REGINA

1008 NRP.008

RESUME

DA184609 PROSEDUR PERANCANGAN KOTA

(_)
RESUME BUKU: URBAN DESIGN: A TYPOLOGY OF
PROCEDURES AND PRODUCTS, JON LANG (2015)

HALAMAN: 24-41

 DA184609 PROSEDUR PERANCANGAN KOTA

RESUME BUKU / CATATAN

REGINA | 008

2 : Urban design processes and procedures

Many developers, public and private, hold competitions for design projects. A noticeable proportion of the case
studies presented in this book were initiated through competitions. In its short history the World Trade Center site
has been the subject of a number. There are many more examples.
Many architects and landscape architects regard issues of the financial feasibility of the urban design
schemes they propose to lie outside their concerns.

Urban Design in Autocratic and Democratic Societies

The major difference between urban designing in autocratic states and in democratic is that centralized
powers of decision-making in autocratic societies are not subject to any control from the citizenry or their
representatives.

The Urban Designing Process

The participants in the development of any urban design project will be arguing with each other and with
themselves as they speculate about what the issues are and how best to deal with them. Urban designing is
an argumentative process in which participants in it learn as they go along. They learn about goals and
means as perceived by different stakeholders, they learn from the evidence that each provides for its views.
 DA184504 EKOLOGI ARSITEKTUR (A)
RESUME (2) PAPER

KELOMPOK 8

generic types of urban design work that vary in the procedure that is followed and/or the degree of
control that a designer, as an individual or as a team, has over the creation of a product.
They are as follows:

1 Total urban design, where the urban designer is part of the development team that carries a scheme through from
inception to completion.

2 All-of-a-piece urban design, where the urban design team devises a master plan and sets the parameters within
which a number of developers work on components of the overall project. URBAN DESIGN PROCESSES AND
PROCEDURES 27

3 Piece-by-piece urban design, in which general policies and procedures are applied to a precinct of a city in order
to steer development in specific directions.

4 Plug-in urban design, where the design goal is to create the infrastructure so that subsequent developments can
‘plug in’ to it or, alternatively, a new element of infrastructure is plugged into the existing urban fabric to enhance a
location’s amenity level as a catalyst for development.

All-of-a-piece Urban Design

Many urban redevelopment projects and suburban developments are so large in size that single
developers and their backers are incapable of financing them single-handedly.
has potentially over 30 sub-developments within it. Difficulties in financing so many projects often mean
that the construction period can extend into tree or four decade
Chinatown North, Philadelphia: development proposal, 1990.

To ensure that the intention of the master plan is not lost, each sub-development has to be built in
accordance with a set of guidelines.
 DA184504 EKOLOGI ARSITEKTUR (A)
RESUME (2) PAPER

KELOMPOK 8

Financing
All urban designs are affected by the financing available. Somebody has to pay the bill. There are two major aspects
to financing projects: (1) their capital costs and (2) the cost of operating them once they have been built. The
second is often forgotten in the haste to get buildings erected or public spaces created.

FThe Market
No project in capitalist societies proceeds without some image of it being marketable. It needs to be
saleable.

The public and private sectors have different but overlapping images of the marketplace.
The market and its values are not static. Fashions change. All-of-a-piece designs that evolve over long periods of
time thus often undergo substantial changes not only in the facilities provided but also in aesthetic qualities in
order to be up-to-date.

Design Review

The evaluation of designs involves: 1 predicting the future context in which the scheme will function aesthetically
and behaviourally; 2 predicting how the scheme will work in that future; 3 evaluating its performance against other
possible schemes.

The question was: ‘How should each possibility be evaluated?’ Some variables such as financial return to
the city in terms of tax revenue can be assessed with reasonable accuracy

The power that design review boards have in enforcing design guidelines and other design controls varies.