1

EE3410E
POWER ELECTRONICS

Chap 1. (Cont.)
Fundamental definitions

Dr. Nguyen Kien Trung

Dept. of IA, School of EE
Advance Power Electronic Systems Laboratory (APES Lab.)

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology1
2

Instantaneous power p(t) flowing into the box

i (t )
+
Circuit in a box,
p(t ) = v(t ) • i(t ) v(t ) two wires
−

i (t )
ia (t )
+
ib (t )
Circuit in a box,
p (t ) = va (t ) • ia (t ) + vb (t ) • ib (t ) va (t ) +
three wires
vb (t )
− −

Any wire can be the voltage ia (t ) + ib (t )

reference

Works for any circuit, as long as all N wires are accounted for. There must be (N – 1) voltage
measurements, and (N – 1) current measurements.

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3

Average value of
periodic instantaneous power p(t)

1 to +T
Pavg =  p(t )dt
T to

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4

Two-wire sinusoidal case

v(t ) = V sin(ot +  ), i (t ) = I sin(ot +  )

p(t ) = v(t ) • i (t ) = V sin(ot +  ) • I sin(ot +  )

zero average
 cos( −  ) − cos(2ot +  +  ) 
p(t ) = VI  
 2 
1 t o +T VI V I
Pavg =  p(t )dt = cos( −  ) = cos( −  )
T to 2 2 2

Pavg = Vrms I rms cos( −  ) Displacement power factor

Average power

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
5

Root-mean squared value of a

periodic waveform with period T Compare to the average power
expression

1 to +T 2 1 to +T
2
Vrms =  v (t )dt Pavg =  p(t )dt
T to T to
The average value of the squared voltage
compare
Apply v(t) to a resistor

1 t o +T 1 to +T  v 2 (t )  1 t o +T 2
Pavg =  p (t ) dt =    dt =  v (t ) dt
T to T to  R  RT to

2 rms is based on a power concept, describing the equivalent

Vrms
Pavg = voltage that will produce a given average power to a resistor
R

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
6
Root-mean squared value of a periodic
waveform with period T
1 to +T 2
2
Vrms =  v (t )dt
T to

For the sinusoidal case v(t ) = V sin(ot +  ),

1 to +T 2 2
2
Vrms =  V sin (ot +  )dt
T to
t +T
2 t +T
V  sin 2(ot +  )  o
2
2
Vrms =
V o
 1 − cos 2(ot +  )dt = t − 
2T to 2T  2o  to
2
V V
2
Vrms = , Vrms =
2 2

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
 RMS of some common periodic waveforms

Duty cycle controller

V
0<D<1
By inspection, this is the
0 average value of the
DT squared waveform

T DT 2
1 2 1 V
Vrms =  v (t )dt =
2
 V 2
dt = • DT = DV 2
T T T
0 0

Vrms = V D

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Hanoi University of Science and Technology
 RMS of common periodic waveforms, cont.

Sawtooth
V

T 2 2T
2
1  
V V V T
Vrms =   t  dt =
2

2
t dt = t 3
T T  T 3
3T 3 0
0 0

V
Vrms =
3
Advanced Power Electronic systems lab 8
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
RMS of common periodic waveforms, cont.
Using the power concept, it is easy to reason that the following waveforms would all produce the
same average power to a resistor, and thus their rms values are identical and equal to the previous
example

V V 0

0 0 -
V
V V V

0 0 0

V
V
Vrms =
0 3

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab 9

Hanoi University of Science and Technology
10

RMS of common periodic waveforms, cont.

Now, consider a useful example, based upon a waveform that is often seen in DC-DC converter
currents. Decompose the waveform into its ripple, plus its minimum value.

i (t )
the ripple
( Imax − Imin )
i(t )
I max 0
Iavg
= +
Imin
the minimum value

Imin
( Imax + Imin )
I avg = 0
2

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
11

RMS of common periodic waveforms, cont.

2
I rms 
= Avg (i (t ) + I min )2 
2
I rms 
= Avg i2 (t ) + 2i (t ) • I min + I min
2

2
I rms  
= Avg i2 (t ) + 2I min • Avg i (t )+ I min
2

2
I rms =
( I max − I min )2 (I − I ) 2
+ 2 I min • max min + I min
3 2

Define I PP = I max − I min

2
2 I PP 2
I rms = + I min I PP + I min
3

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
12

RMS of common periodic waveforms, cont.

I
Recognize that I min = I avg − PP
2

2 2
2 I PP  I   I 
I rms = +  I avg − PP  I PP +  I avg − PP 
3  2   2 

2 2 2
2 I PP I PP 2 I PP
I rms = + I avg I PP − + I avg − I avg I PP +
3 2 4

2 2 I avg =
(I max + I min )
2 I PP I PP 2 i(t )
I rms = − + I avg 2
3 4

I avg I PP = I max − I min

2
2 2 I PP
I rms = I avg +
12

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13

RMS of segmented waveforms

Consider a modification of the previous example. A constant value exists during D of the cycle,
and a sawtooth exists during (1-D) of the cycle.

i(t )

Iavg I PP In this example, is defined as the

Iavg
average value of the sawtooth portion

Io

DT (1-D)T

t +T  t + DT to +T 
1 o 1o
2
I rms = 
2
i ( t )dt =  i ( t )dt +  i ( t )dt 
2 2
T T 
to  to t o + DT 

 t o + DT to +T 
1 1 1
2
I rms =  DT • 
2
i ( t )dt + (1 − D )T •  i ( t )dt 
2
T DT (1 − D )T 
 to t o + DT 

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
 RMS of segmented waveforms, cont.

 t o + DT to +T 
1  1 1
2
I rms = DT • 
2
i ( t )dt + (1 − D )T •  i ( t )dt 
2
T DT (1 − D )T 
 to t o + DT 

2
I rms =
1
T
    
DT • Avg i 2 ( t ) over DT + (1 − D )T • Avg i 2 ( t ) over (1- D)T 

2
I rms    
= D • Avg i 2 ( t ) over DT + (1 − D) • Avg i 2 ( t ) over (1-D)T

2 2
 2 2 
I PP
I rms = D • I o + (1 − D ) •  I avg +  a weighted average
 12 

So, the squared rms value of a segmented waveform can be computed by finding
the squared rms values of each segment, weighting each by its fraction of T, and
adding

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab 14

Hanoi University of Science and Technology
15

Practice Problem
The periodic waveform shown is applied to a 100Ω resistor.
What value of α yields 50W average power to the resistor?

150V

0V

0 T T T
2

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
16

Fourier series for any physically realizable

periodic waveform with period T
 
i ( t ) = I avg +  I k sin(kot +  k ) = Iavg +  I k cos( kot +  k − 90o )
k =1 k =1

2 2 1
T= = = I k = ak2 + bk2
o 2f o f o

1 t +T ak
I avg =  o i ( t )dt sin( k ) =
T to ak2 + bk2

bk
i ( t ) cos (ko t )dt
2 T
cos( k ) =
T 0
ak =
ak2 + bk2

sin( k ) ak
i ( t ) sin(ko t )dt
2 T
bk =  tan( k ) = =
T 0 cos( k ) bk
When using arctan, be careful
to get the correct quadrant
Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
 Two interesting properties

Half-wave symmetry, Time shift,

T 
i(t  ) = − i(t )
2
i ( t − T ) =  I k sin(ko (t − T ) +  k )
k =1

then no even harmonics =  I k sin(kot +  k − k o )
k =1
(remove the average value from
i(t) before making the above where the fundamental angle shift is
test)
 o = oT .

Thus, harmonic k is shifted by k times the

fundamental angle shift

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab 17

Hanoi University of Science and Technology
18

T/2
V

–V


 
v(t ) =
4V

1
sin(ko t ) =
4V
sin(1o t ) +
1
sin(3o t ) +
1
sin(5o t ) + 
 k =1, k odd k  3 5

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
19

T/2
V

–V
T


cos (ko t )
8V 1
v(t ) = 
 k =1, k odd k
2 2

8V  
=  cos (1 o t ) +
1
cos (3 o t ) +
1
cos (5 o t ) + 
2  9 25

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
20

Half-wave rectified cosine wave

T
I

T/2

T/2


k / 2 +1 1
i ( t ) = + cos (ot ) + cos (kot )
I I 2I
 (− 1)
 2  k = 2,4,6, 2
k −1

2I 1 
+ cos (o t ) + ( ) ( ) ( )
I I 1 1
= cos 2 t − cos 4 t + cos 6 t − 
 2   3 o
15
o
35
o 

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
21
Triac light dimmer waveshapes
(bulb voltage and current waveforms are identical)

α = 30º

Current
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Angle

α = 90º

Current
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Angle

α = 150º
Current

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Angle

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
22

−Vp  1
a1 = sin 2  , b1 = V p 1 − + sin 2

   2 

Vp  1 1 
ak =  (cos(1 − k ) − cos(1 − k ) ) + (cos(1 + k ) − cos(1 + k ) ) , k = 3,5,7,...
 1 − k 1+ k 

Vp  1 1 
bk = (sin(1 − k ) − sin(1 − k ) ) + (sin(1 + k ) − sin(1 + k ) ) , k = 3,5,7,...
 1 − k 1+ k

Vp is the peak value of the underlying AC waveform

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
23

RMS in terms of Fourier Coefficients

 2
(Vrms )2 = Vavg
2
+ k
V
k =1
2

which means that Vrms  Vavg

and that

Vk
Vrms  for any k
2

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
24

Bounds on RMS

From the power concept, it is obvious that the rms voltage or

current can never be greater than the maximum absolute value
of the corresponding v(t) or i(t)

From the Fourier concept, it is obvious that the rms voltage or

current can never be less than the absolute value of the
average of the corresponding v(t) or i(t)

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25

Total harmonic distortion − THD

(for voltage or current)


 k
V 2

(THDV )2 = k = 22
V1

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26
Some measured current waveforms
4 40

2 20

Amperes
Amperes

0 0

-2 -20

-4 -40

Refrigerator 240V residential air conditioner

THDi = 6.3% THDi = 10.5%

0.2 0.3
0.15
0.2
0.1
0.1
Amperes

Amperes
0.05
0 0
-0.05 -0.1
-0.1
-0.15 -0.2
-0.2 -0.3

277V fluorescent light (electronic ballast) 277V fluorescent light (magnetic

THDi = 11.6% ballast)
THDi = 18.5%

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27
Some measured current waveforms, cont.
12 25
20
8 15
10
4

Ampe res
Ampe res

5
0 0
-5
-4 -10
-8 -15
-20
-12 -25

Vacuum cleaner Microwave oven

THDi = 25.9% THDi = 31.9%

5
Amperes

-5

PC
THDi = 134%

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
28

Resulting voltage waveform at the service panel

for a room filled with PCs
THDV = 5.1%
(2.2% of 3rd, 3.9% of 5th, 1.4% of 7th)

200

150

100

50
Volts

-50

-100

-150

-200

THDV = 5% considered to be the upper limit before problems are noticed

THDV = 10% considered to be terrible

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
29
Some measured current waveforms, cont.
Bad enough to cause
many power electronic
loads to malfunction

5000HP, three-phase, motor drive

(locomotive-size)

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
30

Now, back to instantaneous power p(t)

i (t )
+
Circuit in a box,
p(t ) = v(t ) • i(t ) v(t ) two wires
−

i (t )

ia (t )
+
ib (t )
Circuit in a box,
p (t ) = va (t ) • ia (t ) + vb (t ) • ib (t ) va (t ) +
three wires
vb (t )
− −
Any wire can be the voltage
reference
ia (t ) + ib (t )

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
31

Average power in terms of Fourier coefficients


v ( t ) = Vavg + Vk sin(kot +  k )
k =1


i ( t ) = I avg +  I k sin(kot +  k )
k =1

     
p( t ) = Vavg + Vk sin(ko t +  k ) •  I avg +  I k sin(ko t +  k ) Messy!
 k =1   k =1 

1 t o +T
Pavg = t
T o
p( t )dt

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
32

Average power in terms of Fourier coefficients,

cont.
1 t o +T
Pavg = t
T o
p( t )dt

 V I
Pavg = Vavg • I avg +  k • k cos( k −  k ) Cross products disappear because
k =1 2 2 the product of unlike harmonics are
themselves harmonics whose
averages are zero over T!
Not wanted in an AC Vk ,rms I k ,rms
system

Pavg = Pdc + P1 + P2 + P3 + 

Harmonic power – usually small

Due to Due to Due to Due to
the DC the 1st the 2nd the 3rd wrt. P1
harmonic harmonic harmonic

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
33
Consider a special case where one single harmonic is
superimposed on a fundamental frequency sine wave
120 120

100 100
Fund. freq Combined
80 80
+
60 60
Harmonic
40 40

20 20

0 0

-20 -20

-40 -40

-60 -60

-80 -80

-100 -100

-120 -120

Using the combined waveform,

• Determine the order of the harmonic

• Estimate the magnitude of the harmonic
• From the above, estimate the RMS value of the waveform,
• and the THD of the waveform

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
34

Single harmonic case, cont.

Determine the order of the harmonic
• Count the number of cycles of the harmonic, or the
number of peaks of the harmonic

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 17
-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
35

Single harmonic case, cont.

Estimate the magnitude of the harmonic
• Estimate the peak-to-peak value of the harmonic where the
fundamental is approximately constant

Viewed near the peak of the underlying fundamental (where the fundamental is reasonably
constant), the peak-to-peak value of the harmonic appears to be about 30
120
Imagining the underlying fundamental, the peak
100 value of the fundamental appears to be about 100
80

60

40

20

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100 Thus, the peak value of the

-120
harmonic is about 15

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
36

Single harmonic case, cont.

Estimate the RMS value of the waveform

 V2 2 2
(Vrms )2 = Vavg
2 V V
+  k = 02 + 1 + 17
k =1 2 2 2

100 2 152 10225

= + = = 5113V 2
2 2 2

Vrms = 71.5V

Note – without the harmonic, the rms value would

have been 70.7V (almost as large!)
Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
37

Single harmonic case, cont.

Estimate the THD of the waveform

 V22
 2 Vk
17 2
V
THD 2 = k = 2 = 2 = 17
V12 V12 V12
2 2

V17 15
THD = = = 0.15
V1 100

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
38
Given single-phase v(t) and i(t) waveforms for a load
• Determine their magnitudes and phase angles
• Determine the average power
• Determine the impedance of the load
• Using a series RL or RC equivalent, determine the R and L or C

100

80

60

40

20
Voltage
0
Current
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
Determine voltage and current magnitudes and phase angles
Voltage sinewave has peak = 100V, phase angle = 0º

Current sinewave has peak = 50A, phase angle = -45º

Using a sine reference,

~ ~
V = 1000 V , I = 50 − 45 A

100

80

60

40

20
Voltage
0
Current
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab 39

Hanoi University of Science and Technology
40

The average power is

 V Ik
Pavg = Vavg • I avg +  k • cos( k −  k )
k =1 2 2

V1 I1
Pavg = 0 • 0 + • cos( 1 − 1 )
2 2

100 50
Pavg = • cos (0 − ( −45))
2 2

Pavg = 1767W

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
The equivalent series impedance is inductive
because the current lags the voltage
~
V 1000
Zeq = ~ = = 245 = Req + jLeq
I 50 − 45

Req = 2 cos(45) = 1.414

Leq = 2 sin(45) = 1.414

where ω is the radian frequency (2πf)

If the current leads the voltage, then the impedance angle is

negative, and there is an equivalent capacitance

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab 41

Hanoi University of Science and Technology
42

C’s and L’s operating in periodic steady-state

Examine the current passing through a capacitor that is operating
in periodic steady state. The governing equation is
1 o+ t
t
dv ( t )
i(t ) = C
dt
which leads to v ( t ) = v ( to ) +
C  i ( t )dt
to

Since the capacitor is in periodic steady state, then the voltage at

time to is the same as the voltage one period T later, so

1 o +T
t
v( to + T ) = v( to ), or v ( to + T ) − v ( to ) = 0 =
C  i ( t )dt
to
to +T
The conclusion is that  i ( t )dt = 0 which means that
to

the average current through a capacitor operating in periodic

steady state is zero

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
43

Now, an inductor
Examine the voltage across an inductor that is operating in
periodic steady state. The governing equation is
1 o+ t
t
di ( t )
v(t ) = L
dt
which leads to i ( t ) = i ( to ) +
L  v ( t )dt
to

Since the inductor is in periodic steady state, then the voltage at

time to is the same as the voltage one period T later, so

1 o +T
t
i ( to + T ) = i ( to ), or i ( to + T ) − i ( to ) = 0 =
L  v ( t )dt
to
t o +T
The conclusion is that  v ( t )dt = 0 which means that
to

the average voltage across an inductor operating in periodic

steady state is zero

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
44

KVL and KCL in periodic steady-state

Since KVL and KCL apply at any instance, then they must also be valid in averages.
Consider KVL,

 v(t ) = 0, v1 ( t ) + v2 ( t ) + v3 ( t ) +  + v N ( t ) = 0
Around loop

1 o +T 1 o +T 1 o +T 1 o +T 1 o +T
t t t t t

T  T  T  T  T 
v1 ( t )dt + v2 ( t )dt + v3 ( t )dt +  + v N ( t )dt = (0)dt = 0
to to to to to

V1avg + V2avg + V3avg + + VNavg = 0 KVL applies in the average sense

The same reasoning applies to KCL

 i(t ) = 0, i1 ( t ) + i2 ( t ) + i3 ( t ) +  + i N ( t ) = 0
Out of node

I1avg + I2avg + I3avg + + I Navg = 0 KCL applies in the average sense

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
45

KVL and KCL in the average sense

Consider the circuit shown that has a constant duty cycle switch

+ VSavg − + VRavg −
0A
R1
Iavg +

V L VLavg = 0 R2
−
Iavg

A DC multimeter (i.e., averaging) would show

and would show V = VSavg + VRavg

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
46

KVL and KCL in the average sense, cont.

Consider the circuit shown that has a constant duty cycle switch

+ VSavg − + VRavg −

R1
Iavg + Iavg

V C VCavg R2
−
0

A DC multimeter (i.e., averaging) would show

and would show V = VSavg + VRavg + VCavg

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
47
Practice Problem
iin id

+ –
Vin iL L C iC Vout
–
+
Iout

4a. Assuming continuous conduction in L, and ripple free Vout and Iout , draw the “switch
V
closed” and switch open” circuits and use them to develop the out equation.
Vin

4b. Consider the case where the converter is operating at 50kHz, Vin = 40V, Vout = 120V, P =
240W. Components L = 100µH, C = 1500µF. Carefully sketch the inductor and capacitor
currents on the graph provided.

4c. Use the graphs to determine the inductor’s rms current, and the capacitor’s peak-to-peak
current.

4d. Use the graphs to determine the capacitor’s peak-to-peak ripple voltage.

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology
48

12

10

−2

−4
0 T/2 T

Advanced Power Electronic systems lab Hanoi University of Science and Technology