Introduction to

Anatomy and Physiology

Study of anatomy and physiology is an ever developing
science. - Greek and Latin form the basis for the language of
anatomy and physiology.
ANATOMY = the study of the structure (morphology, form) of
body parts.
PHYSIOLOGY = the study of the function of body parts.
Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

 Anatomy Study of internal and external structures.

 Branches of Anatomy
 Gross anatomy structure of organs and tissues that
are visible macroscopic level
 Microscopic anatomy ◦ Cytology ◦ Histology
 Developmental anatomy ◦ Embryology
Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

 Physiology: study of the functions of the human body

 cell physiology: function of cells
 special physiology: physiology of specific organs
 systemic physiology: physiology of systems
 pathological physiology: effects of disease on organ or
system functions.
STRUCTURAL LEVELS OFORGANIZATION:
 A. The atom [i.e. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), or
Oxygen(O)] is the least complex level.
 An atom is defined as the smallest particle of an
element. Atoms combine with (react with) other
atoms to form...
 B. molecules [i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H20)].
 A molecule is defined as a particle composed of 2
or more joined atoms. Molecules combine with
other molecules to form..
Levels of Organization
 C. macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, nucleic acids).
 A macromolecule is defined as a large molecule.
Macromolecules combine with other
macromolecules to form...
 D. organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus,
ribosomes).
 An organelle is defined as a small organ of a cell,
which performs a particular function. Organelles
collectively compose...
Levels of Organization
 E.cells The cell is defined as the basic unit of structure and
function of living organisms!
 Each cell has a set of organelles and performs a particular
function (i.e. a red blood cell has a biconcave shape and is
a nucleate.
 This structure increases its surface area, allowing for the
transport of more oxygen. Similar cells are arranged into...
 F.tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous).
 A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells that
performs a specialized function. Two or more tissues
combine to form.
Levels of Organization
 G.organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain).
 An organ is defined as a structure consisting of a group of tissues that
performs a specialized function. Two or more organs combine to form...
 H.organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular).
 An organ system is defined as a group of organs that act together to
carry on a specialized function. There are 11 organ systems. The eleven
organ systems collectively form the...
 I.human organism
 An organism is the most complex level of organization and is defined as
an individual living thing.
 J.The levels of hierarchy could be further extended to include;
populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.
Human Body System

 Integumentary system
 Major Organs:
 skin hair nails sweat glands sebaceous glands
 Major Functions:
 protect tissue
 regulate body temperature
 support sensory receptors
Human Body System
 Skeletal system
 Major Organs:
 bones ligaments cartilages
 Major Functions:
 provide framework
 protect soft tissue provide attachments for muscles
 produce blood cells
 store inorganic salts
Human Organ System

 Muscular system
 Major Organs:
 muscles
 Major Functions:
 cause movement
 maintain posture
 produce body heat
Human Body System

 Nervous system
 Major Organs:
 brain spinal cord nerves sense organs
 Major Functions:
 detect changes
 receive and interpret sensory information
 stimulate muscles and glands
Human Body System
 Endocrine system
 Major Organs:
 pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid glands
adrenal glands pancreas ovaries testes pineal gland
thymus
 Major Functions:
 control metabolic activities of body structures
through the release of hormones
Human Body System

 Cardiovascular system
 Major Organs:
 heart arteries capillaries veins
 Major Functions:
 move blood through vessels and transport
substances throughout the body
Human Body System

 Lymphatic system
 Major Organs:
 lymphatic vessels lymph nodes thymus spleen
Major Functions:
 return tissue fluid to blood
 carry certain absorbed food molecules
 defend the body against infection
Human Body System
 Digestive system
 Major Organs:
 mouth tongue teeth salivary glands pharynx
esophagus stomach liver and gallbladder pancreas
small and large intestines
 Major Functions:
 receive, breakdown, and absorb food
 eliminate unabsorbed material
Human Body System

 Respiratory system
 Major Organs:
 nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs
 Major Functions:
 intake and output of air
 exchange gases between air and blood
Human Body System

 Urinary system
 Major Organs:
 kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra
 Major Functions:
 remove waste from blood
 maintain water and electrolyte balance
 store and transport urine
Human Body System
 Male reproductive system
 Major Organs:
 scrotum testes epididymides ductus deferentia
seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral
glands urethra penis
 Major Functions:
 produce and maintain sperm cells
 transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract
Human Body System

 Female reproductive system

 Major Organs:
 ovaries uterine tubes uterus vagina clitoris vulva
 Major Functions:
 produce and maintain eggs
 cells receive sperm cells
 support development of an embryo
 function in the birth process
Characteristics of Life

 Movement- change in position; motion

 Responsiveness – reaction to a change
 Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
 Reproduction – production of new organisms and
new cells
 Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon
dioxide; releasing energy from foods
Characteristics of Life

 Digestion -breakdown of food substances into simpler

forms
 Absorption – passage of substances through
membranes and into body fluids
 Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
 Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
chemically different forms
 Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic
reactions
Maintenance of Life
 Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
Water ,Food ,Oxygen. Heat and Pressure
 Water - most abundant substance in body -
required for metabolic processes - required for
transport of substances - regulates body
temperature
 Food- provides necessary nutrients - supplies
energy - supplies raw
Maintenance of Life

 Oxygen (gas)- one-fifth of air - used to release

energy from nutrients
 Heat- form of energy - partly controls rate of
metabolic reactions
 Pressure - application of force on an object
 atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
 hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
Homeostasis
 All body systems working together to maintain a stable
internal environment
 Systems respond to external and internal changes to
function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid
balance)
 The ability to maintain a stable internal environment Ex.
shivering, goose bumps, sweat, etc.
 It is the maintenance of variables around an ideal normal
value or set point
 Negative feedback is one of the mechanism by which
homeostasis is maintained
 Failure to function within a normal range results in disease
Body cavities and membranes
 Body contains two major closed cavities:
 DORSAL AND VENTRAL.
 Dorsal is subdivided :-cranial and spinal cavities
which contain brain and spinal cord.
 Ventral into superior thoracic which houses the
heart and lungs and inferior abdominopelvic cavity
which contains the liver, digestive and reproductive
organs.
 Walls of vent. Cavity are covered with thin
membranes, the parietal and visceral serosae.
Organization of the Body
 VENTRAL CAVITY
 THORACIC CAVITY lungs, mediastinum, thymus,
heart, esophagus, trachea
 ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
 ABDOMINAL CAVITY:- stomach, liver, spleen,
gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine
 PELVIC CAVITY:- urinary bladder, internal
reproductive organs.
Serous membrane
 Naming of serous membranes (serosa) with 2
adjectives:
 Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity
 Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ
 Pericardial: heart
 Pleural: lungs
 Peritoneal: abdominal
Organization of the Body

 Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes

1.Membrane = a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue
that either:
 a.covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL
MEMBRANE
 b.lines a body cavity = PARIETAL MEMBRANE
 2.There is a space between a visceral and parietal
membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for
lubrication.
Organization of the Body

 There are specific names for the membranes around the

heart, lungs, and abdominal organs:
 Serous Membranes of the LUNGS: - The membrane on
the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura.
 The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs
are located is called parietal pleura.
 The space between these two membranes is called the
pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Organization of the Body

 Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS:

 The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach,
etc. is called visceral peritoneum.
 The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is
called parietal peritoneum.
 The space between these two membranes is called
the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous
fluid.
Anatomical Terminology

 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
 A. Definition = a language used to describe the
relative position of body parts; needed for
communication.
 B. Anatomical Position = standing erect, face
forward, upper limbs at sides, palms forward
Anatomical Terminology Relative Position
 1.Superior = above; Inferior = below;
 2.Anterior = front; Posterior = back;
 3.Ventral = front; Dorsal = back;
 4.Medial = center; Lateral = side;
 5.Ipsilateral = same side; Contralateral = other side
 6.Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from
trunk;
 7.Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.
Anatomical Terminology Body Sections
(cuts, planes)
 1.Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left
portions. midsagittal (median) = equal right and left
portions.
 2.Transverse Cut: (or horizontal): divides the body into
superior and inferior portions
 3.Coronal Cut: (or frontal): divides the body into anterior
and posterior portions.
 4. Cross-section: cut at 90 degrees to long axis of the
object
 5.Oblique section: cut at an angle across an object
 6.Longitudinal section: cut with the long axis of an object
 Thank you for listening!

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