EET 463 ILLUMINATION TECHNOLOGY

Module 3
ATHEENA A
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
EEE DEPT
SBCE PATTOOR

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 DEFINITIONS
• Maintenance factor: It is the ratio of illumination under normal working
condition to the illumination when the things are perfectly clean or when
luminaire is installed Frequent cleaning will improve the maintenance
factor. Greater if the lamp fittings are cleaned regularly (0.8) If much dust
is accumulated, it is 0.6

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• Maintenance Factor (MF) is the term used to take account of the reduction
in illuminance over the maintenance period due to:
1. Reduced reflectance due to the accumulation of dirt and dust on room
surfaces.
2. Reduced light output from the luminaire due to the accumulation of dirt
and dust on the luminaire.
3. Reduced light output due to the Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor
4. Reduced light output due to lamps failing

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• Reflection Factor: when a ray of light impinges on a surface it is reflected
from the surface at an angle of incidence. A certain portion of incident light
is absorbed by the surface. The ratio of reflected light to the incident light
is called reflection factor. It is always less than unity.
• Waste light factor: When a surface is illuminated by several numbers of
sources of light, there is certain amount of wastage due to overlapping of
light waves or falling of light outside the edges of the surface; the wastage
of light is taken into account by multiplying the theoretical value of lumens
required by 1.2 for rectangular area and 1.5 for irregular areas, and
objects such as statues, monuments, etc.
• Absorption factor: Normally, when the atmosphere is full of smoke and
fumes, there is a possibility of absorption of light. Hence, the ratio of total
lumens available after absorption to the total lumens emitted by the
source of light is called absorption factor. 1 for clean atmosphere.

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• Uniformity ratio: Defined as ratio of the minimal illuminance to the area
weighted average illuminance u = Emin / Eaverage
The minimum illuminance should correspond to the recommended
illuminance as defined in the national codes of practice. The uniformity as
created by a general lighting scheme should be better than 0.6 or 0.8
• Direct ratio:The ratio of total lumens received on the working plane to the
total lumens emitted by the light source. Proportion of the total downward
flux from the luminaires which falls directly on the working plane
• Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio (SHR): The Spacing to Mounting
Height Ratio (SHR) is the ratio of horizontal spacing between adjacent
lamps and height of their mountings above the horizontal reference plane.
• RoomIndex: Measure of the angular size of the room

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• Coefficient of Utilization (CU) or Utilization factor: The coefficient of
utilization is defined as a ratio total lumens that reaches the work plane to
the total lumens given out by the lamp. Higher the value of CU, more
lumens will reach the working plane for the given lumen output of the
lamp.
Depends on
• Mounting height of the lamps- utilization factor decreases with increase in
mounting height of lamps
• Area to be Illuminated – for a given height, proportion of direct light
becomes more and more if floor area increases i.e.., utilization factor
increases with increase in area to be illuminated.
• Type of lighting-more for direct lighting and low for indirect lighting
• Colors of surroundings – more for light colors and less f or dark colors. Its
value range from 0.25 to 0.5 for direct lighting and 0.1 to 0.25 for indirect
lighting

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Illumination level required for various work planes

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 Lighting fixtures
• A light fixture, light fitting, or luminaire is an electrical device
containing an electric lamp that provides illumination. It distributes, filters
or transforms the light given by a lamp or lamps. It includes all the items
necessary for fitting and protecting these lamps and for connecting them to
the supply circuit,
• All light fixtures have a fixture body and one or more lamps.

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Recessed Cove Lighting Fixture
• A recessed cove fixture is mounted in a light cove, which is built above the ceiling
at the intersection of the ceiling and the wall. These fixtures typically direct the
light toward the wall. It is important that trim at the edge of the cove is tall enough
to hide the lighting fixture otherwise the lamp may be visible, which is
unappealing. 
Indirect Pendant Lighting Fixture 
• Indirect pendants hang from the ceiling and are usually suspended from cables. The
lamp is completely hidden from below and a reflector directs all of the light up
toward the ceiling. This type of fixture offers a softer and more even distribution of
light within the space. It is best used for general lighting and is not appropriate for
task lighting. The ceiling color should be light so that it reflects as much light as
possible.
Direct / Indirect Pendant Lighting Fixture 
• A direct / indirect pendant also hangs from the ceiling, but it directs light up and
down. These types of fixtures are used a lot in offices where general lighting is
required, but there is also a need for task lighting immediately below the fixture.
Direct / indirect fixtures are designed in variations that distribute differing amounts
of light up and down so that a designer has control over the light distribution.

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Recessed Lighting Fixtures 
• Recessed lighting fixtures are the most common fixtures used in commercial and
institutional construction. Fixtures are sized to work with common ceiling tile sizes.
While fluorescent lamps have been most popular in the past, many facilities are
shifting to LED fixtures because they last longer and require less maintenance.
 Wall Wash Light Fixtures 
• Wall wash fixtures are recessed lights with reflectors that direct the light toward the
wall. They are most often used to highlight art, signage, or other items on a wall.
Wall Sconce 
• A wall sconce is a decorative fixture that is mounted to a wall. They provide
general room lighting, but are mostly decorative. 
Task Lighting 
• Task lighting is a generic description for lights that are used to illuminate specific
tasks or work that is being done. Task lights can be lamps, lights mounted to desks,
under cabinet lights, or any lighting that helps people see their work better.
Under Cabinet Light Fixtures 
• Lights are often mounted below cabinets so that tasks on the counter below can be
seen easily. These can be found in homes and offices and are generally controlled
from a nearby switch or a switch on the light fixture. 

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 Terms for interior illumination
Light output ratio
• The ratio of the total light output of a luminaire, compared with total lamp light
output. Light output ratio of luminaire (LOR) takes into account for the loss of light
energy both inside and by transmission through light fittings.

The light output ratio is a figure that shows how much light gets lost inside the
luminaire. It is abbreviated to LOR, and sometimes subdivided into
DLOR (Downward light output ratio)
• The number of lumens leaving a luminaire at an angle below the horizontal,
divided by the number of lumens which originally left the lamp. The result is a
dimensionless quantity expressing the “downward efficiency” of the luminaire..
ULOR (Upper Light Output Ratio) or DLOR (Downward Light Output Ratio)
• ie what percent shines upwards, and what percent, down. It can be calculated by
dividing the total light output from the luminaire (in lumens) above horizontal, by
the total lamp output (also in lumens) to get a percent. For the ULOR and DLOR,
calculation is the same, but with the light that comes from the upper and lower
halves of the luminaire.
• Factors affecting: reflectance from ceiling, wall and floor
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• The total, upward and downward lamp output from a lamp are 1000 lm,
300 lm and 500 lm respectively. Calculate upward light output ratio
(ULOR), downward light output ratio (DLOR), light output ratio (LOR) of
luminaire and percentage of light energy absorbed in luminaire. 

• Amount of light energy absorbed in luminaire = 100 - 80 = 20 %

• A greater DLOR usually means a higher UF.

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 Factors to be considered for designing lighting scheme
• Intensity of illumination (recommended levels of illumination)
• Selection of luminaires
Choice of lamps for different types of occupancies differ. Fluorescent lamps or
tungsten filament lamps for small premises. High intensity sources such as
mercury or sodium discharge lamps for large premises.
• Size of the room
The lumen output of the sources is not fully utilized at workplace. Part of it is
lost in fittings, absorption and reflection. Loss of output of lamp is taken
into account by CU. CU depends on lumen output of fitting, size and shape
of room, height of ceiling, arrangement of fitting
• Mounting height and spacing of fittings
Distance of light source from wall should be equal to one half the distance
between two adjacent light sources. Also distance between light fittings
should not exceed 1.5 times the mounting height
• Conditions of use
Conditions of use vary with different types of installation. Dust and dirt
deteriorate lamp efficiency. For regular cleaning and good atmospheric
condition MF 0.8. for dusty and dirty atmosphere 0.4.
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Determination of lamp lumen output taking into account
voltage and temperature variations
Temperature variations
• Temperature 77 F or 25 degree Celsius : rated lumen output. Deviation of
temperature either above or below will reduce lumen output.
• Most fluorescent lamps produce their rated output when operating
surrounded by still air which has a temperature of 25 C. deviations above
or below reduce lumen output. Typically temperature within recessed or
enclosed fixture are hotter than 25 C hence lumen output is reduced.

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 Voltage variations
• Voltage sensitivity: All filament lamps are sensitive to voltage variation,
and light output and life are affected.
• It is generally unwise to operate a lamp at anything other than its design
voltage, but there are some exceptions. Within the normal range of supply
voltage variations the light output will change by about 3.5% for a 1%
change of voltage. The effect of voltage on life is much more pronounced;
5% over-voltage will roughly halve the lamp life, whereas 5% under-
voltage will approximately double it. 
• In certain cases, it might seem attractive to operate 240V lamps on a 230V
circuit to secure the increased lamp life, until it is realised that in doing so
the light output will fall considerably more than the corresponding
reduction in electricity consumption.

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Special features of staircase lighting
Lighting on stairs is critical for safety.
Recommended 100lux on the treads.
Glare from lighting and windows should be kept to a max 300cd/m².
Light to shine downwards, treads illuminated risers in shadow.
Controls may be used but should not leave areas in complete darkness – push
button type systems not recommended.
Opal and diffused luminaries preferable.

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 ILLUMINATE A DARK STAIRCASE WITH UNDER-STEP LIGHTING
If your staircase has lipped steps, using strip lighting is a subtle and attractive way of
illuminating dark staircases that see heavy foot-fall. A little more complex to install,
this style may require the assistance of a professional for correct fitting. The final
effect is worth the extra effort.

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 ILLUMINATE RECESSED WALLS TO CREATE A DESIGN FEATURE
Illuminating recessed wall spaces is an effective way of creating an attractive design
feature while lighting a staircase. Use spotlighting to cast shadows throughout the
space and illuminate a simple, stylish feature. 

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LIGHT THE UNDERSIDE OF OPEN RISER STAIRCASES
Hiding a contoured LED strip on the underside of a riser means that they remain out
of sight when unlit, but create a soft, floating effect when illuminated. The shadows
cast below the risers create a subtle and attractive finish.

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LIGHT THE UNDERSIDE OF A SPIRAL STAIRCASE
If you have a spiral staircase rather than and open riser you can still light it from
beneath to make it even more of a focal point in your hallway . We love how under-
lights have been used to create a feature of the underside of this sweeping
staircase.

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CHOOSE WALL LIGHTS FOR MORE DECORATIVE LIGHTING 

If you are after something more decorative than just spot lights and strip lights then
instead opt for a few simple wall lights.

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GENERAL FEATURES OF INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING
Industrial lighting encompasses seeing tasks, operating conditions and economic
conditions. Visual tasks may be classified either small or very large; dark or light;
opaque, transparent or translucent; specular of diffuse surfaces; flat or contoured
shapes.
lighting should be suitable for adequate visibility in developing raw materials in to
finished products. Physical hazards exist in manufacturing processes and,
therefore, lighting should contribute to the utmost as a safety factor in preventing
accidents.
The speed of operations may be such as to allow only minimum time for visual
perception and, therefore, lighting should be a compensating factor to increase the
speed of vision
Light should serve not only as a production tool and an aid to safety but should also
contribute to the overall environment conditions of the work space. The lighting
system should be a part of a planned environment contributing to the comfort and
well-being of the users.
The design of a lighting system and selection of equipment is influenced by many
economic factors. The choice, however, should not only be based on the project
and the running costs of the lighting but also on the relationship of total lighting
cost to costs arising out of other plant producing facilities and labour
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Factors affecting good industrial lighting

Quantity of illumination - The utilitarian goal of a lighting system is to provide for

optimal performance of a given task. A starting point will be the determination of
relationship between illumination and performance, but the final recommendation
has to take in to consideration other factors such as avoidance of fatigue,
physiological and psychological effects, economics, etc.
Desirable criteria for determining the quantity of illumination are:
Adequacy for preventing occupational eye-strain and the risk of accidental injury
due to bad visibility;
Adequacy for creating an agreeable luminous environment; and
Adequacy for different satisfactory levels of visual performance, each standard
being applicable to a particular range of visual task.
Quality of Illumination
Quality of illumination pertains to the distribution of brightness in ,the visual
environment. The term is used in a positive sense and implies that all brightness
should contribute favourably to visual performance, visual comfort, ease of seeing,
safety and aesthetics for the specific visual task involved.

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Glare, diffusion, direction, uniformity, colour, luminance and luminance ratios all
have a significant effect on visibility and the ability to see easily, accurately and
quickly.
Areas where seeing tasks are severe and performed over long periods of time
require much higher quality than where seeing tasks are casual or of relatively
short duration.

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Corridors and hallways lighting

Lighting is utterly vital when it comes to creating a room's atmosphere and setting a
mood. In fact, proper lighting not only brings comfort, but also actively enhances a
space. 
Whether it's a narrow apartment entrance hall or wide country corridor, these
spaces can be completely changed for good—or bad—by how they are lit up.
Ceiling lighting
Ceiling lighting is perhaps the most common form of corridor illumination.
You'll need to consider the number and type of lamps, as well as the colour of light and
the type of lighting (direct light, indirect light or diffused light).
Obviously this will depend on your taste and the style of your home, and whether you
want a more discreet or bright environment.
In this example above, the designers opted for a pair of small white lamps that closely
resemble embedded spots. The colour emitted is a warm yellow, creating a gently
cosy atmosphere.

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Light the floor

 You can easily illuminate your hallway with beautiful lighting from the floor. This
will give an elegant ambience to the space, creating something that inspires,
motivates and attract the eye.
This form of lighting requires another type of mounting, and you'll need an
appropriate floor (usually frosted glass) to allow light to pass through. It's a way of
drawing people's attention and illuminating the floor they step on.

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By natural light

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If you're fortunate enough to benefit from windows in your hallway, you can enjoy
natural lighting for much of the day.
During the daytime, this corridor will be a bright and cheerful area to pass through.
In this example, natural light entering through the windows penetrates every corner
of the corridor.
The designers have decided to leave the windows free of curtains and blinds,
instead opting for frosted glass.

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With indirect lighting

Here we have another example of ceiling lighting, this time a large and rectangular
lamp which covers a good part of the ceiling. The recessed light diffuses along the
corridor and reflects off the ceiling, giving a pleasant ambience to the space.

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Lamps and candles

Elegant and very practical, here the designers have chosen to illuminate this
hallway with a beautiful decorative lamp.
 In addition to the electric lighting, we also have the possibility of lighting candles,
positioned either side of the doorway in some exquisite brass stands.

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 Mirror light

Here we have another clever idea: a mirror with built-in strip lighting to give a bright,
practical glow.
The mirror benefits the narrow corridor not only by reflecting light, but by adding the
perception of space. In this example, a narrow corridor in darker colours creates a
calm and intimate atmosphere.

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 Projectors on the floor
Our final example today is this fantastic design with miniature floodlights installed
on the floor. In this case, they were chosen to highlight the textured stone wall.
These lights could also be used to draw the eye to artwork, or perhaps simply to
illuminate a corridor from below instead of above. 

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Corridors should be adequately lighted to promote safety and discipline. Direct
glare from overhead luminaires should be avoided. Corridors lined with lockers
require higher levels than those used simply for passage.
Supplementary lighting may be required at the positions where monitors or security
personnel are stationed. If appropriate, control of daylight must also be provided.
Corridor lighting also provides an opportunity to add visual interest to school
environments and emphasize displays, bulletin boards, and posters. Special
attention to the lighting of architectural elements adds to the pleasantness and
vitality of corridors. Modelling of faces is another key design element for school
corridors.
The lighting of stairwells requires significant attention because during class
changes they are full of students moving rapidly in opposite directions. Significantly
higher illuminances are required for stairs than for corridors.
Automatically programmed stair and corridor lights can be coordinated with the
class changes. Emergency alarms also must coordinated with stair lighting to
provide proper illuminances

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