

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF

٢٧٢
  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬?   ? EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? 
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢
  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،pHW‫א‬‫א‬
KCaMg،K،Na‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
 WSampling bottle‫א‬١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W
 KPyrex‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
KEKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٤٥٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (PTFE)Polytetrafluoroethylene‫א‬
 KPolyethylene (PET)
 W‫א‬٢١
 K٢
 W‫א‬٣١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٥F
 W‫א‬٤١
 W‫א‬
KEbiodegradationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(pH = 2) ٢‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
K٢‫א‬ .١
KWaterproof .٢
KAnalytical grade‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
KpH .٤
K .٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ E ٢F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K  ٥   ‫א‬      ‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KpH = 2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


Electrical conductivity‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬²
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Ohm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESF‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K‫א‬ .١
K(0.01M KCl) ٠{٠١‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬

 W‫א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.01M KCL‫ א‬.١

‫א‬
 ‫א‬K١٤١٣٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


Total Dissolved Substances (TDS) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٠‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KParts per million (ppm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K١٥٠ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K K٤
 W‫א‬٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬١٣
K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬١٠٠ .٢
K٢٤١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 W‫א‬
 ١٠٠٠٠CE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F=EppmF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TDS .١
K‫א‬TDS .٢
K‫א‬ .٣
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 pH= - log [H+ ]
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K٧
 ‫א‬٧ ‫א‬‫א‬K٧  ٢٥‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
pH-meter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kand glass electrode
‫א‬0.01M potassium hydrogen phthalate ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٠٠‫א‬٢٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KElectrode Combined Glass
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K0.01M potassium hydrogen phthalate  .١
K
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


Total hardness‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬KEppmF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EDTA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PH= 12K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDTA١W١
‫א‬Murexide‫א‬
 KpH = 10Eriochrome Black T
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 KpH = 10 K١
 KpH = 12 K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KMurexide‫א‬ K٤
KEriochrome black T‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 W‫א‬٣
 K 0.05 MEDTA٢٥٠ K١
‫א‬ ٥٠‫א‬ K٢
PH =  ‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬
EDTA‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬12
‫א‬EDTA K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KV1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
H‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PH= 10E‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDTA‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬EDTA
KV2
 W‫א‬٤
 0.05CV1Catomic weight of Ca C20=EppmF‫א‬
 0.05CEV2V1FCatomic weiht of MgC20=EppmF‫א‬
 0.05CV2Cmolecular weight of CaCO3C20=ECaCO3 ppmF‫א‬
 
 
 W٥
 K‫א‬ K١
K⁄‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
Kppm‫א‬ K٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


Chloride‫א‬WE٦F‫א‬
 W‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   EAgClF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K‫א‬ K١
K٠{١M ‫א‬ K٢
K٠{٠٢M ‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬٣
‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬٤
 1000C35.5CE‫א‬⁄E‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬F=EppmF‫א‬
 
 
 
 

-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


Sulfate (SO42-)‫א‬WE٧F‫א‬
 W‫א‬١
 K‫א‬‫א‬Sulfate Reagent‫א‬E٢٥mlF K١
E٤٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬E٦٨٠F‫א‬DR/2000‫א‬ K٢
KSO4mg/lREAD ENTER‫א‬
E٥F‫א‬SHIFT TIMER‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥mlF‫א‬ K٤
KZERO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

 W٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


AlkalinityEAcidityFE‫א‬F‫א‬WE٨F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥{٣‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K0.01 M K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠١‫א‬ K١
٠{٠١‫א‬٥٠٠K١٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠١١٠٠ K٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠ K٤
 W‫א‬٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠١
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٣C٠{١C٠{٠١=

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬ ⁄E‫א‬C‫א‬F =E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 ٥٠⁄E‫א‬C٠{٠١F=
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩F‫א‬
 W‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 Kppm5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
KNaCl‫א‬ K٤
KKCl‫א‬ K٥

 W‫א‬٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠ ppm K١
K١٠٠٠ml ١٠٠ ppm‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬E٥{١٠{١٥{٢٠{٢٥Fppm‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٠ ppmF‫א‬ K٣
K١٠٠ ml
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KBeer’s law‫א‬‫א‬Absorbance‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
KCaCl2‫א‬ K٤
KMgCl2‫א‬ K٥

 W‫א‬٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠ppm K١
K١٠٠٠ml١٠٠ppm‫א‬ K٢
ppmE٢٥،٢٠،١٥،١٠،٥F‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٠ppmF‫א‬ K٣
K١٠٠ml‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 KK 
 KK 
 K‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬TDS‫א‬K٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K١
 KµsK
 KmlK
 KmgK
 KppmK
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 Kg/lppmK
 KppmmsK
 KµsmsK
 KppmµsK
 
 W39 g/mole‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFmole/l0.002K٣
 K19.5ppm K
 K87 ppmK
 K78 ppmK
 K19500 ppmK
 
 W40 g/mole‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFmole/l0.015K٤
 K2666.6 g/lK
 K266.66 g/lKK
 K6 g/lK
 K0.6 g/lK

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50 ml‫א‬‫א‬K٥
‫א‬‫א‬3 ml‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.02 M
W‫א‬
 K7500 MK
 K1.2×10 -3 MK
 K0.33 MK
 K3 MK

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬،K٢
 K‫א‬TDS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١
 K٢
 K٣
 K٤
 K٥
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٩ -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

2
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 
 
 

- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ .١
E٪٥{٠F‫א‬E٪٨{١F‫א‬E٪٢٧{٧F‫א‬E٪٤٦{٦F‫א‬
 KE٪٢{١F‫א‬E٪٢{٦F‫א‬E٪٢{٨F‫א‬E٪٣{٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬٢١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣١

 ‫א‬٪٣٥‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬١٣١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 W‫א‬٢٣١
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 KpH = 9 .١
 KpH = 7 .٢
 K .٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K٥٠ .١
 K .٢
KStainless steel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 KpH-meter‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 W‫א‬٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٤
‫א‬٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١W‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 J  ‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠W‫א‬ .٢
 K٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥
pH‫א‬‫א‬٥٠EpH = 9F‫א‬‫א‬٤٠W‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬٥٠EpH = 7F‫א‬‫א‬٤٠9‫א‬
 K7‫א‬pH‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 K .١
 K٥٠ .٢
 K .٣
KConductivity- meter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 
 W‫א‬٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ .١
٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠W‫א‬ .٢
 K٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥
 K‫א‬٤٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 KHNO3 ‫א‬ .١
 K .٢
 KKCl‫א‬ .٣
 KNaCl‫א‬ .٤
١{٩٠٧‫א‬‫א‬L١٠٠٠ .٥
 K١‫א‬
٢{٥٤٢‫א‬‫א‬L١٠٠٠ .٦
 K١‫א‬
١٠٠EL٢٥،٢٠،١٥،١٠،٥F .٧
‫א‬‫א‬EL١٠٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬

 C1×V1 = C2 ×V2
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WC1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WV1
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WC2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WV2
 
١٠٠EL٢٥،٢٠،١٥،١٠،٥F  J
‫א‬‫א‬EL١٠٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬

 C1×V1 = C2 ×V2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K٥٠٢٥٠ .١
 KStainless Steel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬ .٣
 K .٤
 K .٥
 K١٠‫א‬ .٦
 K١٠٠‫א‬ .٧
 K١٠٠‫א‬ .٨
 K١٠٠٠‫א‬ .٩
 K٢ .١٠
 K .١١
 K .١٢
 K‫א‬ .١٣
K .١٤
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬٣
 K‫א‬ .١
 K .٢
 K .٣
‫א‬Stainless steel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 K0.7-0.2 mm
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 W‫א‬٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٢
٢٤º١٠٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٣
E0.7 mmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E0.2 mmF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١W‫ א‬.٤
‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٠ J٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٥
‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬
 K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٧
K‫א‬
Eµg/gF ‫א‬L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ .٨
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Eml/gF‫א‬×Eµg/mlF‫א‬=Eµg/gF‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ppm ‫א‬=Eµg/mlF‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 
 WDilution factor ‫א‬
 
١٠ ‫א‬  
L١٠ = = = Eml/gF‫א‬
 
١  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 ‫؟‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 ‫؟‬0.2 mm‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ .٤
 ‫؟‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K١
 KµgK
 KK
 Kg/l K
KppmK
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
74.55 g/mole‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCl‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬250 ml250 ppm‫א‬
W39 g/mole
 K0.5 gK
 K0.033 gK
 K0.12 gK
 K0.0005 gK
‫א‬،E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 W0.5‫א‬5‫א‬
 K62.5 ppmK
 K12.5 ppmK
 K15 ppmK
 K40 ppm K

- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 
1.0

0.8

0.6
‫ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Na (ppm)
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
 
0.4‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬K٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬1200 ppm‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬0.5
 K1500 ppm K
 K240 ppmK
K960 ppmK
 K6000 ppmK

- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬ W  .١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W  .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫ א‬.٣
 K‫א‬ .٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١
 K٢
 K٣
 K٤
 K٥
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٣٤ -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 K‫ א‬.٤
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
 K‫ א‬.٦
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 K‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 KHNO3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K .٢
 KKCl‫א‬ .٣
KFeCl3‫א‬ .٤
 KNaCl‫א‬ .٥
F‫א‬٪٠{١‫א‬L١٠٠٠ .٦
 KEIonization interferences‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Na٪٠{١
 K‫א‬L١٠٠٠ .٧
‫א‬١٠٠EL ٢٥،١٥،١٠،٥F .٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EL١٠٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 
 C1×V1 = C2 ×V2
 
‫א‬١٠٠EL٢٥،٢٠،١٥،١٠،٥F .٩
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EL١٠٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬

  C1×V1 = C2 ×V2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K٥٠EPyrexF‫א‬ .١
 KStainless Steel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬ .٣
 K .٤
 K .٥
 K١٠‫א‬ .٦
 K١٠٠‫א‬ .٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 K١٠٠‫א‬ .٨
 K١٠٠٠‫א‬ .٩
 K٢ .١٠
 K .١١
 K .١٢
K‫א‬ .١٣
 K .١٤
 K٢٥٠ .١٥
 K .١٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣
 K‫א‬ .١
 K .٢
 K .٣
 K .٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 K .٦
 K .٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٩
 W‫א‬٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬٥
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬W‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٣
٢٤º١٠٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١W‫ א‬.٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPyrexF‫א‬
‫א‬٢٤º٤٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠
‫א‬K ‫א‬٩٠ J٨٠‫א‬
 KE ٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٧
‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬
 K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٨
 K
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Eµg/gF ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ .١٠
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Eml/gF‫א‬×Eµg/mlF‫א‬=Eµg/gF‫א‬
 W
 
K‫א‬‫א‬ppm ‫א‬=Eµg/mlF‫א‬
١٠ ١٠ ‫א‬  
= = = Eml/gF‫א‬
 
 L ١  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 KE٪٢٤FTrichloroacetic acid‫א‬ .١
 KE٪١FLaCl3‫א‬ .٢
 KCaCl2‫א‬ .٣
 K .٤
٢{٧٦٩‫א‬‫א‬L١٠٠٠ .٥
 K١‫א‬
‫א‬١٠٠EL٢٥،٢٠،١٥،١٠،٥F .٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EL١٠٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 
 C1×V1 = C2 ×V2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K٥٠‫א‬ .١
 K١٠٠ .٢
 K .٣
 K .٤
 K١٠ .٥
 K١٠٠٠ .٦
K١٠٠‫א‬ .٧
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣
 K‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬٥
٢٥٥٠‫א‬‫א‬٥W‫ א‬.١
 K٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٪٢٤‫א‬
‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ W‫ א‬.٢
 K
٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥W‫ א‬.٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١‫א‬١
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ .٥
 Eml/mlF‫א‬×‫א‬p.p.m‫א‬=Eµg/mlF‫א‬
٥٠ ٣٠
C = Eml/mlF‫א‬
٥ ٥
 
 ٦٠=‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E
 L ٢٠٠FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٧٦{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 KECHCl3F .١
K٪١٥EH3PO4F‫א‬ .٢
K٪٢٥ENaOHF‫א‬ .٣
K٪١{٥EKMnO4F‫א‬ .٤
٥ENa2SO4F‫א‬٥W .٥
K‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬EKSCNF‫א‬
KEC8H10NaO2F .٦
٠{٠٠٥‫א‬،L١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
K٥٠‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EL١٢{٥،١٠،٧{٥،٥،٢{٥F .٨
‫א‬‫א‬٢٥‫א‬EL١٠٠F
W‫א‬

 C1×V1 = C2×V2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
 K‫א‬ .١
K .٢
K٥٠ .٣
K٢٥‫א‬ .٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


K١٠ .٥
K .٦
K .٧
K .٨
K٢٥٠ .٩
W‫א‬‫א‬٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥٠‫א‬٢٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠
K٥‫א‬٪١{٥‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬١٠
١٪١٥‫א‬١،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥
K٥٠‫א‬،
،‫א‬١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢٧٦{٥
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬

 Eml/mlF‫א‬×‫א‬p.p.m‫א‬=Eµg/mlF‫א‬
 
٥٠
= Eml/mlF‫א‬
١٠
 
 ٥=‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ .٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K
 W‫א‬K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬10 ml‫א‬430ºC‫א‬K
 K10 ml
 ‫א‬‫א‬10 ml‫א‬430ºC‫א‬K
 K100 ml
 ‫א‬‫א‬10 ml‫א‬530ºC‫א‬K
 K10 ml
 ‫א‬‫א‬20 ml‫א‬430ºC‫א‬K
 K10 ml
110.99 g/mole‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CaCl2‫א‬K٣
 W1000 mlEF0.5 M‫א‬
 K4.5 gK
 K0.055 gK
 K221.98 gK
 K55.495 gK
 

 150 p.p.m‫א‬K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬50 ml15 p.p.m
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 K5 mlK
 K500 mlK
 K45 mlK
 K0.2 mlK
 
‫א‬‫א‬25 ml‫א‬‫א‬2K٥
 Wµg/g‫א‬‫א‬،120 µg/ml‫א‬
 K9.6 µg/gK
 K1500 µg/gK
 K6000 µg/gK
K2.4 µg/gK
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬K K١
 K‫א‬K،
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬ K٤
 K(ppm) 200 mg/l K٥
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K١
 K٢
 K٣
 K٤
 K٥
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K .١
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 
 
 
 

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬300 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬.١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 KHNO3‫א‬  J١
 K  J٢
KPb (NO3)2‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
KCd (NO3)2. 4H2O‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬١{٥٩٨‫א‬‫א‬L١٠٠٠  J٥
 K١‫א‬
‫א‬٢{٧٤٤‫א‬‫א‬L١٠٠٠  J٦
 K١‫א‬
١٠٠EL٢٥،٢٠،١٥،١٠،٥F  J٧
‫א‬‫א‬EL ١٠٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 C1×V1 = C2×V2
 
١٠٠EL٢٥،٢٠،١٥،١٠،٥F  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬EL١٠٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 C1×V1 = C2 ×V2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
 K٥٠EPyrexF‫א‬ .١
KStainless Steel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 KStainless Steel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬ .٤
 K .٥
 K .٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K١٠‫א‬ .٧
 K١٠٠‫א‬ .٨
 K١٠٠‫א‬ .٩
 K١٠٠٠‫א‬ .١٠
 K٢ .١١
 K .١٢
 K .١٣
 K‫א‬ .١٤
 K .١٥
 K٢٥٠ .١٦
K .١٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬٤
 K‫א‬ .١
 K .٢
 K .٣
 K .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
0.7 - F‫א‬Stainless steel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 KE0.2 mm
 K .٧
 K .٨
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٩
 W‫א‬٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K٪١٠‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬٦
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ .١
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬
 

 ٥٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPyrexF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٤º٤٣٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٤
‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٠ J٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٥
‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬
 K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٦
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٧
K‫א‬
Eng/gF‫א‬L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬ .٨
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Eml/gF‫א‬×Eng/mlF‫א‬=Eng/gF‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬p.p.b ‫א‬=Eng/mlF‫א‬
 
 ٥ ‫א‬
=Eml/gF‫א‬
 
=
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬=Eng/gF‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
 ‫؟‬5 ml‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K3000 nmK
 K300 nmK
 K130 nmK
 K30 nmK
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬K
 K‫א‬K
 K‫א‬K
 K‫א‬K
 WK٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 Wppb‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 KWEiFK٢
 KWEiiF
 
 K ‫א‬K٣
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K١
 K٢
 K٣
 K٤
 K٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﺠــﺪول اﻟــﺪوري ﻟﻠــﻌﻨــﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤــﻴــﺎﺋــﻴــﺔ‬



THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

IA 0
1 2
Metals Semimetals Non-metals
H He
1.01 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.00
3 4 Atomic number 11 ‫اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري‬ 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be Chemical symbol Na ‫رﻣﺰ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ B C N O F Ne

6.94 9.01 Atomic weight 22.99 ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري‬ 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg ---------------------------------Transition metals -------------------------------- Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
 ٢٧٢

39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.61 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 98.91 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba *La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.21 190.20 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.20 208.98 208.98 209.99 222.02
87 88 89 104 105 106 107
Fr Ra **Ac Unq Unp Unh Uns
223.02 226.03 227.03 261.11 262.11 162.12 262.12
Halogens
Noble Gases

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 s
* de
ni
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ha
nt
140.12 140.91 144.24 144.91 150.36 151.97 157.25 158.93 162.5 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97 La

** 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

e s
id
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr in

Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkaliine Metals (Except H

ct
 ‫א‬

232.04 231.04 238.03 237.05 244.06 243.06 247.07 247.07 242.06 252.08 257.10 258.10 259.10 260.11 A

Halogens : ‫ اﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎت‬- Noble gases : ‫ اﻟﻐﺎزات ااﻟﺨﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬- Transition metals : ‫ اﻟﻔﻠﺰات اﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬- Alkaline earth metals : ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺰات اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬ - Alkaline metals : ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺰات اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫א‬

Non-metals : ‫ اﻻ ﻓﻠﺰات‬- Metalloids or semimetals : ‫ اﻟﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻔﻠﺰات‬- Metals : ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺰات‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬WE١٤١٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
،‫א‬‫א‬، ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤٠٤F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤٢٣F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K٣
،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KWSampling bottle‫א‬١١
 ٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٢١
 ٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٣١
 ٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٤١
 ٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
 ٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 ٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ٤  K K K K K K K K K KElectrical conductivity‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
 ٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬١
 ٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٣
 ٥  K K K K KTotal Dissolved Substances (TDS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬
 ٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬١
 ٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٣
 ٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬١٣
 ٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٢٣
 ٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F‫א‬
 ٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬١
 ٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٣
 ٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K Total hardness‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F‫א‬
 ٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬١
 ٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٣
  ‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٤
 ٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W٥
 ٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KChloride‫א‬WE٦F‫א‬
 ٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬١
 ٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٣
 ٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٤
 ١٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KSulfate (SO42-)‫א‬WE٧F‫א‬
 ١٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬١
 ١٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W٢
 ١١ K K K K K K K K K K K AlkalinityEAcidityFE‫א‬F‫א‬WE٨F‫א‬
 ١١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬١
 ١١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ١١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٣
 ١١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٤
 ١٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩F‫א‬
 ١٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬١
 ١٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ١٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٣
 ١٤ K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٠F‫א‬
 ١٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬١
 ١٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ١٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٣
 ١٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KE١F‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬
 ٢٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬١١
 ٢٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬٢١
 ٢٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬٣١
 ٢٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W ‫א‬١٣١
 ٢٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٢٣١
 ٢٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
 ٢٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 ٢٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ٢٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٣
 ٢٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٤
 ٢٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
 ٢٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 ٢٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٢
 ٢٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٣
 ٢٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬
 ٢٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 ٢٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ٢٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٣
 ٢٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٤
 ٢٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٥
 ٣٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KE١F‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٣٧ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬
  J٣٨ J  K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  J٣٨ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
  J٣٨ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
  J٣٩ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٣
  J٣٩ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٤
  J٤٠ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٥
  J٤٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
  J٤٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
  J٤٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
  J٤٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٣
  J٤٣ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٤
  J٤٣ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٥
  J٤٤ J  K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣F‫א‬
  J٤٤ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬١
  J٤٤ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
  J٤٤ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
  J٤٥ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٤
  J٤٥ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٥
  J٤٥ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٦
  J٤٧ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KE١F‫א‬‫א‬
  J٤٨ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٠ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥١ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٧١ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٧١ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬١
  J٧٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
  J٧٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
  J٧٣ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٤
  J٧٣ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٥
  J٧٤ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٦
  ‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  J٧٦ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KE١F‫א‬‫א‬
  J٧٧ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬
  J٧٩ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٨٠ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٧١ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬
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