Inhoudstafel

1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. First acquaintance
1.1.2. Familiarity with India
1.1.2.1. Famous Indians
1.1.2.2. Famous chapters in history
1.1.3. Orientalization
1.1.4. Required reading
1.1.5. Movie task
1.2. Geography
1.2.1. Nature
1.2.1.1. Mountains
1.2.1.2. Rivers
1.2.1.3. Climate
1.2.2. Places
1.2.2.1. Borders
1.2.2.2. Cities
1.2.2.3. Regions
1.2.2.4. States
1.2.3. Languages
1.2.3.1. Major languages and language families
1.2.3.2. Ancient languages
1.2.4. Ethnicities: Adivasi
1.2.5. Demography
1.2.5.1. Number
1.2.5.2. Spread
1.2.5.3. Age
1.2.5.4. Gender
1.3. Economy
1.3.1. Important Indian companies
1.3.2. Famous Indian businessmen
1.3.3. Production and trade
1.3.4. Growth
1.3.5. Diversity
1.4. Politics
1.4.1. Largest democracy
1.4.2. Parties and politicians
1.4.2.1. INC
1.4.2.2. BJP
1.4.2.3. Regional parties
1.4.3. General phenomena
2. Religion
2.1. Religions in India
2.1.1. Vedism
2.1.2. Epics and Brahmanism
2.1.3. Buddhism
2.1.4. Jainism
2.1.5. Hinduism
2.1.6. Christianity
2.1.7. Parsis
2.1.8. Islam
2.1.9. Sikhism
2.2. Vedism
2.2.1. Mantras of ritual hymns
2.2.2. Oral
2.2.3. Natural deities
2.2.4. Non eschatological
2.3. Epics and Brahamanism
2.3.1. New deities
2.3.2. New values
2.3.3. Legitimation of the Brahmans
2.3.3.1. Brahmanas
2.3.3.2. Upanishads
2.4. Buddhism
2.4.1. Importance of priests
2.4.2. Gautama: the Buddha
2.4.3. Development and expansion
2.4.4. Buddhism in India
2.5. Jainism
2.5.1. Appeared in the same time as Buddhism
2.5.2. Beliefs: tirthankaras
2.5.3. Features
2.5.3.1. Stricter
2.5.3.2. Fasting and vegetarianism
2.5.4. Followers
2.5.5. Own temples
2.6. Hinduism: history
2.6.1. No religious leader
2.6.2. Brahmanic reaction
2.6.3. New texts and genres
2.6.4. New deities
2.6.5. Shiva: Destroyer
2.6.6. Vishnu: preserver
2.6.7. Krishna
2.7. Hinduism: today
2.7.1. Politics
 2.7.2. Society
2.7.3. Street scene
2.7.4. Cows
2.7.4.1. Cows in prehistoric times
2.7.4.2. Respect for cows
2.7.4.3. Explanations
2.7.5. Caste
2.7.5.1. Categories of social hierarchy and identity
2.7.5.2. Evolution
2.7.6. Rituals
2.7.6.1. Opposite of Islam
2.7.6.2. Puja: a prayer ritual
2.7.6.3. Festivals
2.7.6.4. Varanasi
2.8. Christianity
2.8.1. St Thomas Christians in South India
2.8.2. Missionaries from the 16th century onwards
2.8.3. Tribals from the 19th century onwards
2.8.4. Adaptation and conflict
2.9. Parsis
2.9.1. Origins
2.9.2. Features
2.9.3. Famous parsis
2.10. Islam
2.10.1. Third largest muslim country
2.10.2. Dominated in culture
2.10.3. Causes of tension
2.11. Sikhism
2.11.1. Guru Nanak
2.11.2. Development
2.11.3. Today
3. Pre-Islamic history
3.1. A selection of selections
3.2. Overview
3.3. The Indus Valley civilization
3.3.1. Context
3.3.2. Arts and architecture
3.3.3. Many question marks
3.4. Aryans
3.4.1. Indo-Aryan ‘invasion’
3.4.2. Social changes
3.4.3. Sixteen kingdoms
3.5. Greeks
3.5.1. Political
 3.5.2. Economic
3.5.3. Cultural
3.5.4. The diadochi
3.5.5. Indo-Roman trade relations
3.6. The Maurya empire
3.6.1. Chandragupta Maurya
3.6.2. Ashoka the Great
3.6.3. Dissolved in 185 BCE
3.6.4. Expansion of the Mauryan state
3.6.5. Sites of Ashoka’s Edicts
3.7. India after the Maurya empire
3.7.1. Sakas
3.7.2. Kushan empire
3.7.3. Ajanta: caves
3.8. The Gupta empire
3.8.1. North India: Chandra Gupta I and II
3.8.2. Cultural golden age: Kalidasa and Aryabhata
3.8.3. Expansion of the Gupta empire
3.9. North and Central India after the Gupta’s
3.9.1. Kannauj
3.9.2. Chalukya’s: Badami, Aihole, Pattakal
3.9.3. Rashtrakutas
3.9.4. Chandelas
3.9.5. Kalinga
3.10. South India
3.10.1. Dravidian temples
3.10.2. Pandya
3.10.3. Pallava
3.10.4. Chola
3.11. The Chola dynasty
3.11.1. Peak in 11th century
3.11.2. Sea power: expansion and trade
3.11.2.1. Sea empire
3.11.2.2. Rajaraja Chola
3.11.2.3. Rajendra Chola
3.11.3. Flowering culture
3.11.3.1. Tamil literature
3.11.3.2. Temples
3.11.3.3. Chive Nattaraja
4. Islamic Rule
4.1. First contacts
4.1.1. Attempts of conquest
4.1.1.1. Ghaznavids raids
4.1.1.2. Ghurids conquest
 4.1.2. Impact and legacy
4.1.3. Trade routes between Africa and India
4.2. The Dehli sultanate
4.2.1. The Mamluk dynasty
4.2.1.1. Qutb al din Aibak
4.2.1.2. Iltutmish
4.2.1.3. Razia sultana
4.2.2. Repelled Mongol attacks
4.2.3. The Khalji and Tuglaq dynasties
4.2.4. The Sayyid and Lodi dynasties
4.2.5. Empires
4.3. The legacy of the Dehli sultans
4.3.1. Violence and forced conversion, but
4.3.1.1. Islamic in formal sense, pragmatic in state policy
4.3.1.2. Temple desecrations only in context of military warfare
4.3.2. Exchange and voluntary conversion
4.3.2.1. Sufi mysticism
4.3.2.2. Material culture: paper, sarees, yoghurt, …
4.3.3. Statehood and heritage
4.3.3.1. The seven cities of Dehli
4.3.3.2. Qutb Minar, Hauz Khas, …
4.4. Other states in Medieval India
4.4.1. North
4.4.1.1. Hindu: Rajputs
4.4.1.2. Muslim: Malwa and Gujarat sultanates
4.4.2. East
4.4.2.1. Muslim: Bengal sultanate
4.4.2.2. Hindu: Gajapati kingdkom of Odisha
4.4.3. Centre
4.4.3.1. Muslim: Brahmani and Deccan sultanates
4.4.4. South
4.4.4.1. Hindu: Vijayanagara empire
4.5. The Mughals: introduction
4.5.1. Who?
4.5.2. What?
4.5.3. Genghis Khan gives the crown to Babur, Humayun observes
4.5.4. Expansion of the Mughals
4.6. The First Mughals
4.6.1. Babur
4.6.2. Humayun
4.7. Akbar the Great
4.7.1. Tolerance
4.7.2. State-building
4.7.3. Expansion under his rule
 4.8. The last Great Mughals
4.8.1. Jahangir
4.8.2. Shah Jahan
4.8.3. Aurangzeb
4.9. Internal resistance
4.9.1. Sikhs in Punjab
4.9.2. Marathas in Maharashtra
4.9.2.1. 18th century: largest Indian empire
4.10. External threats
4.10.1. Persians
4.10.2. Afghans
4.10.3. Europeans
5. The colonial era
5.1. Indian particularities
5.1.1. Magnet to many European states
5.1.2. Europeans on the fringes of the Indian peninsula
5.1.3. No conquests
5.1.4. No transformation
5.1.5. No establishment of religious minorities
5.2. Several European states
5.2.1. Portuguese
5.2.2. Dutch
5.2.3. French
5.2.4. Orthers
5.2.5. Goa
5.3. England
5.3.1. Marginal in the 17th century
5.3.2. Growing influence in the first half of the 18th century
5.3.2.1. How?
5.3.2.2. Why?
5.4. The British conquest of Bengal
5.4.1. Seven Years’ War
5.4.2. British interference in Bengal politics
5.4.3. No territorial conquest
5.4.4. The Black Hole Tragedy
5.4.5. Clive of India
5.5. Growing British interference
5.5.1. Company relies on London
5.5.2. London backs the company
5.5.2.1. Acts
5.5.2.2. Institutions
5.5.3. Warren Hastings
5.5.4. Lord Cornwallis
5.5.5. Richard Wellesley
 5.5.6. Lord Bentinck
5.5.7. Marquess of Dalhousie
5.6. Territorial expansion
5.6.1. Context
5.6.1.1. International: France & Russia
5.6.1.2. Military superiority and Indian discord
5.6.1.3. Ambiguous role of London
5.6.2. Georgraphy
5.6.2.1. Mysore (Tipu Sultan): four wars
5.6.2.2. Marathas
5.6.2.3. Sindh
5.6.2.4. Punjab
5.6.3. British expansion
5.6.4. The tigre of Mysore
5.6.5. North-West frontier province
5.6.6. Sir Francis Younghusband
5.6.7. The border between India and China
5.7. Governance
5.7.1. Indirect rule
5.7.2. Direct rule
5.8. Revenues
5.8.1. Trade
5.8.2. Taxation
5.8.3. Opium cultivation and export to China
5.9. Culture
5.9.1. Initially: fascination
5.9.1.1. Languages, customs, religions
5.9.1.2. Science
5.9.1.3. Law: code of Gentoo laws
5.9.2. Gradually: superiority
5.9.2.1. Missionaries
5.9.2.2. Hindu college
5.9.2.3. Campaigns against Sati and Thugs
5.10. Modernization
5.10.1. Irrigation and water ways
5.10.2. Railways
5.10.3. Electrical telegraph
5.10.4. Penny post
5.10.5. Doctrine of Lapse
5.11. The Indian rebellion
5.11.1. Frustrations
5.11.2. Hotbets
5.11.3. Quite places
5.11.4. Bloody suppression and repression
5.12. The Raj
5.12.1. Discontinuity
5.12.2. Continuity
5.13. Economy
5.13.1. Continuing modernization
5.13.2. Burgeoning industry in Indian hands
5.13.3. Agriculture integrated within the British empire
5.13.3.1. End to Indigo and cotton production
5.13.3.2. Tea
5.13.3.3. Famines
5.13.4. Indenture system and migration
5.13.4.1. Indenture
5.14. Institutions
5.14.1. Crown rule
5.14.2. London
5.14.3. Calcutta
5.15. Growing representation
5.15.1. 1882: municipal council act
5.15.2. 1892: Indian councils act
5.15.3. 1893: ICS exams at the same time in Britain and India
5.15.4. Robert Bulwer Lytton
5.15.5. George Robinson
5.15.6. Ram Mohan Roy
5.15.6.1. Reform movement
5.15.6.2. Brahmo Samaj
5.15.7. Swami Vivekanada
5.15.8. Rabindranath Tagore
5.15.9. Dabhai Naorji
5.15.10. Gokhale
5.15.11. INC
5.15.12. Syed Ahmad Khan
5.15.13. Annie Besant
5.15.14. Tilak
5.15.15. Ghosh
5.16. Partition of Bengal
5.16.1. Lord Curzon
5.16.2. Protest
5.16.3. Split INC
5.17. British reaction
5.17.1. Lord Kitchener: repression
5.17.2. Viceroy Minto: saw discord (muslim league)
5.17.3. Secretary of state Morley: representation
5.17.3.1. 1907: Indians in Council of India
5.17.3.2. 1908: Indians in executive Council
 5.17.3.3. 1909: Indian Councils act
5.17.4. 1911: end to partition
5.17.5. The Durbar of 1903
5.17.6. Viceroy and lady Curzon on their way to the 1903 Durbar
5.18. The First World War
5.18.1. Full support
5.18.2. Decreasing enthusiasm
5.18.3. United opposition
5.18.4. British reaction
5.19. Gandhi
5.19.1. Long stays in Britain and South Africa
5.19.2. Introduction of new techniques
5.19.2.1. Satyagraha
5.19.2.2. Ahimsa
5.19.2.3. Harthal
5.19.2.4. Fast
5.19.2.5. Constructive program
5.19.3. Importance: Bapujji, Mahatma
5.19.3.1. For INC, socialism, ecology
5.19.4. Gandhi’s fasts
5.20. First Satyagraha campaign
5.20.1. British postwar policy
5.20.1.1. Repression
5.20.1.2. Government of India act 1919
5.20.1.2.1. Diarchy for provinces
5.20.1.2.2. Enlargement
5.20.1.2.3. Imperial legislative council becomes bicameral
5.20.2. 1920: rowlatt satyagraha
5.20.2.1. Khilafat movement
5.20.2.2. Competition with students, trade unions, communists
5.20.2.3. Violence
5.20.2.4. Rowlatt act repealed in 1922
5.21. Relaxation in mid 1920s
5.21.1. Gandhi to the background
5.21.1.1. Emprisoned
5.21.1.2. Ashram
5.21.1.3. Harijan
5.21.2. Rest: legal action
5.21.2.1. Svaraj party
5.21.2.2. Victory in 1923 elections
5.21.2.3. Withdrawal of some repressive laws
5.21.2.4. Internal discord over collaboration with British
5.22. New tensions around 1930
5.22.1. 1927-28: Simon commission without Indians
 5.22.1.1. 1929: constitiutional committee
5.22.1.2. 1930: INC Lahore session
5.22.2. Growing violence
5.22.2.1. Singh
5.22.3. Second Satyagraha (salt march)
5.22.3.1. Much support and attention
5.22.4. Muslims
5.22.4.1. Iqbal
5.22.4.2. Pakistan
5.22.4.3. Jinnah
5.22.5. Motilal Nehru
5.22.6. Jawaharlal Nehru
5.22.7. Bhagat Singh
5.22.8. Muhammad ‘Allama’ Iqbal
5.22.9. Muhmmad Ali Jinnah
5.23. British reaction
5.23.1. Repression
5.23.2. Round table conferences in London
5.23.2.1. 1930: hundreds of maharajas and zamindars
5.23.2.2. 1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact and Gandhi to London
5.23.2.3. 1932: communal award
5.23.3. 1935: Government of India Act
5.23.3.1. Extension of provincial powers
5.23.3.2. Federation of states
5.24. Provincial autonomy
5.24.1. Elections in 1937
5.24.1.1. INC wins, muslim league loses
5.24.2. Autonomy in 1937-39
5.25. The beginning of the WWII
5.25.1. British declaration of war without Indian consult
5.25.2. Jinnah and the Lahore resolution
5.25.3. INC launches a new Satyagraha
5.25.4. Also much collaboration with the British
5.26. Japan’s entry to WWII
5.26.1. Britain sent Cripps mission
5.26.2. Jinnah continued cooperation
5.26.3. Gandhi & INC launch Quit India Movement
5.26.4. Japanese expansion (1937-1942)
5.27. The course of WWII
5.27.1. Cripps mission
5.27.2. Bose and the Indian National Army
5.27.3. Bose
5.28. Irreconcilable standpoints
5.28.1. Situation after WWII
 5.28.1.1. Shimla conference fails
5.28.1.2. Attlee becomes PM
5.28.1.3. Victory of INC and muslim league
5.28.2. Cabinet mission
5.28.3. Jinnah: direct action day
5.29. The British withdrawal
5.29.1. 20/02/47: Britain leaves India in 06/48
5.29.2. Explosion of violence
5.29.3. April 1947: two states solution
5.29.4. Mountbatten advances independence day to 15/08/1947
5.29.5. Radcliffe commission publishes borders on 17/08/1947
6. Independent India
6.1. Expectations
6.1.1. Fear of disintegration
6.1.2. Enduring success
6.1.3. British legacy
6.1.4. Protagonists
6.1.5. Nehru
6.1.6. Patel
6.1.7. Ambedkar
6.2. Violence and refugees
6.2.1. Unrest in Punjab and Calcutta
6.2.2. Refugees from West and East Pakistan
6.3. The princely states
6.3.1. Autocratic and feudal
6.3.2. July 1947: British relinquish all their duties
6.3.3. Only problems in:
6.3.3.1. Travancore
6.3.3.2. Jodhpur
6.3.3.3. Junagadh
6.3.3.4. Hyderabad
6.3.3.5. Jammu & Kashmir
6.4. Jammu & Kashmir
6.4.1. Interests
6.4.1.1. Georgraphic and religious heterogeneity
6.4.1.2. Upper rivers
6.4.1.3. Ambitions of Maharaja Hari singh
6.4.1.4. Ambitions of Jinnah and Nehru
6.4.2. October 1947
6.4.2.1. Pashtun revolt
6.5. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48
6.5.1. Goes back to the Pashtun revolt
6.5.2. Nehru accepts referendum or partition
6.5.3. January 1948: UN
 6.5.4. Summer 1948: new fights
6.5.5. 01/01/49: ceasefire
6.6. The constitution
6.6.1. Constituent assembly
6.6.2. Effective on 26/01/1950
6.6.3. Institutions
6.7. Federation
6.7.1. Division of powers
6.7.1.1. Union list
6.7.1.2. State list
6.7.1.3. Concurrent list
6.7.2. Governance of a state
6.7.3. The domination of the centre
6.8. Minorities
6.8.1. No separate electorates for muslims
6.8.2. Schedules
6.8.2.1. Inventory lists
6.8.2.2. Reservation status
6.9. The first general election
6.9.1. Litmus test
6.9.2. New parties
6.9.2.1. Communists
6.9.2.2. Hindu
6.9.2.3. Regional parties
6.9.3. Victory for Nehru and the Congress Party
6.10. The economy and society under Nehru
6.10.1. Preference for state directed economy and five year plans
6.10.2. Poverty, illiteracy, overpopulation
6.10.3. Division of poverty
6.11. The creation of states
6.11.1. Hesitancy among INC -> preservation of British borders
6.11.2. 1952: Andhra Pradesh
6.11.3. 1954-56: states reorganization commission
6.11.4. 1960s
6.11.5. Other claims
6.11.6. Potti Sreeramulu
6.12. Other tensions
6.12.1. Communists
6.12.1.1. Electoral victory in Kerala
6.12.1.2. Directed to education rather than economy
6.12.1.3. 1959: president’s rule
6.12.2. Muslims
6.12.2.1. Riots in Assam
6.12.2.2. All in all quiet
 6.12.3. Thus: new victories for INC in 1957 and 1962
6.13. Foreign policy
6.13.1. Advocate of anti-imperialism
6.13.1.1. Conferences
6.13.1.2. Annexation of French possessions
6.13.1.3. Annexation of Goa
6.13.1.4. Bandung
6.13.2. Good relationship with SU
6.13.3. Growing tension with China
6.14. New wars with Pakistan
6.14.1. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
6.14.2. The wars of 1971
6.14.2.1. The Bangladesh Liberation War
6.14.2.2. The Indo Pakistani war of 1971
6.14.3. Lal Bahadur Shastri
6.15. Indira Gandhi
6.15.1. Problems in the late 1960s
6.15.1.1. INC
6.15.1.2. Insurgency
6.15.1.3. Economy
6.15.2. Socialist measures and rise popularity in the early 1970s
6.15.2.1. Green revolution
6.15.2.2. Nationalization
6.15.2.3. New states
6.15.2.4. End to the privileges of the maharajas
6.15.2.5. Military victories
6.15.2.6. First successful nuclear test
6.15.3. The emergency
6.15.4. The Janata government
6.15.4.1. United opposition
6.15.4.2. Discord
6.15.5. Indira’s second term: the Khalistan movement
6.15.6. Bhindranwale
6.16. Rajiv Gandhi
6.16.1. New wind
6.16.2. Minority government
6.16.3. Assassinated
6.17. The rise of Hindu nationalism
6.17.1. Society: Ayodha
6.17.2. Political: BJP governments
6.17.3. International: Pakistan
6.17.4. Security: terrorism
6.17.5. Demolition of the Babri Masjid
6.17.6. The Gujarat pogrom
 6.17.7. Vajpayee
6.17.8. Modi
6.17.9. Mumbai attacks
6.18. General devolopments
6.18.1. Economic: liberalization
6.18.1.1. Rao
6.18.1.2. Singh
6.18.1.3. Bjp
6.18.2. Politics
6.18.2.1. Decline of single parties, rise of coalition
6.18.2.2. Panchayati Raj
6.18.2.3. Singh