Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023
1007/s12206-023-0428-3
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023
Original Article
DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3
Keywords:
· Vibration drilling
· Chip breaking mechanism
· Friction drive
· Frequency conversion ratio
Correspondence to:
Jianming Zheng
zjm@xaut.edu.cn
Citation:
Chen, T., Zheng, J., Cao, C. (2023).
Design and vibration parameter test of
low-frequency axial vibration drilling tool
handle. Journal of Mechanical Science
and Technology 37 (5) (2023) 2527~2535.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3
Received August 2nd, 2022
Revised December 7th, 2022
Accepted January 17th, 2023
† Recommended by Editor
Hyung Wook Park
© The Korean Society of Mechanical
Engineers and Springer-Verlag GmbH
Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023
DOI 10.
Design and vibration parameter test of
low-frequency axial vibration drilling tool
handle
Ting Chen, Jianming Zheng and Chao Cao
School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an
710048, China
Abstract Vibration drilling technology has the advantages of reliable chip breaking,
smooth chip removal, small drilling force, and slight tool wear. However, most of the current
vibration drilling devices are special machine tools, or the existing machine tools are trans-
formed. The problems of high cost, poor universality, and difficult parameter adjustment limit
the further promotion of vibration drilling technology. Based on the principle of friction transmis-
sion, this paper designs a low-frequency axial vibration drilling tool handle with adjustable am-
plitude and connected with the machine tool by standard connection mode. The design princi-
ple of the frequency rotation ratio of the vibration drilling tool handle is obtained, the working
principle and amplitude adjustment mode of the tool handle are analyzed, and the theoretical
vibration curve of the tool handle is calculated by analyzing the chip-breaking mechanism of
vibration drilling. The actual amplitude and axial output characteristics of the tool handle were
tested, thereby guiding the further application of vibration drilling.
1. Introduction
The hole is an essential structural element of parts and plays a vital role in cutting. According
to relevant statistics, parts with holes account for approximately 50 % to 80 % of the total, and
material removal accounts for about 1/3 of the total removal amount of cutting [1, 2]. About
70 % of high-speed steel is used to make hole machining tools yearly [3]. Traditional drilling
methods generally have difficulties in chip breaking and chip removal and low tool life. In re-
sponse to these problems, experts have developed numerous hole-making ways based on
different principles, such as EDM [4, 5], ECM [6], and spiral milling [7, 8]. Still, due to various
reasons, such as machining accuracy and machining efficiency, these approaches have not
been widely used. Drilling is still the most commonly used method of hole processing.
In 1954, Professor Junichiro Kumabe of Japan proposed the vibration drilling technology,
which can effectively solve the problems of chip breaking and chip removal during ordinary
drilling. It has quickly gained increasing attention in the industry. Vibration drilling applies regu-
lar and controllable vibration to the tool or workpiece by using the vibration excitation device.
The tool changes from the continuous cutting state during ordinary drilling to the pulsed cutting
state [9, 10]. The state of contact between the workpiece and the tool changes all the time, the
chip breaking and chip removal performance of the drilling process is improved [9], the axial
force is reduced [11, 12], the heat dissipation conditions are improved, the average tempera-
ture of the workpiece and the drill bit is reduced, and the tool life is prolonged [13, 14]. The ef-
fects of vibration drilling depend on the performance of the vibration excitation device to a large
extent; thus, the design and development of the vibration drilling device are of great signifi-
cance to the further promotion and application of the vibration drilling technology [15].
Since the vibration drilling technology was proposed, scholars from various countries have
developed various vibration drilling devices based on different principles. At present, the com-
mon vibration excitation devices mainly include the following: hydraulic excitation device, elec-
2527
 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023
tromagnetic excitation device, ultrasonic vibration device, and
mechanical excitation device [16-18]. Among them, the me-
chanical vibration method is currently the most commonly used
vibration generation method. Due to its relatively mature tech-
nology and simple implementation, it is widely used in vibration
drilling equipment. This form usually adopts linkage mecha-
nism, eccentric mechanism, slider mechanism, and cam
mechanism. This type of device has a large excitation force, a
wide range of amplitude variation, and easy maintenance, but
most of the amplitudes are not adjustable. The low-frequency
vibration tool holder produced by MITIS in France superim-
poses a sinusoidal vibration on the feed direction of the tool
during the drilling process, which causes the tool have low-
frequency axial vibration [19], which can realize the step-less
adjustment of the amplitude. According to the amplitude and
frequency of the tool holder vibration, a kinematic model is
established, reasonable parameters are set, and the problem
of metal chip breaking is well solved to improve the processing
quality [20, 21]. PEX Company produced a pneumatic portable
hole-making unit that integrates a mechanical low-frequency
vibration module. This module breaks chips easily during proc-
essing and improves the processing quality of materials. How-
ever, the vibration parameters of the device cannot be adjusted,
and its versatility is not strong [22, 23]. Although many kinds of
vibration drilling equipment are in use in the industrial field,
most of them are special-purpose machine tools or the trans-
formation of ordinary machine tools. Problems, such as difficult
parameter adjustment, high cost, and poor versatility, restrict
the further promotion of vibration drilling technology. Therefore,
this paper develops a vibration drilling tool handle with adjust-
able parameters and can be installed on various ordinary ma-
chine tools through standard connection methods, which is of
great significance to the promotion and application of vibration
drilling technology.
2. Chip breaking mechanism of vibration
drilling
After expanding the spatial displacement curve of the vibra-
tion drilling tool along the circumference, the axial motion tra-
Fig. 1. Chip-breaking area.
2528
DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3
jectory of the two cutting edges is a downward inclined har-
monic curve, and the instantaneous cutting thickness is in the
process of dynamic change. To analyze the influence of drilling
process parameters on chip breaking further, the axial dis-
placement of the two chip edges at the corresponding rotation
angle is subtracted. The instantaneous cutting thickness during
vibration drilling [24] is:
fr ωπ π
Δh = − 2 A sin( f )cos[ω f (θ + )] , (1)
2 2 2
where fr is the feed/mm·r-1; A is the amplitude/mm; ωf is the
frequency conversion ratio, ωf = 60f/n; f is the rotational fre-
quency; n is the rotational speed; and θ is the rotation angle of
the drill bit.
Eq. (1) shows that the instantaneous cutting thickness of the
vibration drilling is jointly affected by three parameters, namely,
feed rate, amplitude, and frequency speed ratio. The minimum
instantaneous cutting thickness during vibration drilling is:
fr ωπ
Δhmin = − 2 A sin( f ) . (2)
2 2
When ∆hmin＜0, the moving tracks of cutting edges interfere
with one another, and the drill bit and the workpiece are in in-
termittent contact, which can achieve geometric chip breaking.
According to Eq. (2), the geometric chip breaking area diagram
is shown in Fig. 1. The boundary of the vibration drilling chip-
breaking area is a periodic symmetrical curve, the period is 2,
and the symmetry axis is ωf = 2k-1 (k = 1, 2, 3, ···, n). When
the frequency speed ratio is close to an odd number, the ampli-
tude required to achieve geometric chip breaking is smaller.
When it is close to an even number, the amplitude required to
achieve geometric chip breaking is larger. Regardless of how
large the amplitude is, geometric chip breaking cannot be
achieved when it is an even number. At the same time, with the
increase in feed rate, the area of chip breaking gradually de-
creases, and the boundary of chip breaking area gradually
approaches the axis of symmetry. As mentioned above, to
 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023
achieve a good chip breaking and chip removal effect in the
machining process, the frequency speed ratio should not be
close to an even number, and a good matching relationship
between the amplitude and the feed rate ratio is ensured.
3. Design of low-frequency axial vibration
drilling tool handle
3.1 Scheme design of low-frequency axial vi-
bration drilling tool handle
This paper plans to design a low-frequency axial vibration
drilling tool handle that can be installed on milling and drilling
machines using standard connections. According to the speed
range of common machine tools, the tool handle's maximum
design speed is 5000 r/min. To achieve geometric chip break-
ing under different feed conditions, the amplitude of the tool
handle is designed to be adjustable. The mechanical vibration
excitation device uses an eccentric mechanism to achieve
vibration. The radial reciprocating vibration can be realized only
by rotating the eccentric shaft around the fixed axis. The use of
a double eccentric mechanism can realize the step-less ad-
justment of eccentricity. Through the motion conversion
mechanism, the rotation motion of the main shaft is converted
into a compound motion of rotation and axial vibration. The
rotational motion is transmitted through splines or similar struc-
tures between the main shaft and the vibrating part. The ec-
centric shaft is installed perpendicular to the main shaft and
rotates with the main shaft. A friction wheel is installed at one
end of the eccentric shaft to make contact with the fixed part.
This approach can drive the eccentric shaft to rotate around its
axis to enable the vibrating part to realize the combination of
rotation and axial vibration.
3.2 The principle of low-frequency axial vibra-
tion drilling tool handler
The vibration drilling tool handle is designed according to the
scheme above. The tool handle (Fig. 2.) is mainly composed of
a tapered shank (1), butterfly spring (2), transmission sleeve
(3), and other parts. When working, the taper shank and the
wear-resistant transmission sleeve transmit the rotational
movement of the spindle to the vibrating spindle (9) inside the
tool handle. Under the action of the spring preload, the rollers
(5) and friction wheels (6) at both ends of the eccentric shaft (7)
are in close contact with the friction disc (4) installed on the
shell, and the vibrating spindle rotates while driving the friction
wheel to rotate around its axis. Due to the eccentricity between
the friction wheel and the mounting hole at the lower end of the
vibrating spindle, the vibrating spindle will reciprocate along the
axis so that the vibrating spindle can realize the compound
movement of rotation and axial vibration. A transmission sleeve
connects the taper shank and the vibrating spindle. Thus, the
speed no of the vibrating spindle is the same as the speed n of
the machine tool main shaft.
DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3
Fig. 2. Principle of low-frequency axial vibration drilling tool shank (1. Taper
shank; 2. Butterfly spring; 3. Transmission sleeve; 4. Friction disc; 5. Roller;
6. Friction wheel; 7. Eccentric shaft; 8. Eccentric sleeve; 9. Vibrating shaft;
10. Housing).
3.3 Frequency speed ratio selection
When the friction wheel rotates around the main shaft, the
linear revolution speeds of the inner and outer sides are not the
same. However, the width of the friction wheel is small, and the
speed on both sides can be approximately equal to the speed
at the center section. When the transmission is stable, the
speed n1 of the friction wheel and eccentric shaft is:
2R
n1 = n. (3)
d
The theoretical frequency speed ratio ωf0 of the tool handle
is:
2R
ωf0 = , (4)
d
where R is the distance from the center section of the friction
wheel to the axis of the spindle/mm, and d is the diameter of
the friction wheel/mm.
The aforementioned analysis shows that the frequency
speed ratio cannot be an even number, and when the ampli-
tude is large, the frequency speed ratio should be selected as
a smaller value, hence, ωf0 = 1.8.
3.4 Amplitude adjustment principle
The tool handle adopts a double eccentric structure to
achieve amplitude adjustment. In turn, the centripetal ball bear-
ing, eccentric sleeve, and eccentric shaft are installed in the
mounting hole at the lower end of the main vibration shaft. The
friction wheels and rollers are installed on the two ends of the
eccentric shaft and between the inner surface of the eccentric
sleeve, respectively. The eccentricity of the eccentric sleeve is
e1, the eccentricity between the inner and outer surfaces of the
eccentric sleeve is e2, and the outer surface of the eccentric
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 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023 DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3

Table 1. Corresponding relationship between the misalignment angle and

the amplitude.

Misalignment angle/° 0 30 60 98 180

Amplitude/mm 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

sleeve is coaxial with the mounting hole. During the working

process, the relative position between the eccentric shaft and
the eccentric sleeve is fixed and rotates as a whole. At this time,
the distance between the axis of the friction wheel and the axis
of the mounting hole at the lower end of the vibrating spindle is
the amplitude A, e1, e2. The amplitude A of the tool handle and Fig. 3. Spring mass system model of the vibration drilling tool handle.
the eccentricity e1 of the eccentric shaft and the eccentricity e2
of the eccentric sleeve satisfy Eq. (5):

A = e12 + e22 − 2e1e2 cos α , (5)

where e1 is the eccentricity of the eccentric shaft/mm; e2 is the

eccentricity of the eccentric sleeve/mm, e1 = e2 = 0.1 mm; and
α is the misalignment angle between the eccentric shaft and
the eccentric sleeve/°.
The amplitude can be adjusted by modifying the relative an-
gle between the eccentric shaft and the eccentric sleeve. In
order to adapt to different processing requirements, five ampli-
tudes are designed for the vibration drilling tool handle. The
corresponding relationship between the misalignment angle
and the amplitude is shown in Table 1.
4. Analysis and calculation of main parame-
ters
4.1 Calculation of the stiffness and preload of
the butterfly spring
Neglecting friction, the vibration drilling tool handle can be
simplified into a single degree-of-freedom spring-mass system
(Fig. 3).
According to this dynamic model, the differential equation of
motion of the vibrating spindle is:
2
d x
m + K (δ + x) − Fn = F(t) ,
dt 2
where K is the stiffness coefficient of the butterfly spring/N/mm;
m is the spring mass of the system/Kg; x is the displacement of
the system/mm; Fn is the external force on the system/N; F(t) is
the contact force between friction wheel and friction disc/N; δ Is
the spring preload/mm; and t is time/s.
The undamped natural frequency of the system is:
1 K
fn = . (7)
2π m spond because of its inertia, thereby resulting in large ampli-
From Fig. 2 and Eq. (4), the vibration frequency of the tool
handle is:
Fig. 4. Amplitude frequency response curve.
nR
f = . (8)
30d
When the maximum speed is 5000 r/min, the maximum vi-
bration frequency of the tool handle is 150 Hz.
According to the relevant knowledge of vibration mechanics,
the ratio of the operating frequency to the natural frequency
has a greater impact on the actual output amplitude of the sys-
tem. When damping is ignored, the amplitude amplification
factor of the system can be expressed in Eq. (9) as:
1
β= , (9)
1− λ2
(6)
where λ is the ratio of operating frequency to the natural fre-
quency, λ = f/fn.
The amplitude-frequency response curve of the system
shown in Fig. 4 is drawn according to Eq. (9). When the fre-
quency ratio λ is small, the response amplitude of the system is
close to the static displacement. When approaching 1, the
response amplitude of the system increases sharply, and the
system resonates. When it is large, the direction of the excita-
tion force changes rapidly, and the mass has no time to re-
tude attenuation.
To prevent the tool handle from resonating and to ensure the
stability of the tool handle's amplitude, λ < 0.5 (i.e., f < fn/2),

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 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023
combined with Eqs. (7) and (8), the spring stiffness coefficient
K in the tool handle should satisfy:
4π 2 nmax 2 R 2 m
K> . (10)
225d 2
The measured mass of the system is 1.413 kg. By substitut-
ing nmax = 5000 r/min, R = 31.5 mm, m = 1.413 kg, and d =
35 mm into Eqs. (10) and (7), we obtain that the spring stiff-
ness should satisfy K > 5015.4 N/mm, and the first-order natu-
ral frequency of the tool handle is fn = 300 Hz.
m is the mass of the vibrating main shaft and eccentric shaft
system according to the actual measurement result, m =
1.413 Kg;
The law of axial movement of vibrating tool handle is:
x(t ) = A sin(ωt ) .
Substituting Eq. (11) into Eq. (6), the differential equation of
motion of the spring mass system can be expressed as:
− mAω sin(ωt ) + K (δ + A sin(ωt )) − Fn = F(t) .
2
The derivation of Eq. (12) shows that when ωt is 0.5 π, the
contact force F(t) between the friction wheel and the friction
disc is the minimum:
F (t ) min = − Fn − mAω 2 + K δ + KA .
To ensure the reliability of friction transmission, the friction
disc and the friction wheel should always be in close contact,
and the minimum contact force F(t)min > 0, that is, the spring
preload δ should meet:
⎛ mAω 2 + FN ⎞
δ＞⎜ ⎟− A.
⎝ K ⎠
Assuming the drilling force, FN is 3000 N, and amplitude A is
0.2 mm, the preload of butterfly spring δ is 0.41 mm.
FN is the axial drilling force, and ω is the angular vibration
frequency.
4.2 Contact stress analysis of friction wheel
and friction disc
During the working process of the tool handle, the friction
wheel and the friction disc are in close contact under the action
of the spring preload and the axial drilling force. The contact
extrusion between the friction disc and the friction wheel can be
approximately expressed by Hertz contact theory [25] when
friction is ignored. According to Hertz contact theory, the posi-
tive pressure distribution σ on the friction wheel is:
2Q 2 1
σ ( x) = (a − y 2 ) 2 , −a ≤ y ≤ a ,
lπ a 2
DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3
where Q is the positive pressure between the friction wheel
and the friction disk, and l is the contact length between the
friction wheel and the friction disk.
The half contact width between the friction wheel and the fric-
tion disc is:
4Qr 12
a=( ) , (16)
π lE *
where r is the radius of the friction wheel.
If the elastic modulus of the friction wheel and the friction disc
are E1 and E2, respectively, and the Poisson's ratio is v1 and v2,
respectively, then the relative elastic modulus E* is:
1 − v12 1 − v22
E* = + . (17)
E1 E2
(11)
The maximum stress σmax at the center point is:
1
（A + δ ）
2Q 1 ⎡ 2 FN + 2 K ⎤2
(12) σ max = = ⎢ ⎥ . (18)
lπ a 2 ⎣ lπ dE *
⎦
The friction disc and the friction wheel are in long-term con-
tact. To ensure the reliability of the transmission, the materials
of the friction wheel and the friction disc are selected from the
GCr15-bearing steel. GCr15-bearing steel has high hardness,
(13)
uniform internal structure distribution, strong wear resistance,
fatigue resistance, elastic modulus E = 217 GPa, and Pois-
son's ratio ν = 0.3. The butterfly spring of the tool handle is k =
5015.4 N/mm. Under the assumption that the maximum drilling
axial force FN = 3000 N, the calculation shows that the maxi-
mum center stress is σmax = 482.5 MPa, which is less than the
allowable stress of GCr15 ([σ] = 1000 Mpa [26]).
(14)
5. Performance test of low-frequency axial
vibration drilling tool handle
5.1 Measurement conditions and principle
To test the performance of the tool handle, an amplitude
measurement system that is composed of a displacement sen-
sor (1), an LMS data acquisition instrument (3), a transmitter
(4), and a computer (5), is built (Fig. 5). The low-frequency
axial vibration drilling tool handle (2) is installed on the machin-
ing center's spindle, the lower end of the tool handle clamps a
ground round bar, and the displacement sensor is placed on
the machine workbench. When the distance between the end
face of the round rod and the eddy current displacement sen-
sor changes, the impedance value of the internal coil of the
sensor also changes. The transmitter converts the impedance
value change into the voltage value and directly outputs the
displacement change into the visual data after being processed
by the LMS data acquisition instrument.
(15)
Axial force must be collected during the experiment. An axial
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 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023 DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3

Table 2. Actual amplitude of tool handle.

Theoretical amplitude/mm 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

Measured amplitude/mm 0.045 0.095 0.141 0.195
Amplitude error 10 % 5% 6% 2.5 %

Fig. 5. Tool handle amplitude measurement system (1. Eddy current dis-
placement sensor; 2. Low-frequency axial vibration drilling tool handle; 3.
LMS data acquisition instrument; 4. Transmitter; 5. Computer).
(a) Vibration curve with theoretical amplitude of 0.05 mm

(b) Vibration curve with theoretical amplitude of 0.10 mm

Fig. 6. Drilling axial force measurement system (1. Dynamometer; 2. Data

line; 3. Charge amplifier; 4. Data acquisition instrument; 5. Computer).

force measurement system is built according to Fig. 6. Kistler

9271 piezoelectric crystal force measuring instrument 1 is used
as the force measuring instrument in the experiment. The
maximum axial force and torque measurement range is 0-20
kN, 0-100 N·m, and the detection accuracy is ±0.1 %. The (c) Vibration curve with theoretical amplitude of 0.05 mm
dynamometer is fixed on the base by bolts, and the upper end
is provided with a threaded hole to install the fixture. The elec-
trical signals collected by the force measuring instrument dur-
ing the experiment are transmitted to charge amplifier 3
through data line 2. The charge amplifier is mainly used to
amplify the weak electrical signals collected by the piezoelec-
tric force measuring instrument. The Beijing Spectrum WS-
5921U data acquisition instrument 4 and the supporting data
acquisition software are used to process the data output from (d) Vibration curve with theoretical amplitude of 0.10 mm
the charge amplifier. This instrument has 16 data acquisition
Fig. 7. Vibration curve of tool handle under different gears.
channels and is connected to computer 5 with a standard USB
interface.
sine.
By sorting out the vibration curves under each gear, the ac-
5.2 Amplitude measurement and analysis of low-
tual amplitude of each gear is shown in Table 2.
frequency axial vibration drilling tool handle
The amplitude of the different gears of the tool handle is
5.3 Analysis of axial output characteristics
measured under the condition of speed n = 200 r/min. The
actual vibration curve of the tool handle when the theoretical When the rotation speed n = 100 r/min, the vibration curve of
amplitude is 0.05 mm, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mm is shown in Fig. the tool handle is shown in Fig. 8, and the vibration frequency f
7. Fig. 6 displays that due to factors, such as shaft clearance = 2.879 Hz can be obtained. By dividing the current rotation
and part machining errors, the actual output curve of the tool speed, the actual frequency speed ratio of the tool handle ωf =
handle has been affected to a certain extent but still has a good 1.73. According to Eq. (2), A/fr > 0.61 can achieve geometric

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 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023
Fig. 8. Vibration curve of the tool handle.
(a) Axial vibration time domain
(b) Axial vibration frequency domain
Fig. 9. Axial output characteristics of the tool handle.
chip breaking.
To analyze the axial output characteristics of the vibratory
drilling tool handle further, the vibration signal during idling and
the axial force signal during the drilling process were inter-
cepted at the speed of n = 600 r/min [27], and the frequency
spectrum was analyzed.
The idling result of the tool handle is shown in Fig. 9. The
frequency domain diagram shows that the signal frequency
composition is relatively simple when idling, and the main fre-
quency is 17.26 Hz.
Under the influence of axial vibration, the waveforms of axial
force and torque also change periodically, and the frequency of
change is consistent with the frequency of drill bit vibration.
Therefore, the tool handle's actual vibration frequency during
drilling can be determined by analyzing the axial force wave-
form. Fig. 10 shows the waveform of the axial force captured
during the stable stage of vibration drilling and the spectrum
analysis results. Fig. 9 illustrates that the waveform of the axial
DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3
(a) Axial force waveform
(b) Axial force frequency domain
Fig. 10. Axial force frequency domain analysis results.
force fluctuates greatly, and noise is high, but the overall curve
is still a periodic change. Affected by machine tool vibration
and other factors, the frequency domain analysis results show
that the frequency domain composition of the signal is more
complicated than when idling. The main frequency is 17.34 Hz,
which is the same as the frequency when idling.
In summary, the axial output of the vibratory drilling tool han-
dle is relatively stable, and the frequency during drilling is the
same as that during idling, indicating that the internal transmis-
sion of the tool handle is stable and reliable with no slip during
the drilling process.
6. Conclusion
1) A vibration drilling tool handle was developed based on
the principle of friction transmission. The designed tool handle
can be installed on all ordinary machine tools through standard
connection methods without the need to modify the machine
tool. The self-contained drive is convenient to use, and the
amplitude can be adjusted in the range of 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15,
and 0.02, thereby further popularizing the vibration drilling
technology.
2) The structure of the vibration drilling tool handle is de-
signed. The axial vibration curve of the tool handle is harmonic.
The double eccentric structure is adopted to realize the ampli-
tude adjustment. Five levels of amplitude are set. When the
design speed is 5000 r/min, the minimum stiffness coefficient of
the butterfly spring is 5015.4 N/mm, and the preload is
0.41 mm. According to Hertz contact theory, the contact stress
between the friction wheel and the friction disc is calculated.
The maximum contact stress is 482.5 MPa, which is less than
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 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023
the allowable value of the material.
3) The performance test of the vibratory drilling tool handle
was carried out. Influenced by the machining accuracy of the
parts and the bearing clearance, the vibration waveform of the
vibrating spindle has been affected to a certain extent, but the
overall sine is still maintained. The actual amplitude is close to
the theoretical amplitude, the maximum amplitude error is 10 %,
the actual frequency speed ratio of the tool handle is 1.73, the
critical value of chip breaking is 0.61, the axial output charac-
teristic is good, and no slip is observed.
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Chen Ting is currently studying for a
doctorate degree at the Xi'an University
of Technology, Xi’an, China. Her re-
search interests include vibration drilling
and monitoring of tapping process.
 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023 DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3

Zheng Jianming is a Professor and Cao Chao is a master’s degree candidate

doctoral supervisor of Xi'an University of of Xi'an University of Technology, Xi’an,
Technology, Xi’an, China. His research China. His research direction is vibration
interests include vibration drilling, deep drilling.
hole cutting, and fault diagnosis.

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