ⋅ 101
Anti log10 − =
α 100Cu + Cs
KאאאאאWא .٥
- ٣٦ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
E٢Fאאא
אאא אאאאא J١
אאאאאאאא
אאאא
א אאא
Kא
אאאאאאא J٢
Kאאאאאא
אא
אאאא א J٣
אאאאאאאא
אא אאאאא
K
אאאאא J٤
Kאאא
- ٣٧ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
E٣Fאאא
KאpHE K١
KאאE K٢
KאאE K٣
KE K٤
KE K٥
KאאאE .٦
- ٣٨ -
EFאא
אא
אא
- ١١ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
KאאאWאא
Wאא
Wאא
Kאאאא
Kאא
Kאאאא
אא
KC
Wאאא
K٪٩٥אאא
Wאא
٢٠
Wאא
Kא
Kאאא
Kא
Kא
Kא
Kא
Wאא
Kאאא
- ٣٩ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
אא١٣Wאא
W
אא א
אאאאא
אאאאאאא
KEm1v1= m2v2Fאאאא
W
NaCl + H2O → HCl + NaOH
Na + Cl + H2O → H+ +Cl- + Na+ + OH-
+ -
+
H + OH- → H2O
אאH+ Cl-
א
אHCl
NaאאOH-H+אNaOH
WאE٤FאCl-
H+ OH-
א
Na+
C
Cl-
0 10 20 30 40 50
NaOHאא
אE٤F
Cl-Na+אH+Cאאא
אC אK אא
אH+א
.Na+OH-אאאH2O
אא
.Cא
אאאאא
Kאאא
- ٤٠ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
Kאאאא
- ٤١ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
١١٣
אא
Wאא
E0.2MFאK١
KEFאK٢
Wאא
K400א100אK١
Kאא
אאFאאאאאK٢
KEא
FאKאאאK٣
KאאאE0.5
KאאאאאאאאאK٤
Wאא
Wאא
Kאא E١
Kאאאאא אE٢
Kאאא E٣
אאHCl אE٤
- ٤٢ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
٢١٣
אאא
W
אK
א
אK אא
Kא
Wאאאא
E0.1 MFאא
K
K
Kאא
K250א
K250
Wאא
K250א E١
Kאאאא15א E٢
Kא30 E٣
Kאאאא E٤
K250אאא100 אE٥
Kאא E٦
אא אאא E٧
Kא
Kאא0.5א E٨
K10אאאאאאא E٩
Wאא
Wאא
Kא E١
- ٤٣ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
Kאאא אE٢
Kאאא E٣
Kאא אE٤
E188ZאFא אE٥
Kאאא
- ٤٤ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
אאא٢٣Wאא
Electrogravimetry
W
אאאאאאא
אאאK אאאא
Kאאאא
א،אאאE٥Fא
אאא،אא
Kאאא
R
א
א
KאאWE٥F
אא
Kאאא
Kאאאא
Wאאאא
Wא
Cu 2+ + 2e − → Cu Eo = 0.337 V
- ٤٥ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
1
H + + e− → H 2 Eo = 0.000 V
2
Wא
1
H 2O → O 2 + 2 H + + 2e −
2 Eo = 1.229 V
- ٤٦ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
١٢٣
אאאא
Wאאא
KאאK١
Kא 3M K٢
KאאK٣
KK٤
KK٥
Kאא
Wאא
אא،אאא E١
Kאא٥א،א
5.0،250א25א E٢
Kאא2.0אא 23MH2SO4
1.0אאאא E٣
K
א،אאאא
Kאאא
2אאא אא E٤
אKאאאא
K45אאKאאא
אאא אאא E٥
Kאאאאא
אאא אאאא E٦
אK
א3110
Kא
Kparts per millionEppmFאאאאא E٧
- ٤٧ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
W
אEEo = +0.34VFא K١
Kאא،אא
Wאא K٢
− −
2H + + NO3 + 2e − → NO2 + H 2O
אא אNO-2א
W
NO-2 + 2H+ + (NH2)2CO → CO2 + 2 N2 + 3 H2O
KאNO2 -
אאאאא
KEEo = - 0.763Fא
W
אאאא25
אK
א،א16.50אא16.45אא
؟p.p.mאא
- ٤٨ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
Wא
16.50= אאHא
16.45=א
0.05=אא
0.05א25
؟א1000
1000/25 X0.05= 2.0g 1000אאא
L2.0Lא
1000x2=2000p.p.m p.p.mאא
W
1.0 p.p.m = 1mg / Liter
- ٤٩ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
٢٢٣
אאאאאאא
W
(Eo = 0.34 V)אאאאא
א
אאאKא(Eo=-0.763 V)
Kאאאא
אאאH+NO3-אאא •
Kאאא
Wאאא
Kאא K١
Kאא K٢
KE2 MFא K٣
K K٤
Kא K٥
K٢٥٠ K٦
K K٧
K K٨
K٥٠٠ K٩
Wאא
WאW
KEאאFא10אא1.0 K١
Kאאאא K٢
Kאא5.0 K٣
Kאאאאא K٤
אא 5.0א K٥
Kאאאא
KאאE200אF500 אK٦
- ٥٠ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
אאאאאא K٧
Kאא
WאW
،אאאאא K١
Kאאא5א
Kאא1.0250א50 אK٢
KאKאאא K٣
F2-3 Aאאאא K٤
KEאאא
אא60–45אאא אK٥
Kאא
אאאאאא K٦
Kאא
،3E110Fאאאא K٧
Kא
EאאאאF
WאW
2M אאאא אK١
Kא
אאא EאאFא K٢
K4.0 Voltאא،60א60
Kאאאאאא K٣
Fאאאא K٤
KEאא
Kאאא K٥
Wאא
Wאא
- ٥١ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
אF50050אKאא K١
KEא
Wאאאא אK٢
50 אא
500 ؟
1 500
100 × ------- × --- × אאZאא
א 50
- ٥٢ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
Voltammetryא٣٣Wאא
W
אאאאE אFאאא
אא K
אאאmicro-electrode
Kא
אאאאאאאאא
KEאאFאאא
working electrodeא
auxiliary electrode
Kreference electrode
KE٦Fאאאאאא
limiting currentאא
א א
id = diffusion current
א
אא
0E1/2EאF
0אא
אאאאE٦F
FאE?id?אאFאא
KE
KEFאא E 1 א
2
- ٥٣ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
١٣٣
אאא
אא
Wאאא
K3.0MEFא K١
KE1000 p.p.mFאLא1.0א K٢
Kאא K٣
Wאא
א אאאאEא Fאא K١
Test pb in standard solution
KאO.K אK٢
Kאאאא20 K٣
KE3MFא0.5 K٤
Kאאאא K٥
KאEOKFאאא100 K٦
FE1000 p.p.mFאא100 K٧
Eאאא
KאEOKFא
KEOKFאאאאE٧Fא K٨
:אא
א،EאאFאאא
Kאאא
Kאאאא
- ٥٤ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
٢٣٣
אאאECF
אא
Wאא
KE 3.0 M NH3H2.0 MאFא K١
E1000 p.p.mFאC K٢
Kא K٣
Wאא
WאאE١٣٣Fאא אK١
K
10ZאאאE
K1.0אאE
0.25EאFאE
אECF50אאE
Kאאאא K٢
Wאא
אEאאFאאא
Kאאא
- ٥٥ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
E١Fאא
Kאאא
؟אאאא
אאאאאאאא א J١
؟אא
אאא J٢
؟
؟אאאא J٣
؟אאאא J٤
Kאאאאאא J٥
؟א
NaOHא H2SO4 א J٦
K20ZאE0.1MF
KאאK100ZH2 SO4א
- ٥٦ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
E٢Fאא
אא
Wאאא
אאHClא J١
KאEאF
אאEF אEF
Wאאא א J٢
אEF אEF
Wאאאאאא J٣
-
NO2 EF H+EF
Wאאאאאא J٤
NO3-EF NO-2EF
Wאאא א J٥
KאEF אEF
Wאאאא J٦
אEF אEF
Wאאאאא J٧
אEF אEF
- ٥٧ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
E٣Fאא
אאא
W
NaOHאאHClאאא J١
KEאF
KאאאHCl J٢
אאאאאאא J٣
Kא
Kאאא J٤
Kאאא J٥
Kאאאא J٦
Kאאא א J٧
- ٥٨ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
E١Fאאא
אאא אא J١
אאאאאא
Kאאאא
Wא א J٢
Kא •
Kא• א
Kא• א
Kא J٣
Kא
Kאאא א J٤
Kא א J٥
אאאאKאא J٦
אאאאא
Kאאאא
Wא J٧
- ٥٩ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
E٢Fאאא
Kא J١
K א J٢
H+ J٣
NO2- J٤
K א J٥
K א J٦
K א J٧
- ٦٠ -
אא ٢٧٣ א
אא EFאא א
E٣Fאאא
KNa+KOH- H2O אH+ J١
KאאCl2 J٢
KאEFאאא J٣
Kאא J٤
KאאאאאאH+NO3- J٥
אאאאאאא J٦
Kא
Kא J٧
- ٦١ -
א ٢٧٣ א
EFאא א
א
J٢ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ١
J٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ٢
J٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Kאא
J١٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Kאאא
J١٢ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Kאא
J١٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K KEאאאFאאא١٢
J١٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K١١٢
J١٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K٢١٢
J١٧ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ٣١٢
J١٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K٤١٢
J٢٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Kאאא٢٢
J٢٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ١٢٢
J٢٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ٢٢٢
J٢٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ٣٢٢
J٣٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ٤٢٢
J٣٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E١Fאא
J٣٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E٢Fאא
J٣٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E٣Fאא
J٣٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E١Fאאא
J٣٧ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E٢Fאאא
J٣٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E٣Fאאא
J٤٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K אא١٣Wאא
J٤٢ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ١١٣
J٤٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ٢١٣
J٤٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K אאא٢٣Wאא
J٤٧ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ١٢٣
א ٢٧٣ א
EFאא א
J٥٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ٢٢٣
J٥٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K KVoltammetryא٣٣Wאא
J٥٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ١٣٣
J٥٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ٢٣٣
J٥٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E١Fאא
J٥٧ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E٢Fאא
J٥٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E٣Fאא
J٥٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E١Fאאא
J٦٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E٢Fאאא
J٦١ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E٣Fאאא