Libro 11B (GPS B)

GRAMMAR PROFICIENCY
SKILLS 11B
1
Grammar Proficiency Skills 11B
Primera Edición, 2019
Esta es una obra protegida por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor.
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ISBN 978-607-7863-07-6
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2
CONTENTS
COURSE FRAMEWORK
The Grammar Proficiency Skills course is made up of 20 lessons devoted to introduce you to
the most relevant grammar topics which will enhance your communication skills. The course is
designed with an approach of contrast to help you learn the differences among concepts that are
related within the English language syntax. In this way, you will become aware of the functions of
words and phrases when building up your own ideas.
Each lesson is divided into four sections: Grammar Capsule A, Grammar Capsule B, Special
Activity, and Take on the Challenge Capsule. The two Grammar Capsules, each with a
corresponding exercise, deal with short portions of the grammatical objective of the lesson to
later lead to the Special Activity which takes you to a more practical use of the grammatical
structure. Finally, the Take on the Challenge Capsule presents the concept taught in the lesson
inviting you to think of it in a witty challenging way.
L21 The "Ough" Letter Sequence 4

L22 Clauses: Main vs Subordinate 6
L23 Adjective Clauses 10
L24 The Sequence of Tenses 14
L25 Conditionals 18
L26 Adverb Clauses I 23
L27 Adverb Clauses II 28
L28 Subjects 33
L29 Noun Clauses 39
L30 Midterm Review 42
L31 Similarity and Difference 47
L32 Expanding Sentences 51
L33 Indirect Speech 56
L34 Passive Voice 60
L35 Reporting Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives 65
L36 Unmarked Adjective Clauses 70
L37 Subject-Verb Inversion 75
L38 Reduced Clauses 80
L39 Review 86
L40 Final Test 95
3
L21 THE ‘OUGH’ LETTER SEQUENCE
Grammar capsule a
Learning the English language has its challenges, one of them is its inconsistent spelling and
pronunciation which have suffered dramatic changes throughout the history of this
language itself. Moreover, English has borrowed vocabulary from many other different
languages making letter combinations be pronounced in varied ways.
There is a particular letter sequence, OUGH, which can be pronounced in nine different ways,
ranging from the most common to the least used including a vowel sound, a diphthong or a vowel
sound plus a consonant sound. It is important to note that there are no pronunciation patterns for
each case, the only thing you can do is learn them through practice.
brougham
thorough
though
through
plough throughout
slough
sough
fought
ought
thorough
thought
'OUGH'
+ +
+/ + /
+ +
slough
sough
tough
4
THE ‘OUGH’ LETTER SEQUENCE L21
exercise A
Write on the lines the words your teacher will dictate.
bougth
1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. _ olthough
_____________ 3. _enough
_____________
14 17 2-31
4. _ _drought
____________
throughout
5. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19 10
exercise B
You will listen to a word. Out of the two options, choose the Color Chart symbol of the sound
you hear.
bough 19
through 10
fought
Gainsborough +
hiccough +
special activity
Read the following story. Apply the -ough pronunciation to the words in blue.
I’d never thought of living in such a beautiful city. My girlfriend and I had been looking for an
apartment. Though I thought the one in the city center would be best for us because it was
conveniently near my office, her idea of living by the beach seemed to be way more fun. We sought
for the ideal one for weeks. Let me tell you that it was all a tough job.
We fought over two apartments we found in the same building. She preferred the one where we
could hear the sough of the waves in the distance from the master bedroom. Unfortunately, a big
bough blocked the view of the sea shore. So, that’s why we bought the one I liked overlooking the
sea. We could still hear the sough of the ocean in our room and enjoy the spectacular view from our
living room.
TAKE on the challenge!

Can you read the following?
The wind was rough along the lough as the ploughman fought through
the snow, and though he hiccoughed and coughed, he thought of his
work determined to be thorough.
5
L22 CLAUSES: MAIN VS SUBORDINATE
Grammar capsule a
There are basic groups of words commonly used in English which look alike, yet they have
different functions and purposes when expressing ideas. It is crucial to learn how to
understand them and differentiate when they express a complete thought and when they
are only part of a larger idea.
It is a group of words It is a group of words that

that, as a unit, has a says something, all by
grammatical function in itself. It is followed by a
a sentence. period, a question mark or
an exclamation mark.
A PHRASE A seNtence
… does not express a complete thought. … expresses a complete thought.
… does not have a subject and a predicate. … has both a subject and a predicate.
… does not have a meaning by itself. … has an independent meaning.
… is part of a sentence. … can stand alone.
during the rainy season Traffic gets worse during the rainy season.
have been painting the landscape They have been painting the landscape.
exercise A
Write letter ‘P’ if the group of words is a phrase. Write letter ‘S’ if it is a sentence.
1. _ _ _ _ It’s an amazing surprise.
2. _ _ _ _ To eat late at night
3. _ _ _ _ Getting a promotion could be exciting.
4. _ _ _ _ A recycling bin for the kitchen
5. _ _ _ _ After the storm, comes the calm.
6
CLAUSES: MAIN VS SUBORDINATE L22
Grammar capsule b
Sentences can be simple. When combined, they become clauses being part of a compound
or complex sentence. At first, sentences and clauses may seem to have the same structure.
However, it is important to learn how to identify them correctly.
Simple sentences can be found as single separate ideas.
Anne considered the weather report this morning. She changed her plans for today.
Compound sentences have two independent clauses which express complete thoughts and can
stand alone.
Anne considered the weather report this morning, and she changed her plans for today.
Complex sentences have an independent clause and one or more dependent or subordinate
clauses which do not express complete thoughts and can’t stand alone.
Because Anne considered the weather report this morning, she changed her plans for today.
Subordinate Clause Main clause
A subordinate clause usually starts with a conjunction or linking word to the main clause.
Luke is the man who rebuilt all the place in three days.
After you park the car, you should stop the engine.
7
L22 CLAUSES: MAIN VS SUBORDINATE
exercise B
Circle the linking words in the following sentences. Then, underline the subordinate clause.
1. He was prepared to welcome you because I told him.
2. After Sam took the medicine, he started to feel drowsy.
3. The bicycle that he purchased was stolen last Sunday.
4. People who want seats at the baseball game must buy their tickets two months in advance.
5. The museum has been established in the house where Roosevelt was born.
6. The gallery which is on East Twentieth Street will exhibit a display of Picasso's work.
7. Although it was a sunny day, we felt the cold north wind.
8. Including in your diet fruits and vegetables that contain fiber may reduce the risk of heart disease.
9. A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new.
10. The syllabus given by the teacher mentions which books should be read during the course.
8
CLAUSES: MAIN VS SUBORDINATE L22
special activity
Complete the following sentences with the clauses in the word bank.
a. if they just mention the benefits of traveling with their brand

b. While they share their lifestyle through social media
c. who are better known as influencers
d. since they have also revolutionized the way of learning
e. which has been increasing dramatically in the last years
Digital content creators, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, are nowadays

considered the opinion leaders for the new generations. But, why are influencers breaking the
internet?
Being an influencer is not a hobby anymore. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,

influencers can gain not only followers but also a lot of money! The most important marketing
agencies choose influencers as the best option to advertise different products and services. For
example, some international airlines contact influencers to offer them first class trips for free
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
Influencers’ popularity, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, is measured by

the impact and relationship they can have with their audience, not by the number of followers on
their social media. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, The New York Times
published an article rating them as the number one source of information for the
millennial-generation.
Working with a flexible schedule, being admired by millions of fans, and getting paid to do
something you love are some other benefits this new-era job may have.

Find the subordinate clause in the quote
While you work for what you want, be happy with what you have.
9
L23 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Grammar capsule a
Adjective clauses are subordinate clauses which describe or modify a noun as adjectives
do. These clauses usually begin with relative pronouns or adverbs working as conjunctions
or linking words.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES have a verb and its subject which sometimes

can be the same conjunction.
Clark will buy the house that is near the lake. The subordinate clause describes house.
That view was the reason why we chose that hotel. The subordinate clause describes reason.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES can be placed between commas only if the information

they contain does not affect the meaning of the whole sentence.
The children who won the Spelling B contest received a scholarship.

(Necessary)
Children, who are naturally hyperactive, need an adequate place to play.

(Unnecessary)
10
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES L23
exercise A
Underline the adjective clause and draw an arrow to the noun it is describing.
1. The old house which belongs to a famous actor is now on sale.
2. The girl whom you invited to the prom is my sister.
3. Eco-friendly cars, which run on solar energy, have had a great environmental impact.
4. Call the person whose car is parked in a restricted place.
5. The heavy rain was the reason why I decided to drive instead of walking.
6. Anna Connelly, who was a firefighter in New York city, invented the fire escape staircase in 1897.
7. Two popular movies that were inspired by a book are ‘The Lord of the Rings’ and ‘Harry Potter’.
8. Do you remember the day when we missed our flight?
9. The store where the new phone was being sold had a huge line of people outside.
10. My friend Paul, whose father served in World War ll, recently published a biographical book.
11
L23 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Grammar capsule B
Prepositional phrases working as adjectives can be changed into adjective clauses by adding a
conjunction and a verb accordingly. Adding adjective clauses to your message is a good way to
provide additional detail about nouns and pronouns in your ideas.
This extra description will enrich what you want to express and help the other
person understand your message more clearly.
The coffee house on the corner serves the best pumpkin pie.
The coffee house which is on the corner serves the best pumpkin pie.
The members of the city council decided to preserve the monument.
The members who form the city council decided to preserve the monument.
exercise B
Identify the prepositional phrase in each sentence, change it into an adjective clause and
rewrite the resulting complex sentence.
1. All the stores across the street will close soon.
____________________________________________________.
2. Documentaries about history are definitely my favorite ones.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
3. The professor at the university would later become Sally’s husband.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
4. Watching movies without subtitles will help you learn a new language.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
5. The ball hit the young lady on the park bench.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
12
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES L23
special activity
Write an adjective clause for the nouns in blue in the following sentences.
1. Everyone enjoyed the moment _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . It was

great!
2. The doctor prescribed her some pills _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ so she could

feel better.
3. Dairy products _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ must be included in our diet.
4. Pizza Pazza Restaurant is hiring gourmet chefs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
5. She didn’t say the reason _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

Find the adjective clauses
What is an ancient invention many people still use which allows
them to see through walls?
13
L24 THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Grammar capsule a
Sequence of tenses means the agreement in time that two clauses have, being the main clause
the one which governs. The following guidelines will help to have correct agreement between
clauses.
MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
PRESENT TENSE PRESENT, PAST OR FUTURE TENSE
that he enters all the data.

He says that he entered all the data.
that he will enter all the data.
FUTURE TENSE PRESENT TENSE
I will go when they invite me.
PAST TENSE PAST/PAST PERFECT TENSE
that you called them.

I thought
that you had called them.
PAST TENSE PRESENT TENSE (UNIVERSAL TRUTH)

Galileo claimed that the Earth moves around the Sun.
exercise A
Match the sentences using the correct sequence of tenses.
1. I think that _ _ _ _ _ _ a. the candidate wins the election.
2. The family will move to this house when _ _ _ _ _ _ b. the candidate won the election.
3. The newscast said that _ _ _ _ _ _ c. they had won the election.
4. All candidates believed that ______ d. only one takes office.
5. Everyone knew that ______ e. this candidate will win the election.
14
THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES L24
Grammar capsule B
Past tense has some special cases with the conjunction when since it takes the meaning of
after, before or while. Past tenses are often found in stories and narrations of certain events such
as personal anecdotes.
MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
WHEN
AFTER
He took the picture when/after he saw the actress.
BEFORE
The actress had already performed when/before the audience applauded.
WHILE
SIMULTANEITY
He was reading while the children were watching TV.
INTERRUPTION
The telephone rang while I was sleeping.
When the telephone rang, I was sleeping.
15
L24 THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
exercise B
Read the sentences and choose the option that best explains the meaning of each sentence.
1. Aunt Daisy hurt her back when she tried to lift the sofa.
a) She hurt her back before she tried to lift the sofa.
b) She hurt her back after she tried to lift the sofa.
2. When I went to Southwood summer camp, I met some good friends.
a) I met some good friends before I went to Southwood summer camp.

b) I met some good friends during my stay at Southwood summer camp.
3. It started to rain while I was running in the park.
a) I was running in the park and the rain interrupted my activity.

b) It was raining at the same time that I started to run.
4. She was canceling her flight when they called her to sort out the misunderstanding.
a) First, she canceled her flight.

b) First, they called her to sort out the misunderstanding.
5. When Tonya had the accident, she retired from competitions.
a) Tonya retired from competitions before she had the accident.

b) Tonya retired from competitions after she had the accident.
6. Mom was cooking dinner while my little sister was setting the table.
a) They were doing the activities at the same time.

b) First Mom cooked dinner, then my sister set the table.
7. When Bruce arrived with the flowers, Katy had already left.
a) Bruce arrived with the flowers before Katy left.

b) Katy left before Bruce arrived with the flowers.
8. Stephen Hawking's most popular quote is “While there’s life, there’s hope.”
a) As long as there’s life, we can hope for something.

b) As long as there’s hope, we can live for something.
9. They started to work when they saw their boss coming.
a) They saw their boss coming and started to work at that moment.
b) They saw their boss coming after they started to work.
10. We were watching the last scene of the movie when the screen went blank.
a) First, the screen went blank.

b) We didn’t finish watching the last scene of the movie.
16
THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES L24
special activity
Discuss with your classmates some facts about Becky's biography using complex sentences.
Example: When Becky got married, she had already gotten

a master's degree.
1977
Born in Columbus, Ohio
1995
Graduated from Walnut Hills High School
1995-1999
Attended the Michigan State University
1999-2002
Served in UNICEF in India
2002-2004
Did an M.A. in TESL at New York University
2005
Got married
2007
Had a son
2008-2010
Did a Ph.D. in Education at Stanford University
2013
Became a professor at Harvard
2019
Received a UN recognition
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Explain the quote:
“Education is what survives when what has been learned has
been forgotten.”
- BF Skinner
17
L25 CONDITIONALS
Grammar capsule a
Conditionals are complex sentences whose subordinate clause, in most cases, begins with
the conjunction if. The result or consequence in the main clause depends on the condition
stated in the subordinate clause, also called if-clause.
The main clause is expressed with modal auxiliaries while the if-clause is usually
expressed with tenses. When it is more important to state the condition or keep
chronology, the if-clause begins the sentence.
It expresses predictive or possible future. It implies

that the action in the if-clause is probable.
If I have any doubts, I will ask you a question.
If I have any doubts, (I don’t have any by now.)
I will ask you a question. (I will look for you to help me.)
It expresses an unreal, imagined or impossible condition. The verb in the

if-clause is past in form but it does not express past in meaning. The form
of the verb be is were for any person though conversationally was is also
used.
If you had enough time, you would travel to many places.
If you had enough time, (You don’t have time.)
you would travel to many places. (You can’t travel.)
18
CONDITIONALS L25
exercise A
Read the following sentences. Draw a checkmark on the left line if the sentence is correct.
Write an X if the sentence is wrong and correct it. Then, write on the line to the right the type
of conditional it is about.
Type of
Conditional
1. _ _ _ _ _ I would help my country protect our natural reservations

if I was a politician. ______
2. _ _ _ _ _ You can use the black coat if it gets cold. ______
3. _ _ _ _ _ How would you felt if you met the Royal Family? ______
4. _ _ _ _ _ If you cooked supper, I will wash the dishes. ______
5. _ _ _ _ _ Sam said he would surely buy a hybrid car if it were cheaper. ______
6. _ _ _ _ _ If I were invisible, I can play some tricks on my friends. ______
7. _ _ _ _ _ If it didn’t rain, we may go to the beach. ______
8. _ _ _ _ _ Sarah would learn how to play the violin if she has more time. ______
9. _ _ _ _ _ Muse will not give another set of concerts if it's not guaranteed
100,000 people in each one. ______
10. _ _ _ _ Air pollution would not be that bad in the city if factories
have been decentralized. ______
19
L25 CONDITIONALS
Grammar capsule B
This structure helps to express ideas that are impossible up to this moment to be done
because they were chances not taken in the past and this might have been different if
something else had happened before.
The two clauses use the perfect

form of the verb. The subordinate clause
takes the past perfect form together with
the conjunction if. Meanwhile, the main
clause takes the present perfect form
together with a perfect modal.
If we had bought the tickets a week before, we would have gotten a good discount.
If we had bought the tickets a week before, (We did not buy the tickets a week before.)
we would have gotten a good discount. (We did not get a good discount.)
If Tom hadn’t had his documents in order, he would not have been able to travel.
If Tom hadn’t had his documents in order, (He did have his documents ready.)
he would not have been able to travel. (He did travel.)
20
CONDITIONALS L25
exercise B
Complete the following sentences with the verb in parentheses in the correct tense.
1. If Marlin _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (begin) his journey without Dory, he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ (never / find) his little son, Nemo.
2. Peter Parker _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (turn into) a different superhero if another insect _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (bite) him.
3. Brian O’Conner _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (not / be) Toretto’s closest friend if he _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (not / help) him.
4. If Jack and Rose _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (share) the wooden door in the middle of the
ocean, he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (survive)
5. Fiona _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (not / fall) in love with Shrek if he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(not / save) her from seclusion.
6. If Rocky Balboa _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (not / train) so hard, he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ (never / be) a heavyweight champion.
7. Snow White _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (not / faint) in the middle of the forest if she _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (not / eat) the poisoned apple.
8. Tom _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (not / meet) Autumn at the job interview if Summer _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (not / break) his heart.
9. If Marty McFly _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (confront) Tannen, he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(become) a very successful businessman.
10. Batman _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (have) different enemies if he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(not / live) in Gotham City.
21
L25 CONDITIONALS
special activity
State your position according to the situations your teacher mentions. Use the different
conditional structures reviewed in the lesson.
Change the quote into a conditional sentence.

Pay attention, or you will miss what is happening in the moment.
22
ADVERB CLAUSES I L26
Grammar capsule a
Adverb clauses modify the verb of the main clause, an adjective or another adverb since they
add information about place, time, manner, reason or condition regarding an action that is
being performed.
Adverb clauses of place give a clear idea of where the action happens.
They are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions where and where-
ver.
The scientists went where they expected to find the minerals needed.
Wherever they go, they’ll always bring modernity and great work standards.
Adverb clauses of time are those that tell when an action is done. They
are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions: after, as, as soon as,
before, since, by the time, once, when, whenever, until, till, and while.
After they got married, they moved to Toronto.
The store won’t close until the last client leaves.
23
L26 ADVERB CLAUSES I
exercise A
Underline the adverb clauses in the following sentences. Then, write their type (place, time)
on the lines to the right.
1. Let the chips fall where they may. _________
2. When it rains, it pours. _________
3. Look before you leap. _________
4. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. _________
5. Some cause happiness wherever they go. _________
6. He makes hay while the sun shines. _________
7. Where there’s a will there’s a way. _________
8. Wisdom is a comb given to a man once he is bald. _________
9. Put your money where you can earn higher interests. _________
10. Do not cross that bridge until you come to it. _________
24
ADVERB CLAUSES I L26
Grammar capsule B
There are also adverb clauses whose function is to describe manner which tell how an action
is done. There are other adverb clauses whose function is to express condition based on a
possible or hypothetical consequence.
ADVERB CLAUSES OF MANNER are those which answer the questions

How? or To what extent? They are introduced by the subordinating
conjunctions: as, as if, like (informal).
You should do this task every day as I am teaching you now.
You did your job as if you were to be promoted.
ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION express a degree of probability an action

is done, was done or will be done under certain circumstances. They are
introduced by the subordinating conjunctions: if, even if, unless and
whether.
If you decide to travel abroad, keep your passport in a safe place at all times.
Even if it rains, I will go to the store.
25
L26 ADVERB CLAUSES I
exercise B
Choose the correct conjunction so that the sentence is logical.
1. We can withdraw money any time (when / if ) the bank computer does not go down.
2. Now, do your homework (as / as if ) the teacher showed you.
3. You can play here (if / as) we do not have guests.
4. Peter is training harder (if / as if ) he were to participate in the Olympic Games.
5. Louise might get into trouble (when / if ) she didn’t tell her boss about the mistake she made.
6. She would go to the party (if / if not) you invited her.
7. Richard was looking around the restaurant (if / as if ) he had lost something.
8. I wouldn’t have gone out for the football team (even if / if ) I had the proper physical condition.
9. (Whenever / If ) I hadn’t eaten so much, I would feel well now.
10. Well, she’s gone now, just (like / as if ) she came.
26
ADVERB CLAUSES L26
special activity
Complete the following narration as you read it. Use your own ideas.
On a very important day, a man was eating breakfast while _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Next, he went to the office building where his employer told him to sign a new
contract only if _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. The man got surprised
when _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . However, he signed the new
contract which said he could work wherever _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . In the night,
the man felt exhausted as if _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
Unscramble the words in the box to express the

same idea.
I will spend my next vacation in an unknown place.
been no one before where has
I will spend my next vacation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
27
L27 ADVERB CLAUSES II
Grammar capsule A
Adverbs describe different aspects surrounding verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, so do
adverb clauses. Now, we will study adverb clauses describing three aspects: reason, result,
and purpose.
Adverb clauses of reason tell why an

action is done or why something
happened. They are introduced by the
subordinating conjunctions:
because, since, for and as. They are
the answer to the question: Why?
Because the dentist injected an anesthetic in my gums, the tooth stopped aching.
They decided to rest since they had been walking a long way under the scorching sun.
Adverb clauses of result tell the result,

consequence, or effect of the action
done in the main clause. They are
introduced by the subordinating
conjunctions: so, so that, so...that, and
such… that. They are the answer to the
question: So, what happened then?
We knew our father’s birthday was coming up, so we started organizing a surprise party.
It was such a stormy night that we decided to stay home and miss the movie premiere.
Adverb clauses of purpose explain the

intention for doing something (whether
it happens or not). They are introduced
by the subordinating conjunctions: so,
so that, and in order that. They are the
answer to the question: What is the
intention of it?
We must solve all the doubts in order that an agreement can be reached today by 6 p.m.
Clear the door so that people can exit the elevator quickly.
28
ADVERB CLAUSES II L27
exercise A
Use the key word to complete the second sentence taking the first sentence as a reference.
Even though other linking words may apply, you should use the key word given only.
1. It is necessary that you leave early to get to the airport on time.

in order that
You’d better leave early _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ airport.
2. We went to bed very late. That’s why we didn’t wake up early.

SINCE
We didn’t wake up early _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ late.
3. I didn't want to go back home empty-handed. That’s why I bought some souvenirs in the duty
free zone.
SO
I didn't want to go back home empty-handed, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
4. I have to set the alarm early because I don’t want to get to work late.
SO THAT
I’d better set the alarm early _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on time.
5. I arrived at the airport when my flight had already departed because I didn’t hear the alarm go off.
SO... THAT
It was_ _ _ _ late when I woke up _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ when my flight

had already departed.
29
Grammar capsule B
Sometimes you need to contrast or compare situations. You may also want to simply tell under
which conditions something might seem to happen. That’s when Adverb Clauses of Concession and
Adverb Clauses of Comparison are used.
ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONCESSION express unexpected results,

contradiction to what is stated in the main clause, or contrasting
comparison with the information in the main clause. They are introduced by
the subordinating conjunctions: though, although, even though, while, and
whereas.
Although Richard trained really hard, he couldn’t win the competition.
Many people go to their workplace whereas others work from home.
ADVERB CLAUSES OF COMPARISON are used to compare people, things or

situations of the same kind and to modify adjectives or adverbs rather than
verbs. They might leave out words that are redundant, like auxiliary verbs.
These clauses are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions: as...as, so...
as, than.
The local software company is not as famous as the one coming from Silicon Valley (is).
Diamonds cost more than pearls (do).
30
ADVERB CLAUSES II L27
exercise B
For each item, you will read an incomplete sentence. Then, you will read two clauses. Choose
the clause that best completes the initial sentence according to the ideas implied.
1. Unfortunately, his most recent book was not so successful...

a) as his first work (was).
b) than his first work (was).
2. Christopher could manage to help his friend in need...
a) even though he knew little about first aid procedures.
b) even though he was experienced in providing first aid.
3. A turkey costs...
a) more than a chicken (does).
b) as more as a chicken (does).
4. Kristen was determined to apply for that job position...
a) even though she knew she complied with the ideal profile.
b) even though she had complained about the working conditions.
5. We completed the online course much faster...
a) than we expected.
b) as we expected.
6. A farmer learns more from a bad harvest.
a) than a good one (does).
b) than he does from a good one.
7. While some people live relatively near their workplaces,
a) others get to their workplaces faster than they think.
b) others have to commute a long distance.
8. During our tour to Europe, we are planning to visit as many places...
a) as we can.
b) more than we can.
9. Her father wanted to give her a trip as a graduation gift...
a) while she finished her studies.
b) whereas her mother didn’t side with him.
10. Although the project seems to be quite huge and demanding,
a) there are always drawbacks that can’t be avoided along the way.
b) there’s nothing we can’t deal with to take it to its full completion.
31
special activity
You will work in teams to provide different ideas according to the information your teacher
states.
Underline the adverb clauses and tell the class the

type they are.
The superhero always conceals the location of his super-automobile
so that nobody can scratch its paint. Somebody once told him that an
alley is not such a good hideaway for a superhero’s automobile as a cave,
so he decided to remodel the cave by the forest behind his house.
32
SUBJECTS L28
Grammar capsule a
We always need to know who or what a verb refers to in a complete idea. Think of it as the
protagonist of your sentence. Sometimes, with a single word you will be able to recognize it;
other times, it takes different forms.
SUBJECT refers to the doer of the action in a sentence and it is found

before a verb. It can be a single word or with as many modifiers as
necessary to qualify the doer.
A little girl with a red riding hood visited her grandmother.
The simple subject in a sentence is the word or group of words which

represent the entity (person, object, or abstract idea) the sentence is
talking about and the one that does the action. The simple subject might
be:
Noun: Exercise is good for your health.

Pronoun: It is good for your health.
Gerund: Exercising is good for your health.
Infinitive: To exercise is good for your health.
A simple subject does not always stand alone,

it can be complemented with some modifiers
such as adjectives, adverbs, and phrases.
Exercising early in the morning benefits your blood pressure.
A subject can also be a clause working as the idea being talked about: the subject. Due to its
grammatical function, it is called Noun Clause.
What you are watching is interesting. This clause is a whole idea inserted in a complex sentence.
33
L28 SUBJECTS
exercise A
Underline the subject in the following sentences, circle the simple subject and write its
category (noun, pronoun, gerund, infinitive, noun clause) on the line to the right.
1. Egyptologists from foreign countries have gathered at the Sphinx. ______________
2. Reading steadily has proven to enhance one’s spelling skills. ______________

3. His most recent audiovisual work was a complete success. ______________

4. That robots surpass humanity’s skills is his best seller’s plot. ______________

5. Only she could have delivered such an outstanding speech. ______________

6. To be highly skilled in IT has become a need to be competitive. ______________

7. Someone once said that an end is a new beginning. ______________

8. Starting a business might be extremely challenging but quite exciting. ______________
9. Whoever wants to enter the building needs to show their ID. ______________

10. To undertake controlled experiments is one task of a lab technician. ______________
34
SUBJECTS L28
Grammar capsule B
It is important to consider that a noun clause can be substituted with the pronouns it,
something, someone, among others. Likewise, the linking word for the noun clause sometimes
becomes the subject of the clause at the same time
There are different cases to insert a noun clause into the subject of a complex sentence.
When a pronoun such as it, this, or that substitutes a whole sentence:
A new planet has been discovered. + This was enough to launch sponsorship campaigns.
That a new planet has been discovered was enough to launch sponsorship campaigns.
When a pronoun such as he, him, she, her or any reference to a person substitutes
someone or somebody:
Someone called you this morning. + That person didn’t want to leave a message.
Whoever called you this morning didn’t want to leave a message.
When a pronoun such as it, this, or that substitutes something:
The teacher told us something. + That was off the topic of today's lesson.
What the teacher told us was off the topic of today's lesson.
Keep in mind that there is a difference between using what and whatever in a noun clause.
What substitutes
something which: may be known, one has an is important.
idea of,
Whatever substitutes
something which: is unknown, is not relevant, both.
35
L28 SUBJECTS
exercise B
Join the two simple sentences into a complex one that includes a noun clause as the subject.
Write the resulting sentence on the line provided. Use the linking word in parentheses.
1. Something is worth having. (What)

That is worth waiting for.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
2. The flick was greatly applauded. (That)
This didn’t influence the critics’ opinion.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
3. Someone has the winning ticket. (Whoever)
He must claim the prize within two days.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
4. You see something. (What)
That is what you get.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
5. You send someone a friend request. (Whomever)
That person will check your profile first.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
6. We see something. (What)
This is mainly what we look for.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
7. The test is two hours long. (That)
This made many students worry.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
8. Someone parked their car here. (Whoever)
He or she must not have read the No Parking sign.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
9. The lady's comment was a bit offensive. (That)

That prompted the argument.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
10. We fight against something. (What)

It defines us as clearly as all we embrace.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
36
SUBJECTS L28
special activity
Describe the picture. Follow your teacher’s instructions.

What was amazing? Provide an answer with a noun
clause as a subject.
That day started with a nice boat trip along the Rhine
accompanied by musicians who played their traditional folk songs.
It was an amazing honeymoon.
37
L29 NOUN CLAUSES
Grammar capsule a
As we have seen before, a noun clause is a subordinate clause which works as a noun and
usually starts with a linking word.
who whom which what where when how why that
whoever whomever whichever whatever wherever whenever however whether if
Notice that the linking words ending in -ever refer to information which is unknown, not
relevant to the speaker, or both.
Since a noun clause takes the function of a noun depending on its place in the sentence, this
clause can take the function of a subject, a subject complement, an object or an object of a
preposition as nouns do.
A NOUN CLAUSE can act as a subject:
What causes the allergy in the little boy is the exposure to dust.
How we can satisfy our customers' needs is the focus of the marketing department.
A NOUN CLAUSE can act as a subject complement when it restates, renames,

completes, or describes the subject after a linking verb.
The focus of the marketing department is how we can satisfy our customers' needs.
Their greatest asset is that they are hard workers.
38
NOUN CLAUSES L29
exercise A
Choose the best option in each sentence. Then, underline the noun clause. Finally, on the
line to the right write an S if the noun clause is working as a Subject or C if it is working as a
Subject Complement.
1. (Whoever / Whomever) decides to undergo such endeavour should get a

statue erected in his name. ___
2. The problem with her is (what / that) she never thinks before she speaks. ___
3. (Whether / Wherever) you decide to merge or not will be a milestone for

our company. ___
4. (Whenever / Whatever) you decide seems to be in direct opposition to their

decision. ___
5. The engineers’ main objective is (how / what) to effectively meet deadlines in

the production line. ___
6. According to Shakespeare, the question is (wherever / whether) to be or not

to be. ___

7. (However / Whichever) you decide to prepare the recipe will be the best way
to cook the turkey. ___
8. Getting the public’s vote and winning the prize is (why / which) she’s
singing on the TV show. ___
9. (How / What) Julia loves about mystery books is the way writers leave extra clues for
attentive readers. ___
10. The winners will be (whoever / whomever) you pick from the box of names. ___
39
L29 NOUN CLAUSES
Grammar capsule B
A Noun Clause can also act as a direct object when it is after an action verb in the main clause.
NOUN CLAUSES are commonly used to express opinions

after verbs such as: think, believe, hope, feel, know, agree,
assume, hear, learn, read, predict and imagine.
I don’t know whose wallet this is.
Do you believe who delivered the monthly report?
A NOUN CLAUSE acting as the object of a preposition comes after

a preposition using the NOUN CLAUSE as its object.
You can give the gift to whomever you want.
It’s important to think about why we make certain decisions.
exercise B
Underline the Noun Clause. Then, write an X in the box according to the function of the noun
clause in the sentence.
1. The car rental is not responsible for what people leave in the vehicle.
Direct Object Object of a Preposition
2. I guess it is important to think about where we can organize the reception for the guest.
3. I wonder how she finished the report in no time!

40
NOUN CLAUSES L29
4. He checks the ID’s of whoever visits the building.

5. The doctor asked if I had had a fracture before.

special activity
Read the following situation as you complete the blanks with your own ideas.
One day while at the airport, I realized I didn’t have my USB which contained the pitch
presentation I was to deliver in New York that same day. The USB was in my office, so I called one
of my relatives and asked for help.
“The problem is that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and I need it for a presentation with
some investors in New York. Now, I need you to please go to my company. Whoever _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ needs to know why _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. I’ll call the
receptionist to let her know about it. Don’t forget to ask her where _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _. Once you get the USB, come right to the airport so you hand it to me. I promise I’ll make up
for what _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.”

Identify the noun clauses in the text. Share with
the class the ones that you discovered.
What is done now is influenced by what you did then, and will
determine what you do when now is then. This is what you have to
ponder now.
41
L30 MIDTERM REVIEW
GET ACQUAINTED WITH THE TEST GUIDELINES
Whenever you are taking an English certification test, it is important that you know and
understand the requirements, rules, and guidelines regarding its administration. First of all,
there are different ways to get this information: going to the test center, calling an administrative,
reading the handbook for test takers (which is usually issued by the test center on paper or on a
digital format), searching on the internet, or going directly to the website of either the test center
or the institution that provides the test.
Read all the information carefully and get all your doubts solved. The process may seem
overwhelming, but making sure that you understand the requirements, rules, and guidelines
will...
· help you get better prepared for taking the test
· prevent misunderstandings, incidents, test cancellation, and other situations that may arise
· get you more time for answering
· assure an efficient test administration
exercise A
Questions 1-10 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or
phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , this piece of art consists of a tiger

shark preserved in formaldehyde in a vitrine.
a) Whenever you believe it to be the truth or a deception

b) Whether you believe it to be the truth or a deception
c) Weather you believe it to be the truth or a deception
d) Whether you believe it to be the truth of a deception
2. Not having found the treasure in the middle of the ocean is_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
a) what kept the divers thinking on a new exploration route.

b) what made the divers thinking on a new exploration route.
c) whatever kept the divers thinking on a new exploration route.
d) when kept the divers thinking on a new exploration route.
3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, the price of orange stocks will not suffer any change.
a) Either there was not a frost this year

b) Whether there was not a frost this year
c) In order that there was not a frost this year
d) Since there was not a frost this year
42
MIDTERM REVIEW L30
4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is important in order to learn about biodiversity.
a) That exploring the Amazon River

b) Having exploring the Amazon River
c) Exploring the Amazon River
d) Explored the Amazon River
5. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ didn’t want to leave a message. They preferred to call him at a later hour.
a) However called the CEO

b) Whichever called the CEO
c) Whenever called the CEO
d) Whoever called the CEO
6. The one to get the scholarship will be _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
a) the one has the highest scores in the final exam.

b) whoever has the highest scores in the final exam.
c) whatever has the highest scores in the final exam.
d) whom has the highest scores in the final exam.
7. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ must have filled him with great life experiences.
a) That he spent his gap year travelling abroad

b) That he spends his gap year travelling abroad
c) What he spent his gap year travelling abroad
d) When he spent his gap year travelling abroad
8. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ must be very expensive.
a) To having called someone in Australia

b) To having been called in Australia
c) To call someone in Australia
d) To called someone in Australia
9. A considerable percentage of people think workers will start having more leisure time in the
near future _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ due to AI and robots.
a) what they do now
b) that they do now
c) than they do now
d) then they do now
10. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, a media campaign trying to redeem his reputation has been launched.
a) In order so that people start forgetting having blamed the innocent captain of the ship for
its sinking
b) In order that people start forget having blaming the innocent captain of the ship for its sinking
c) In order that people start forgetting having blamed the innocent captain of the ship for its
sinking
d) In order so people start forgetting having blamed the innocent captain of the ship for its sinking
43
L30 MIDTERM REVIEW
GET ACQUAINTED WITH THE TEST DIRECTIONS
The test requirements and rules are equally important as the test directions themselves.
The reason being that you do not spend time reading the directions for and examples of
these exercises, and devote more time to answering.
It is quite important to point out that this recommendation does not apply only to these
types of exercises in this particular test. Regardless of the English certification test you are
taking, it is highly necessary to:
· know the test format

· know the procedure of each section
· know the different time limits in each section
· have enough practice of its different sections
· strategize an approach to each section
exercise B
In questions 11-20, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined
parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one underlined word or
phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.
11. if you see a dangerous insect, sprays this liquid all over it so it doesn’t harm you.
A B C D
12. If you ever come to Canada in winter time, consider bringing warm clothes so what you
A B C D
enjoy your trip to the fullest.
13. I will pay for the concert tickets if in the next few hours, they confirmed they are actually
A B C D
coming.
14. This would have been a perfect evening if your brother hadn't been crashed his car into the
A B C
neighbor’s fence.
D
15. If you have finished the draft of your new book on time, it would have been on the shelves of
A B C D
libraries all over the country since last month.
44
MIDTERM REVIEW L30
16. The athlete could have won the competition if he hadn’t broken his leg in the second match
A B C
so that there was a miscalculation of one of his signature kicks.
D
17. The newest and most profitable singer of the record company won't be given another set of
A B
concerts in Mexico if she is guaranteed a 200,000 people crowd in each.
C D
18. If I had bought the tickets earlier for the aerospace trip around the moon organized by the
A B
Canadian Space Agency, I wouldn't waited here for what seemed an eternity to be the next to
C D
travel.
19. If the multimillionaire and philanthropist hadn't invested much of his fortune in this town, the
A B
increment in medical tourism rate wouldn't has been so evident if we compare it to the figures
C
prior to the building of the new hospital and the new hotel.
D
20. The city would have started getting notoriety anyway whether they have invested in boosting
A B C D
public services alone or in innovative education systems altogether.
45
L30 MIDTERM REVIEW
special activity
Read the text and look carefully at each line. If the line is correct, put a check mark ( ). If the
line has a word that should not be there, write the word.
A.Pharaoh is showing now at the Metropolitan Opera House ________
B. in New York. That Nico Mully, the composer formerly known for _ _ _ _that
____
1. being a music arranger and producer working under the wing of yet ________
2. another great composer, Philip Steel, shows us in this work that he Mr. Mully ________
3. has forged a character of his own. Pharaoh it is set in ancient Egypt ________
4. and gloriously depicts the period of glory and decay in which the hero ________
5. becomes the antihero in a matter of years. Based on the life and death ________
6. of an actual pharaoh, what it is not necessary a biographical depiction of him. ________
7. The renown tenor Ken Williams, playing the pharaoh, and Melissa ________
8. McLane, soprano, playing his spouse, lead the all-American cast that they ________
9.sing and act on this huge production set by stage director Robert Wilkinson. ________
10. You’ll be guaranteed that a memorable operatic night of heroic proportions. ________

Where are the adjective clause, the adverb clause,
and the noun clause?
Mr. Bean always forgets where he leaves his car keys.
Mr. Bean always forgets the place where he leaves his car keys.
Mr. Bean always leaves his car keys where it’s not easy for him to
find them.
46
SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE L31
Grammar capsule A
Talking about similarity and difference is common by using certain adjectives or adverbs. To
add variety when you compare things that are similar or different, you can use a particular set
of words.
Comparing two nouns can be expressed

in many different ways. The same is often
used before a noun to express this kind Our jackets are the same color.
of comparatives and we should compare
similar elements as it is shown next. My jacket is the same color as yours (your jacket).
Another way to compare nouns is by stating

their differences. To do so, we have two
expressions: differ(s) from which is a verb,
and different from which is an adjective.
Karen’s ideas differ from mine.
Karen’s ideas are different from mine.
47
L31 SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE
exercise A
Read the statements and write two sentences using the words in parentheses, one expressing
Similarity and the other expressing Difference.
1. Tobey Maguire and Tom Holland are two great actors who have been compared in many different
ways despite their age difference. They both have played Spiderman in different movies.
(character / the same) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(age / different) ___________________________________________
2. Two of the fastest sports cars in the world, which reach a speed of 301 mph, are Hennessey
Venom F5 from Europe and SSC Tuatara created in the USA.
(speed / the same / as) ________________________________________
(origin / different) __________________________________________
3. The magazine “The Passion of Traveling” rated Santorini and Bora Bora as two of the most visited
islands in the latest years. These two breathtaking places offer many different options to spend a
great time there.
(popularity / the same) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(activities / different) ________________________________________
4. There are two new places where you can have a hot drink in Portland, The Coffee Pot and Teasty.
The former opens just in the mornings and the latter closes till 8:00 at night.
(city / the same / as) _________________________________________
(schedule / differ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5. Lizzy and Clementine attend New Brunswick University. Lizzy is studying law and Clementine,
medicine.
(university / the same) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(major / differ) ____________________________________________
48
SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE L31
Grammar capsule B
Double comparatives are used to highlight the importance of performing or not any specific
activity. It is possible to combine two comparative ideas where the occurrence of one depends
on the occurrence of the other.
A DOUBLE COMPARATIVE is formed when having two ideas expressing

cause and effect through a parallel increase, i.e. as one change is made,
another follows in the same degree.
The more you study, the higher results you get.
The harder you work, the faster you obtain that promotion.
exercise B
Complete the following sentences with the words from the word bank using the appropriate
comparative form.
sleepy old easy fast few

high late much hot good
1. The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the test is, the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ we finish it. We still have to arrive on time
to our next class.
2. The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the weather is, the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ water we should drink to stay hydrated.
3. The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you climb the mountain, the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the view is. Don’t forget to take
some pictures!
4. The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you stay up at night, the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you get in class. You won’t be able to
concentrate.
5. The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Martin gets, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ friends he has. He’s not as popular as he used to

be in high school.
49
L31 SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE
special activity
Compare the two profiles and discuss the similarities and the differences they show. Follow
your teacher’s instructions.
George Casanova Robert Cotton

Management Consultant San Data Consultant
Francisco, California Sacramento, California
Work Experience Work Experience
Current Position: Current Position:

Senior Manager at Cisco Network Solutions. Networking Consultant at NedEx .
Previous Position: Previous Position:

Networking Consultant at NedEx. Supervisor at Dimension Data
Imports/Exports Manager at Dimension Data. Networking Consultant at JHR Systems.
Education Education
Degree: Degree:
MBA - Stanford University. MBA -Stanford University
Bachelor in International Business Bachelor in Computer Science
Baltimore Business School. Sacramento City College.
Citizenship: American. Citizenship: American

Native Language: English Native Language: English
Other Languages: Spanish and German. Other Languages: Portuguese.
Age: 42 years old. Age: 38 years old.
Connected 4 months ago. Connected 6 months ago.
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How do you understand this quote?
The better I get to know men, the more I find myself loving dogs.
-Charles de Gaulle
50
EXPANDING SENTENCES L32
Grammar capsule A
Some sentences might convey ideas in a simple way. Then, information can be added to those
by using modifiers either to make sentences more interesting or to change their meaning.
The coach trained the players.

Let’s look
at the next
example:
SIMPLE
SENTENCE
The coach trained the ADJECTIVES

players. AND ADVERBS
The head coach eagerly

trained the best players. PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASES
The head coach in the main league

eagerly trained the best players for the
All Star game.
CLAUSES
The head coach who led the team

to the finals in the main league
eagerly trained the players who had
the best performance for the All
Star game.
51
L32 EXPANDING SENTENCES
exercise A
Read the following sentences and underline the description. Write on the line the description
category that is being used: single word, prepositional phrase, or clause. Then, draw an arrow
to the word it is describing.
1. He coughed loudly to attract her attention. ________

2. After having a difficult day, they will go to the theater. ________
3. Is she really eating toast with honey mustard? ________
4. Charles always wears sweatshirts that have hoods. ________
5. The red fox was chasing a hare. ________
6. Your answer was exactly what I wanted to hear. ________
7. The motivational speaker who gave the conference is famous. ________
8. Hurry up! We have to buy all the items that are written on the list. ________
9. We won’t get there if the traffic remains slow. ________

10. The class that you’re taking today is about Grammar. ________
52
Grammar capsule B
Simple sentences contain few details and when there are many short sentences in a series,
the paragraph can sound repetitive, awkward and choppy. Synthesis is the combination of two
or more simple sentences into one complex sentence. This gives writing and reading a more
colorful and fluent style.
SIMPLE
SENTENCES Look at the
following
sentence:
She went to the
store. She went
quickly. She bought
some vegetables. The
vegetables were fresh.
VERBS ARE
SHARED WITH
THE SUBJECT
She went to the

store to buy some
vegetables. She went
She went quickly.
to the store. The vegetables
She went quickly. were fresh.
She bought some
vegetables. The
vegetables were
fresh.
UNNECESSARY
REPETITION IS She quickly went
ELIMINATED to the store to
buy some fresh
vegetables.
ADJECTIVES AND
ADVERBS ARE
FIXED RIGHT
53
L32 EXPANDING SENTENCES
exercise B
Join the following sentences using sentence synthesis principles.
1. The Scouters have some duties. They must perform their duties. They have to perform their
duties promptly.
___________________________________________________
2. He could not buy the wristwatch. The wristwatch was expensive. The wristwatch was displayed
at an auction.
___________________________________________________
3. I am going to meet Carmen. Carmen is a famous writer. I admire her sincerely.
________________________________________ ___________
4. Anna traveled to London. She spent two weeks there. London is one of the most attractive
places in England.
___________________________________________________
5. The dog chewed a slipper. He chewed it roughly. He was in the living room. It belonged to my
mother.
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54
special activity
Expand the key sentence by adding the information stated.
Key Sentence: Animals eat.
Add an adjective:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Add an adverb:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Add a prepositional phrase: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Add a modal:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Change the verb tense: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Add an adjective clause:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Add an adverb clause:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Write the complete sentence: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Can you join the following information into one

single sentence?
There are nine people. They are nice. They are nurses. They work
in the night. They nurse. They do that in a way that is nice, too.
55
L33 INDIRECT SPEECH
Grammar capsule A
Indirect Speech focuses on explaining a quoted idea: the idea, action, or situation previously
expressed by a third person.
Statements, commands, and questions

Look at the
following She said that they had been there last Thanksgiving Day.
transitions:
The teacher instructed the students to close their books.
Susan asked if the Smiths had bought a new house.
The tense of the reported idea does not change when it is a current
action, an ongoing action, or an oncoming action.
She says she always has two cups of coffee a day.
She has said she always has two cups of coffee a day.
She will say she always has two cups of coffee a day.
The tense of the reported idea does not change even if the verb used
to report is in past tense. This principle applies to: universal or
scientific truths, historical facts, proverbs, habitual facts, immediate
reporting.
He commented that planets revolve around the earth.
The teacher explained that there are 50 states in the US.
Edgar J. Mohn said that a lie has speed, but truth has endurance.
Pam mentioned that she usually goes to college.
The manager said that he wants us to sign up for the next webinar.
56
INDIRECT SPEECH L33
exercise A
Change the following direct speech ideas into indirect speech. Be ready to defend your
answers.
1. “Quick Coffee is the best,” he has just said.
____________________________________________________
2. “Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius,” he stated.
____________________________________________________
3. “Betty looks very nice every day,” Jonas commented.
____________________________________________________
4. “The decision is up to you,” our project manager will say.
____________________________________________________
5. “Madison is a northern American city,” Patrick expressed.
____________________________________________________
6. “1939 is the year WWII broke out,” Mr. Adams commented.
____________________________________________________
7. “We hold brief meetings every Friday,” the supervisor stated.
____________________________________________________
8. “The test will take one hour to complete,” Mr. Smith just said.
____________________________________________________
9. “An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind,” said Gandhi.
____________________________________________________
10.“Due dates for assignment delivery cannot be changed,” she says.
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57
L33 INDIRECT SPEECH
Grammar capsule B
Reporting Impersonal Passive Voice uses the impersonal passive structure when there is some
doubt about the truth of the statement, or when it is necessary to be cautious or discreet.
Reporting Impersonal Passive Voice can be expressed using the

verbs: consider, report, suppose, understand, believe, know, and think,
that refers to saying or believing.
It is said that Catherine ate the whole pizza. (Someone said.)
It is thought that Catherine ate the whole pizza. (Someone thought.)
It is believed that Catherine ate the whole pizza. (Someone believed.)
exercise B
Read the following sentences and change them into an impersonal passive structure.
1. Everybody knows that Americans’ personality is influenced by their first morning drink.
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2. Christopher Columbus’s crew thought he had arrived in India.
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3. Recent studies state that less than 1 percent of Antarctica is ice-free.
____________________________________________________
4. Many people believe that hair contains traces of gold.
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5. They say that Abraham Lincoln was a champion wrestler. (On a TV show)
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58
INDIRECT SPEECH L33
special activity
Read the following dialogues. Then, answer the questions using the indirect speech rules
reviewed in the lesson.
Dialogue 1:
The Middle Ages are also called the medieval era.

I’ve always watched movies set in those times.
Experts believe that movies are nearly 80% visually accurate.
I think movies will be more real every time.
Many people expect to experience more lively movies these days.
1. What did Mr. Brown say first? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

2. What did Ralph comment?_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
3. What is believed according to Mr. Brown?_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
4. What did Ralph add?_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
5. What is expected about movies these days according to Mr. Brown? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
Dialogue 2:
I thought the coffee shop would be open already.

Well, it usually opens at 8:30.
So why did we get an hour earlier?
This ad I have says that the meeting will start at 8.
You always take punctuality seriously.
6. What did Ted assume about the coffee shop? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

7. What did Mark confirm? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
8. What did Ted wonder about the time they got there? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
9. What does the ad say?_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
10. What did Ted tell Mark at the end?_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Which sentence is correct?
Aristotle declared that the Earth was round.
Aristotle declared that the Earth is round.
59
L34 PASSIVE VOICE
Grammar capsule A
As we know, passive voice structure focuses more on the verb and the object that receives the
action rather than on the subject, the person performing the action.
It is worth studying how

a. other types of structures b.
can also be formed into
PASSIVE VOICE as follows:
With modals and perfect modals. With infinitives, perfect infinitives

and gerunds.
The date of her reservation can be changed anytime. He doesn’t want her to be recognized.
The report could have been finished yesterday. A mistake seems to have been made.
I can’t remember my sister being greeted.
60
PASSIVE VOICE L34
exercise A
Change the following ideas into Passive Voice structure.
1. He heard someone playing the piano.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
2. Someone may find more tombs on the site.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
3. Mr. Hill saw someone printing extra copies.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
4. He doesn’t like anyone to tell him what to do.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
5. She appears to have reached the monthly goal.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
6. Charles needs someone to clean his office.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
7. Someone could carry out a new research project.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
8. He seems to have figured out a solution cautiously.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
9. She must have received the office supplies by now.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
10. Someone should have turned in the permission slip before Friday.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
61
L34 PASSIVE VOICE
Grammar capsule B
Personal Passive is defined as having the object of an active sentence become the subject of
a passive sentence. Impersonal passive is a passive construction using a clause that has an
intransitive verb and the clause that is changed into a passive voice structure. There are rules
to use the infinitive form in this structure.
When the
subordinate a. Present and future tenses
clause is in:
They are thought to work well.
The trip is expected to take less than 3 hours.
b. Past and present/past perfect tenses
They are said to have worked hard.

They were said to have worked well.
The project was thought to have been finished.
c. Progressive tenses
He is believed to be buying a new car.

She is hoped to have been resting well.
62
PASSIVE VOICE L34
exercise B
Read the sentence in active voice and, out of the two options, select the one that uses
Impersonal Passive Voice structure correctly.
1. The managerial board said that this enterprise has a good profit.
a) This enterprise is said to has a good profit.
b) This enterprise is said to have a good profit.
2. The pilot hopes that the travelers have enjoyed the flight.
a) The travelers are hoped to have enjoyed the flight.
b) The travelers are hoped to have to enjoy the flight.
3. The news reported that the fire started in the early morning.
a) The fire was reported to has started in the early morning.
b) The fire was reported to have started in the early morning.
4. He thought they had made lots of money.
a) They were thought to have made lots of money.
b) They thought to have made lots of money.
5. We expect that the flight will arrive on time.
a) The flight is expected to arrive on time.
b) The flight was expected to be arriving on time.
6. The new CEO reported that the personnel has been working on new projects.
a) The personnel was reported to have been working on new projects.
b) The new CEO was reported to have been working on new projects.
7. The coach believes that the team is able to win the World Cup.
a) The team believes to be able to win the World Cup.
b) The team is believed to be able to win the World Cup.
8. The agent thought that Mr. Smith was opening a lot of bank accounts.
a) The police was thought to open a lot of bank accounts.
b) Mr. Smith was thought to have been opening a lot of bank accounts.
9. Her trainer says that the athlete has been breaking the world record this year.
a) The athlete is said to have been breaking the world record this year.
b) The athlete was said to have broken the world record this year.
10. The students thought that Mrs. Griffit was arriving late today.
a) Mrs. Griffit was thought to be arriving late today.

b) The students were thought to be arriving late today.
63
L34 PASSIVE VOICE
special activity
Read the following paragraph and determine whether each sentence has a personal or
impersonal passive voice structure.
Expo Medicine is a worldwide

event taking place at a
magnificent venue in
Nashville, Tennessee.
Conferences are delivered by
top medical eminences who
are believed to have gained
important recognition
through their research
abroad their countries. More
than 250,000 visitors are to
be set in the many
conference rooms
where recent findings,
projects and experiences will
be shared. The next Nobel
Prize in Medicine is hoped
to be found among
these eminent doctors.

Write the following sentence with an impersonal
passive voice structure including the doer.
The police officers believe that he is hiding in London.
64
REPORTING VERBS, NOUNS, AND
ADJECTIVES
L35
Grammar capsule A
Reporting verbs are used to communicate ideas, actions, intentions, or feelings. Such verbs
would add substance or precision to the message you want to convey rather than just
explaining what someone said.
Reporting verbs, such as ask, beg, invite, remind,

advise, instruct, order, and warn, follow the next
a. construction:
VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE

There are three main He advised Karen to go to the doctor.
REPORTING VERBS:
say, tell, ask, and their Reporting verbs, such as claim, demand, promise, agree,
various synonyms, threaten, decide, offer, and refuse, follow the next
which not only express
b. construction:
quoted sentences but VERB + INFINITIVE.
also convey messages
with a specific intention. She agreed to help her.

Reporting verbs, such as admit, deny, regret, apologize
c. for, and suggest, follow the next construction:
VERB + -ING
He denied breaking the window.
65
L35 ADJECTIVES
exercise A
Choose the correct option out of the two given to best report the original idea.
1. “I would like you to come to my party,” Sandy told Lisa.

Sandy (invited / reminded) Lisa to go to her party.
2. “I can bring a cake to your party, if that’s okay, Sandy,” Lisa replied.
Lisa (promised / offered) to take a cake to Sandy’s party.
3. “Don’t bake the cake yourself. Why don’t you buy it? It’ll be more convenient,” said Sandy.
Sandy (begged / suggested) buying a cake instead of baking it.
4. “In that case I think it’s best if you buy it at ‘Cups and Cakes’. They prepare gluten-free cakes; just
as you prefer them,” Sandy told Lisa.
Sandy (advised / invited) Lisa to buy the cake at ‘Cups and Cakes’.
5. “Oh, Dear! Please, do so! I love cakes from ‘Cups and Cakes’,” said Sandy.
Sandy (ordered / begged) Lisa to buy the cake from ‘Cups and Cakes’.
6. Mary said: “I’m so sorry. It is impossible for me to make it to the party. By that time, I’ll be out
of town.”
Mary (refused / apologized) for not being able to go to the party.
7. Tina told Sandy, “Oh, I really would rather go to your party than go to the seminar, but
attendance is a must; it’s already arranged. Much to my inconvenience, I’ll have to miss the party.”
Tina (apologized / regretted) not being able to go to the party.
8. Karla told Sandy, “Thank you for the invitation.”

Karla (thanked / admitted) Lisa for inviting her to the party.
9. Sandy told Karla, “Oh, and please, don’t forget that it starts at 8 pm. See you there!”
Sandy (warned / reminded) Karla her party started at 8 pm.
10. “I baked that delicious cake myself !” Sandy said.

Sandy (claimed / decided) having baked that delicious cake herself.
66
ADJECTIVES L35
Grammar capsule B
While the use of certain verbs helps report ideas, it is also possible to use nouns and adjectives
to report opinions and feelings, thus they come before that-clauses.
Some NOUNS to report ideas are: opinion, argument, belief,

comment, complaint, conclusion, diagnosis, hypothesis,
observation, recommendation, statement, theory, and view,
among others. There are two cases:
It is her opinion that women are more practical than men.
Her opinion is that women are more practical than men
Some ADJECTIVES to report ideas are: afraid, aware, certain, convinced,

doubtful, positive, pleased, sorry, sure, surprised, upset, skeptic, worried,
concerned, and fascinated, among others.
She is certain that women are more practical than men.
67
L35 ADJECTIVES
exercise B
Choose the best option out of the two given to best report the original idea.
1. “I’m not so sure my performance during the test will get me the points I need to enter
the university,” he said.
He is not (doubtful /convinced) that he will get the points necessary to enter the
university.
2. “We have to help these poor people and not turn a blind eye to what’s happening,'' he claimed.
His (argument / complaint) is that we have to help people in need.
3. “I am completely sure the score of my TOEFL test is outstanding! There is no doubt,” he said.
He is (skeptic / positive) that his TOEFL score is outstanding.
4. “I’m not so sure I will be able to stand this horrible scorching weather in this town!” she said.
It is her (concern / complaint) that the weather is unbearably hot.
5. “I will lend you the money. Take my word,” she said.

He was (sure / pleased) that she will lend him the money.
6. “I know that I have to take a calculated risk in order to open a business of my own,” he said.
He is completely (upset / aware) that he has to take a calculated risk in order to open a business
of his own.
7. “You should drink a lot of liquids to keep yourself hydrated,'' he told her.
His (recommendation / remark) is that she drinks a lot of liquids to keep herself hydrated.
8. “The manager at the hotel was really attentive. Everything went as planned!” they stated.
They were (surprised / pleased) that everything went as planned.
9. “It would have been better if I had had their help,” he commented.
He was (upset / thankful) that they did not help him.
10. “It was really late that night. Fortunately, they made the decision of spending the night in
the city.'' she said.
Her (concern / opinion) was that they were late at night out in the city.
68
ADJECTIVES L35
special activity
Read the following sentences and arrange them in order so that they make sense together to
form a whole paragraph. The first two are given as an example.
_ _ _ Later on, he inquired if there were any problems to discuss.
_ _ _ We all thought he had gone too far by making such accusations.
_ _ _ the solutions of all the problems that were mentioned.
_1_ _ The manager started the meeting by apologizing for arriving late.
_ _ _ Fortunately, we all settled down after that and came up with
_2_ _ He greeted everybody and kindly thanked us all for attending the meeting.
_ _ _ Martin complained that somebody had eaten his lunch the previous week and told on John
for doing it!

Choose from the bank the word that best explains
the meaning of the proverb you read. There is one
you don’t need to use. Then, express the proverbs
with a reporting verb.
promise regret recommendation claim
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a. Choose your neighbors before you buy

your house. (West African proverb)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b. Because we focused on the snake, we
missed the scorpion. (Egyptian proverb)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ c. Creditors have better memories than
debtors. (English proverb)
69
L36 UNMARKED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Grammar capsule A
Linking words in adjective clauses are relative pronouns or adverbs that join a subordinate
clause to the main clause and they are at the beginning of the subordinate clause to substitute
a noun in the main clause, whether the subject or the object.
Separate
sentences: Debbie bought the nuts. She needed the nuts for the recipe.
that
Linking word Object of the subordinate clause
When the linking word refers to the object of the subordinate clause, and
the subordinate clause has a subject stated in the sentence, it is possible
to leave out the linking word. This is what we call an unmarked clause.
UNMARKED CLAUSE:
Debbie bought the nuts she needed for the recipe.
70
UNMARKED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES L36
exercise A
Read the two sentences and write a new sentence using an unmarked adjective clause.
1. Amelie Hancy wrote a sci-fi book. I have read that sci-fi book more than three times.
__________________________________________________
2. He told his daughter a story. His mother used to tell him the story when he was a little child.
__________________________________________________
3. The president rejected the savings plan. The senator presented the savings plan for all the
audience.
__________________________________________________
4. She’s craving a double-scoop waffle cone. Chef Batali serves a double-scoop waffle cone at his
restaurant.
__________________________________________________
5. Pete didn’t watch the movie. Everyone was talking about that movie.
__________________________________________________
71
Grammar capsule B
Unmarked clauses are difficult to identify as they don’t have a linking word that marks the
beginning of the clause. However, there are some guidelines we can follow to find unmarked
adjective clauses in a text.
Identify the verbs in the complex sentence and find the subject for each verb.
The actress the reporter mentioned will have the leading role in the new movie.
When you see two verbs, one after the other, they belong on different
clauses.
When you see two subjects together, they belong on different clauses
Identify the main and the subordinate clause.

The main clause is:
The actress will have the leading role in the new

movie.
The subordinate clause the reporter mentioned is an unmarked clause

since there is no linking word and it is giving further information about the
actress.
The actress the reporter mentioned will have the leading role in the new movie.
72
UNMARKED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES L36
exercise B
Underline the unmarked adjective clauses and write ‘that’ where it could be placed.
1. If you buy a ticket for the charity match Carefund International organizes every year, you
can take a 3-hour guided tour around the facility.
2. The Bolton Stadium has hosted the national games every citizen has enjoyed, for the last 10 years.
3. Come and see the great collection of trophies and pictures the stadium houses since 2008.
4. You will also be able to walk through the track famous runners have crossed and step on the
field where the Highlanders have won the national cup.
5. As you walk around the track, you can look up and admire the numerous seats spectators occupy
during the events.
6. Displayed in five levels are the comfortable numbered seats, all of them near spacious concourse
areas hundreds of people have enjoyed throughout the years.
7. Then, the host will show you to the press box most sports reporters use from which the best
games are aired.
8. Afterwards, proceed to the mezzanine level where you can find the stadium store and some food
kiosks. Make a pause and help yourself to different snacks and drinks all visitors highly
recommend.
9. There are also videos visitors can watch along the hallway and which show when the best runners
were timed and classified for the world championship.
10. Finally, you will be guided to the locker rooms which match the team's colors. Be sure not to
miss the spectacular VIP wall the most famous athletes have signed.
73
special activity
Write a sentence with an unmarked clause about the following nouns.
1. The writer _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
2. Cartoon movies _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
3. The piece of toast _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
4. The social media _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
5.Museums and theaters _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

How many linking words ‘that’ are missing in the
following quote?
Be happy you're growing older, you're maturing, you're smarter, you're
wiser.
- Walt Handelsman
74
SUBJECT-VERB INVERSION L37
Grammar capsule A
Subject-verb inversion takes place when emphasis, dramatic purpose or formality is added to
the speech. There are some adverbs and prepositional phrases, that have the function of an
adverb, that are rated as negative, and which require subject-verb inversion in the case the
sentence or clause begins with the adverb.
Adverbs with negative connotation: never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, etc.
ADVERB + AUXILIARY VERB/MODAL + SUBJECT + VERB
Rarely does she go to the lab to do research.
Hardly ever did they work on weekends; they rather worked overtime..
Never have they been to London.
Seldom will the Wilsons arrive late at the award ceremony.
Prepositional phrases when they work as an adverb with a negative

connotation: under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, on no
account, not only, etc.
PREP. PHRASE (ADVERB) + AUXILIARY VERB/MODAL + SUBJECT + VERB
Under no circumstances do students leave the school without their parents.
At no time did they get close enough to the painting.

At no time have they claimed the fulfillment of the policies.
In no way will any kind of misbehavior be accepted inside the library.
Adverbs of place/direction follow the next construction:
PREP. PHRASE/ADVERB + VERB + SUBJECT

Near the bottom of the ocean swims the newly discovered creature.
Away swam the mermaid!
75
L37 SUBJECT-VERB INVERSION
exercise A
Complete the following sentences using subject-verb inversion appropriately.
1. I rarely go to the cinema with my classmates.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to the cinema with my classmates.
2. My cousins hardly ever come to Mexico since travelling from Singapore, where they live, is
complicated.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ since travelling from Singapore, where they live, is
complicated.
3. The new trainees knew little about the harsh regulations of the company.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ about the harsh regulations of the company.
4.The characters in that movie shouldn’t leave their shelter under any circumstances.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ their shelter.
5. The arrow went straight to the target.
76
Grammar capsule B
Subject-verb inversion helps to add emphasis, dramatic purpose or formality to the speech.
Sentences having adverb clauses expressing

time, place or manner have a subject-verb
inversion if the clause is preceded by any
adverb with a negative connotation.
ADVERB + ADV. CLAUSE + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT
Rarely when prays expect them to be are predators present.
Not only where economy is prosperous has great medical research been developed.
Hardly as the teacher instructs the musicians what to play will they perform.
77
L37 SUBJECT-VERB INVERSION
exercise B
Rewrite the following sentences using subject-verb inversion appropriately.
1. Everybody went quiet hardly when the principal entered the classroom.
__________________________________________________
2. The Colombian coffee producer agreed to sign the contract with us only after we met personally
in his offices.
__________________________________________________
3. Long distance rockets were launched not only where the experimentation had started.
__________________________________________________
4. The actor was no longer given a secondary role after having attained such fame.
__________________________________________________
5. The staff were at no time aware when the Director of the Hospital stepped into the ER.
__________________________________________________
78
special activity
Rewrite the next ideas eliminating subject-verb inversion and answer the riddle
A) Age B) Water C) It was a father, his son, and his son’s son.
D) A cold E) A doughnut
1. Never does it come down, but goes up.
__________________________________________________
2. Never can you throw it, but you can catch it.
__________________________________________________
3. Never does it get any wetter no matter how much it rains.
__________________________________________________
4. On and on without a beginning, middle, or an end does this food go.
__________________________________________________
5. Only after they had caught 3 fish did two fathers and two sons receive one each. How was this
possible?
__________________________________________________

Rewrite the following riddle using subject-verb
inversion.
Only on this particular day of the week people need to have any
drink. Guess which day is it.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
79
L38 REDUCED CLAUSES
Grammar capsule A
Adjective clauses can be reduced if their subject is a pronoun referring to the noun they
describe in the main clause. This occurs by eliminating the conjunction (the linking word)
and changing the verb into a participle form or else, by eliminating the verb.
People living near the ocean seem to be happier.
A present
participle verb
(for active voice)
Terry was the first
undergraduate to An
receive his diploma. infinitive
A past The books found at
verb
(preceded by participle the entrance of the
the words Reduced verb meeting room were
the first, adjective clauses (for passive written by Dr. Jones.
the second,
etc.) can be found voice)
in five different
forms.
An adjective A noun
The woman present at Dr. Jones, my brother's
the conference is my cousin. pediatrician, is the
speaker of this
conference.
80
REDUCED CLAUSES L38
exercise A
Choose the option that has the sentence with the correct reduced adjective clause.
1. My brother, who is a nutritionist, recommends eating fruit and vegetables.
a) My brother, is a nutritionist, recommends eating fruit and vegetables.

b) My brother, a nutritionist, recommends eating fruit and vegetables.
2. I saw two men that were carrying a big wooden box upstairs.
a) I saw two men that carrying a big wooden box upstairs.

b) I saw two men carrying a big wooden box upstairs.
3. Drinks which contain caffeine can trigger migraines.
a) Drinks containing caffeine can trigger migraines.

b) Drinks which contains caffeine can trigger migraines.
4. Anyone who is found smoking near this building will be sanctioned.
a) Anyone who smoking near this building will be sanctioned.

b) Anyone found smoking near this building will be sanctioned.
5. The man who is wearing the black tuxedo is my dad.
a) The man is wearing the black tuxedo is my dad.

b) The man wearing the black tuxedo is my dad.
6. The bunch of books that were left behind on the desk belongs to Clark.
a) The bunch of books left behind on the desk belongs to Clark.

b) The bunch of books behind on the desk belongs to Clark.
7. The medical staff that work in that clinic receive a bonus for punctuality every month.
a) The medical staff that is working in that clinic receive a bonus for punctuality every month.
b) The medical staff working in that clinic receive a bonus for punctuality every month.
8. The cell phones which were produced in that plant last week were defective.
a) The cell phones produced in that plant last week were defective.
b) The cell phones that were producing in that plant last week were defective.
9. Paris, which is located along the Seine River, is the capital of France.
a) Paris, located along the Seine River, is the capital of France.

b) Paris, along the Seine River, is the capital of France.
10. Students who want to get a scholarship should submit this application to the principal’s office.
a) Students who wanting to get a scholarship should submit this application to the principal’s
office.
b) Students wanting to get a scholarship should submit this application to the principal’s office.
81
L38 REDUCED CLAUSES
Grammar capsule B
Adverb clauses of time, reason, and concession can also be reduced by following specific rules
according to the conjunction they include and the information that is to be emphasized.
The subordinate clause must have the same subject as that in the main
clause in order to be reduced.
Remember
that: Reduced clauses are placed before the main clause.
These clauses can be reduced in three different cases.
BEFORE/SINCE/AFTER + CLAUSE BEFORE/SINCE/AFTER + VERB-ING
After attending the conference, they traveled back to their cities.
AS + CLAUSE VERB-ING
Coming into the classroom, the principal greeted the parents present in the meeting.
AS SOON AS + CLAUSE UPON/ON + VERB-ING
Upon/On finishing the report, I started working on the new project.
82
REDUCED CLAUSES L38
These clauses are reduced by changing the conjunctions
BECAUSE/SINCE + CLAUSE into a VERB-ING.
Receiving a loan, he was able to buy a new apartment.
Being late, he drove over the speed limit.
These clauses can be reduced in three different cases.
CONJUNCTION + CLAUSE CONJUNCTION + VERB-ING
Although being at the airport, the crew did not board the plane.
CONJUNCTION + NOUN CONJUNCTION + NOUN
Though a prominent surgeon, he felt his performance should be enhanced.
CONJUNCTION + CLAUSE CONJUNCTION + ADJECTIVE
While upset, the personnel performed well.
83
L38 REDUCED CLAUSES
exercise B
Reduce the following adverb clauses using the words in parentheses.
1. Although he was sick, he never missed any day at school. (Verb-ing)
____________________________________________________
2. They have been working all day while they were overstressed. (Adjective)
____________________________________________________
3. Before they perform their tasks, personnel at the facilities must receive training. (Verb-ing)
____________________________________________________
4. Designers listen to music while they are developing their layouts. (Verb-ing)
____________________________________________________
5. Everybody at the trial stood up as soon as they saw the judge coming in. (Verb-ing)
____________________________________________________
6. The guests left the venue after they danced the last waltz. (Verb-ing)
____________________________________________________
7. Though she was a prominent attorney, she decided to become a law teacher at the university.
(Noun)
____________________________________________________
8. Pork, because it has a high cholesterol level, can damage your health. (Verb-ing)
____________________________________________________
9. You have been enjoying the pool since you arrived at the hotel. (Verb-ing)
____________________________________________________
10. Since he would be working late, he grabbed his lunch bag. (Verb-ing)
____________________________________________________
84
REDUCED CLAUSES L38
special activity
Read the following paragraphs. Then, rewrite them reducing the ten clauses in blue.
With the help of his telescope, Galileo became the first

astronomer who gazed at Saturn in 1610. Because he
saw a pair of objects that resembled separate spheres,
he thought it was either three planets or a planet that had
two large moons which were stuck to either side of it
and which looked like handles.
Later, in 1659, when he used an improved telescope,

Dutch astronomer Christiaan H. concluded that those
moons were actually a thin, flat ring which is inclined to
the ecliptic. He was also the first person who discovered
Titan which is Saturn’s largest moon.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

How many reduced clauses can you find in the
following ideas?
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, famous mountain climbers,
were the first ones to reach the summit of Mount Everest in 1953,
being part of the ninth British expedition to the mountain led by a
former British army officer called John Hunt.
85
L39 REVIEW
GET WHAT YOU NEED FOR THE TEST

Besides getting acquainted with the test format you are applying for, it is also important that you
get and arrive prepared in terms of what’s required to take the day of the test and how it must be
presented. To do so, keep in mind the following tips:
· Read the booklet and get acquainted with the information you will need before, during, and after
the test. Such information includes test procedures, guidelines, rules, and requirements.
· Fill out the registration form accordingly. It is important that you fill out the registration form
properly and in advance.
· Make sure your ID (INE card, driving license, passport, or school ID if you are under 18) is up to
date. It must have a picture of yourself. In case your ID is not updated or valid, get another valid
official document.
If you have any questions regarding any of the tips given above, call the test center, search on the
website of the test, or go to the institution where you will apply the test.
exercise A
Questions 1-10 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or
phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. You can watch now on streaming platforms the concert of the award-winning artist
_______________
a) whom came to Mexico City two months ago for the closing of his world tour.
b) who came to Mexico City two months ago for the closing of his world tour.
c) who came to Mexico City for two months to the close of his world tour.
d) who came to Mexico City for two-months closing of his world-tour.
2. YouTube user Mike Hamilton caught footage of the only two songs_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _or on
the streaming service; that’s why the video went viral.
a) which are available on the official DVD
b) which is not available on the official DVD
c) which are not available on the official DVD
d) which are not available in the official DVD
3. The band will start their new national tour_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with an audience of 10,000 people;
amount which might seem meager now if you compare it to the 250,000 fans expected to gather
the opening night.
a) where they started their very first tour twenty years ago
b) where they have started their very first tour twenty years ago
c) whereas they started their very first tour twenty years ago
d) when they have started their very first tour twenty years ago
4. If I had bought the tickets on time for that concert, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
86
REVIEW L39
a) I would have been be making a line at the ticket counter.

b) I wouldn’t be made a line at the ticket counter.
c) I would be making it a line at the ticket counter.
d) I wouldn’t be making a line at the ticket counter.
5. If the band hadn’t bought full-coverage insurance_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Luckily, their fans will be
able to enjoy their upcoming concert just as programmed.
a) they would have recovered the equipment that was lost in the crash of their trailer last week.
b) they wouldn’t have recovered the equipment that was lost in the crash of their trailer last week.
c) they wouldn’t recover the equipment that was lost in the crash of their trailer last week.
d) they would recovered the equipment that was lost in the crash of their trailer last week.
6. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the reason for the cancellation of the last 10 concerts scheduled

for the end of the year.
a) That the band decided to split due to irreconcilable differences
b) The band decided to split due to irreconcilable differences
c) Because that the band decided to split due to irreconcilable differences
d) That band decided to split due to irreconcilable differences
7. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ should get nominated for the Nobel Prize. The celebration will be held in
Sweden, as usual, but this time the House of Parliament will host this event instead of the Royal
Palace.
a) Whomever made that discovery
b) Whenever made that discovery
c) Whoever made that discovery
d) Whenever makes that discovery
8. By the time we arrived at the venue,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Fortunately, we held VIP tickets, so they
let us in.
a) they have closed the entrance doors
b) they haven’t closed the entrance doors
c) they hadn’t closed the entrance doors
d) they had closed the entrance doors
9. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, she was about to throw her bouquet to the single ladies.
a) When I gotten to my sister’s wedding reception from the airport
b) When I got to my sister’s wedding reception from the airport
c) When I’ve gotten got to my sister’s wedding reception from the airport
d) When I get to my sister’s wedding reception from the airport
10. We wouldn’t have been able to take our flight back to L.A._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
a) if we had left the hotel early to beat the traffic
b) if we leave the hotel early to beat the traffic
c) if we hadn’t left the hotel early to beat the traffic
d) if we haven’t left the hotel early to beat the traffic
87
L39 REVIEW
TIPS TO FIND THE MISTAKE QUICKLY

To guarantee that the test administration and the delivery of the scores can be done successfully,
it is highly necessary that the information in the different forms of the test be accurate and
provided accordingly. This does not apply only to your personal information but also to the
answers as well. To do so, keep in mind the following tips:
· Check that your name is written on the admission form, the answer sheet, and the test book the
same way. It is very important that your name is consistent throughout these documents.
Preferably, write one surname, one given name, and if it fits, a short middle name or its initial.
· Make sure the information provided in the answer sheet (names, and numbers) matches each of
the corresponding circles you fill in.
· Make sure you answer all the questions in every section. Set aside time to verify there are no
blank spaces for the section. Don’t leave any questions unanswered. There is no penalty for
guessing. One more time: Don’t leave any questions unanswered!
exercise B
In questions 11-20, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined
parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one underlined word or
phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.
11. Aviation is thought to have exist for more than two thousand years since the earliest forms such
A B C D
as kites up to supersonic planes.
12. There were many legends told throughout history. People’s belief was that strapping of wing-like
A B
apparatuses would have them fly after having jumped to cliffs or towers.
C D
13. Flying kites, which is believed to have started in China several hundred years BC, are thought
A B C
to be the first man-made example of aviation.
D
14. Carrying kites were believed to have been extensively done by Chinese people not only for civil
A B
purposes but also for military ones to prove man was able to fly.
C D
88
REVIEW L39
15. Many designs were known to be sketched by Leonardo da Vinci. He used the aerodynamics
A B C
principles he previously got through the observation of birds.
D
16. It was thought that man could fly using several heavy machines Leonardo da Vinci had already
A B
designed. Therefore, the attempts to construct one of those machines was never undertaken by
C D
him.
17. In 1846, Sir George Cayley was called to be the father of the airplane, and before the end of the
A
century he had been already set the theory of Physics to make heavy machines fly.
B C D
18. Orville and Wilbur Wright are known to built a machine that could be able to fly and be
A B C
operated by man. They designed their own propelled machine and it had its own pilot.
D
19. After a couple of successful flights, recognition was given to the Wright brothers for their
A
success. They decided not to fly once again unless a patent have been granted for such an
B C D
invention.
20. Nowadays, airplanes are declared to be the safest way to travel. Safety and comfort have added
A B C
to improve the experience passengers enjoy when being on board.
D
89
L39 REVIEW
special activity
Read the following paragraph and match the ideas with their direct speech by writing the
corresponding letter in the brackets provided.
The police officer who pulled me over Show me your driver’s license, please.
was concerned about my speeding [ ],
Why were you driving so fast?
so I expressed my reasons why [ ].
Do you know the speed limit on this road?
He inquired whether I knew about the
I’m running late for a very important
driving regulations [ ] and wanted to
event.
check my papers [ ]. Next, the police
He usually spends all day at the
officer told me there was no Chief in
department.
the department [ ] though he’s often
The head officer is not in his office now.
there [ ]. He added the Chief had
That’s why I have to get to the wedding
been absent early [ ]. So, his order
the soonest. I’m the groom.
was that I had to be detained and wait
He has been out of the department since
for the Chief [ ]. It was believed he
morning.
would take long since he was at his
We believe he will be too long because his
daughter’s wedding [ ]. That was daughter is getting married.
when I explained my only one reason
I’m afraid you will have to spend the
not to be detained [ ]. night at the department until he’s back.
How many passive verbs can you find?
I had decided to spend what seemed to be shortened minutes so

as to get a sense of what being imprisoned here is, where many
people were confined to be surrounded by armored walls, and
chased by repeated chills.
90
GLOSSARY
WORD PRONUNCIATION DEFINITION LESSON

Exact. Correct in all details.
That provides a faithful
accurate (adj) + + + + + + 33
representation of someone or
something.
To transmit by radio or
aired (vb) + + 36
television.
To be present at an event,
attend (vb) + + + + 31
meeting, or function.
To ask for something with
begged (vb) + + + 35
sincere and intense conviction.
broke out (vb) + + + + To start suddenly. 33
chewed (vb) + + To crush or grind with the teeth. 32
chips (n) + + + Small thin flat cut pieces of 26

wood or stone.
A toothed object used to
comb (n) + + 26
arrange one’s hair.
conceals (vb) + + + + + To hide. 27
A large open space to gather a
concourse (adj) + + + + + + 36
crowd in a public building.
craving (vb) + + + + To want greatly. 36
The group of people working
crew (n) + + 33
on a ship or aircraft.
drowsy (adj) + + + + Sleepy. 22
The great circle of the celestial
ecliptic (n) + + + + + + + sphere being the sun’s apparent 38
path among the stars.
embrace (vb) + + + + + To accept gladly. 28
An activity directed towards a
endeavor (n) + + + + + 29
goal.
To look at someone or
something in a constant way
gazed (vb) + + + in admiration, surprise, or 38
thought, and usually for a long
time.
To begin to sound, in the case
go off (exp) + + 27
of an alarm.
91
GLOSSARY
gone out for

+ + + + + To become a candidate. 26
(exp)
Parts of an object, such as a cup
handles (n) + + + + + or tool used to hold it, or carry 38
it.
An animal similar to a rabbit but
hare (n) + + 32
with longer ears.
hideaway (n) + + + + + A hidden place. 27
A playful elf of Irish folklore
usually believed to reveal the
leprechaun (n) + + + + + + + 26
hiding place of treasure (at the
end of a rainbow).
loan (n) + + Money lent or borrowed. 38
To become joined or united. To
merge (vb) + + + 29
become part of something else.
A low intermediate story
mezzanine (n) + + + + + + 36
resembling a balcony.
A meaningful point in
milestone (n) + + + + + + 29
development.
nurse (vb) + + + To care for someone. 32
ponder (vb) + + + + To think about or reflect on. 29
pours (vb) + + + To rain hard. 26

A space reserved for reporters
press box (n) + + + + + 36
at a sports event.
promptly (adv) + + + + + + + Very quickly or immediately. 32
sci-fi (adj) + + Science fiction. 36

The amount of something held
scoop (n) + + + in a spoon-like item with a deep 36
bowl.
scorching (adj) + + + + + That causes intense heat. 35
Adult leaders in the Boy Scouts
Scouters (n) + + + + + 32
of America.
slipper (n) + + + + A light, soft shoe worn indoors. 32
sort out (exp) + + + + To find an answer or solution. 24

To attach or causing to adhere
stuck (vb) + + + 38
to something.
92
GLOSSARY
summit (n) + + + + The highest point. Peak 38

To begin the job in a position
take office (exp) + + + + + of authority, especially in the 24
government.
take one’s + + + + To believe that what someone 35
word (exp) + + + says is true.
To tell someone about the bad
told on (vb) + + + + behavior or actions of someone 35
else.
tread (vb) + + + To step or walk on something. 26
turn a blind + + +
To pretend not to notice. 35
eye (exp) + + + +
undergo (vb) + + + + + To experience something. 29
To do or begin to do something
undertake (vb) + + + + + + especially if it will take a long 28
time or be difficult.
The place where (social,
venue (n) + + + 34
sportive) events take place.
A dance in which a couple
waltz (n) + + + moves in a regular series of 38
three steps.
Knowledge gained through life
wisdom (n) + + + + 26
experience.
A person who fights with
wrestler (n) + + + + 33
someone as a sport.
A watch attached to a bracelet
wristwatch (n) + + + + + + 32
and worn on the wrist.
93
94
FINAL TEST L40
TEACHER SLOT A: __________________________________________

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H TEACHER SLOT B: __________________________________________
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P COURSE SCHEDULE: _______________________________________
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W DATE: _________________ / _________________ / _________________
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X MO. DAY YEAR
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
SECTION 1 SECTION 2
1 A B C D 21 A B C D 41 A B C D 51 A B C 61 A B C D 71 A B C D
11 A B C D 31 A B C D
12 A B C D 32 A B C D
13 A B C D 33 A B C D
14 A B C D 34 A B C D
15 A B C D 35 A B C D
16 A B C D 36 A B C D
17 A B C D 37 A B C D
18 A B C D 38 A B C D
19 A B C D 39 A B C D
20 A B C D 40 A B C D
95
96
97
Editorial Cobrica, S.A. de C.V.
Álvaro Obregón Nº 120, Col. Santa Anita, C.P. 08300, Ciudad de México, CDMX
1ª Edición, 2019
Esta obra se terminó de editar en diciembre de 2019.
98

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GRAMMAR PROFICIENCY

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L21 The "Ough" Letter Sequence 4

TAKE on the challenge!

It is a group of words It is a group of words that

… does not have a meaning by itself. … has an independent meaning.

… is part of a sentence. … can stand alone.

1. _ _ _ _ It’s an amazing surprise.

2. _ _ _ _ To eat late at night

3. _ _ _ _ Getting a promotion could be exciting.

4. _ _ _ _ A recycling bin for the kitchen

5. _ _ _ _ After the storm, comes the calm.

Simple sentences can be found as single separate ideas.

1. He was prepared to welcome you because I told him.

2. After Sam took the medicine, he started to feel drowsy.

3. The bicycle that he purchased was stolen last Sunday.

7. Although it was a sunny day, we felt the cold north wind.

9. A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new.

a. if they just mention the benefits of traveling with their brand

Digital content creators, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, are nowadays

Being an influencer is not a hobby anymore. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,

Influencers’ popularity, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, is measured by

TAKE on the challenge!

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES have a verb and its subject which sometimes

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES can be placed between commas only if the information

The children who won the Spelling B contest received a scholarship.

Children, who are naturally hyperactive, need an adequate place to play.

1. The old house which belongs to a famous actor is now on sale.

2. The girl whom you invited to the prom is my sister.

4. Call the person whose car is parked in a restricted place.

8. Do you remember the day when we missed our flight?

The members of the city council decided to preserve the monument.

1. All the stores across the street will close soon.

1. Everyone enjoyed the moment _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . It was

2. The doctor prescribed her some pills _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ so she could

3. Dairy products _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ must be included in our diet.

4. Pizza Pazza Restaurant is hiring gourmet chefs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

5. She didn’t say the reason _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

TAKE on the challenge!

MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

PRESENT TENSE PRESENT, PAST OR FUTURE TENSE

that he enters all the data.

FUTURE TENSE PRESENT TENSE

I will go when they invite me.

PAST TENSE PAST/PAST PERFECT TENSE

that you called them.

PAST TENSE PRESENT TENSE (UNIVERSAL TRUTH)

1. I think that _ _ _ _ _ _ a. the candidate wins the election.

3. The newscast said that _ _ _ _ _ _ c. they had won the election.

4. All candidates believed that ______ d. only one takes office.

MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

He took the picture when/after he saw the actress.

The actress had already performed when/before the audience applauded.

He was reading while the children were watching TV.

The telephone rang while I was sleeping.

When the telephone rang, I was sleeping.

2. When I went to Southwood summer camp, I met some good friends.

a) I met some good friends before I went to Southwood summer camp.

3. It started to rain while I was running in the park.

a) I was running in the park and the rain interrupted my activity.

a) First, she canceled her flight.

5. When Tonya had the accident, she retired from competitions.

a) Tonya retired from competitions before she had the accident.

a) They were doing the activities at the same time.